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Abbasi RU, Allen MG, Arimura R, Belz JW, Bergman DR, Blake SA, Shin BK, Buckland IJ, Cheon BG, Fujii T, Fujisue K, Fujita K, Fukushima M, Furlich GD, Gerber ZR, Globus N, Hibino K, Higuchi R, Honda K, Ikeda D, Ito H, Iwasaki A, Jeong S, Jeong HM, Jui CH, Kadota K, Kakimoto F, Kalashev OE, Kasahara K, Kawata K, Kharuk I, Kido E, Kim SW, Kim HB, Kim JH, Kim JH, Komae I, Kubota Y, Kuznetsov MY, Lee KH, Lubsandorzhiev BK, Lundquist JP, Matthews JN, Nagataki S, Nakamura T, Nakazawa A, Nonaka T, Ogio S, Ono M, Oshima H, Park IH, Potts M, Pshirkov S, Remington JR, Rodriguez DC, Rott C, Rubtsov GI, Ryu D, Sagawa H, Sakaki N, Sako T, Sakurai N, Shin H, Smith JD, Sokolsky P, Stokes BT, Stroman TS, Takahashi K, Takeda M, Taketa A, Tameda Y, Thomas S, Thomson GB, Tinyakov PG, Tkachev I, Tomida T, Troitsky SV, Tsunesada Y, Udo S, Urban FR, Wong T, Yamazaki K, Yuma Y, Zhezher YV, Zundel Z. An extremely energetic cosmic ray observed by a surface detector array. Science 2023; 382:903-907. [PMID: 37995237 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic rays are energetic charged particles from extraterrestrial sources, with the highest-energy events thought to come from extragalactic sources. Their arrival is infrequent, so detection requires instruments with large collecting areas. In this work, we report the detection of an extremely energetic particle recorded by the surface detector array of the Telescope Array experiment. We calculate the particle's energy as [Formula: see text] (~40 joules). Its arrival direction points back to a void in the large-scale structure of the Universe. Possible explanations include a large deflection by the foreground magnetic field, an unidentified source in the local extragalactic neighborhood, or an incomplete knowledge of particle physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U Abbasi
- Physics Department, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M G Allen
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Arimura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - J W Belz
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - D R Bergman
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S A Blake
- Stellar Science, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - B K Shin
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919, Ulsan, Korea
| | - I J Buckland
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - B G Cheon
- Department of Physics and The Research Institute of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - T Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - K Fujisue
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - K Fujita
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Fukushima
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - G D Furlich
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Z R Gerber
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - N Globus
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - K Hibino
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - R Higuchi
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - K Honda
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - D Ikeda
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - H Ito
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - A Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - S Jeong
- Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University, Jang-an-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - H M Jeong
- Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University, Jang-an-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - C H Jui
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Kadota
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tokyo City University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan
| | - F Kakimoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - O E Kalashev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - K Kasahara
- Shibauta Institute of Technology and Sicence, Fukasaku 307, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Kawata
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - I Kharuk
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - E Kido
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - S W Kim
- Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University, Jang-an-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - H B Kim
- Department of Physics and The Research Institute of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J H Kim
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - I Komae
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Y Kubota
- Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - M Y Kuznetsov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - K H Lee
- Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University, Jang-an-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B K Lubsandorzhiev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - J P Lundquist
- Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - J N Matthews
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Nagataki
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - T Nakamura
- Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - A Nakazawa
- Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - T Nonaka
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - S Ogio
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Ono
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - H Oshima
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - I H Park
- Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University, Jang-an-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Potts
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Pshirkov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - J R Remington
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Martin Road, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - D C Rodriguez
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Security, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - C Rott
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University, Jang-an-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - G I Rubtsov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - D Ryu
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919, Ulsan, Korea
| | - H Sagawa
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - N Sakaki
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - T Sako
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - N Sakurai
- Faculty of Design Technology, 3-1-1 Nakagaito, Daito City, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Shin
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - J D Smith
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P Sokolsky
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - B T Stokes
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T S Stroman
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Takahashi
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - M Takeda
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8582, Japan
| | - A Taketa
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Y Tameda
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa-shi, Osaka 572-8530, Japan
| | - S Thomas
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - G B Thomson
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P G Tinyakov
- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, bvd du Triomphe CP225, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Tkachev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - T Tomida
- Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - S V Troitsky
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Y Tsunesada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - S Udo
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - F R Urban
- The Central European Institute for Cosmology and Fundamental Physics, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Wong
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Yamazaki
- College of Engineering, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Y Yuma
- Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Y V Zhezher
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Z Zundel
- High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Mumtaz F, Tekle H, Zhang B, Smith JD, O'Malley RJ, Gerald RE, Huang J. Boosting SNR of cascaded FBGs in a sapphire fiber through a rapid heat treatment. Opt Lett 2023; 48:5703-5706. [PMID: 37910738 DOI: 10.1364/ol.506053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports the performance of femtosecond (fs) laser-written distributed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) under high-temperature conditions up to 1600°C and explores the impact of rapid heat treatment on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement. FBGs are essential for reliable optical sensing in extreme temperature environments. Comprehensive tests demonstrate the remarkable performance and resilience of FBGs at temperatures up to 1600°C, confirming their suitability for deployment in such conditions. The study also reveals significant fringe visibility improvements of up to ∼10 dB on a 1-m-long sapphire optical fiber through rapid heat treatment, representing a first-time achievement to the best of our knowledge. These enhancements are vital for improving the SNR and overall performance of optical fiber systems in extreme temperatures. Furthermore, the research attains long-term stability for the cascaded FBGs over a 24-hr period at 1600°C. This research expands our understanding of the FBG behavior in high-temperature environments and opens avenues for developing robust optical fiber systems for energy, aerospace, oil and gas, and high-temperature distributed sensing applications.
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Smith JD, Lemay K, Lee S, Nuth J, Ji J, Montague K, Garber GE. Medico-legal issues related to emergency physicians' documentation in Canadian emergency departments. CAN J EMERG MED 2023; 25:768-775. [PMID: 37646956 PMCID: PMC10495505 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-023-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physician documentation plays a central role in the delivery of safe patient care. It describes a physician's clinical decision-making and supports essential communication between healthcare providers within the patient's circle of care. Good documentation can potentially also decrease a physician's medico-legal risk. This study provides examples of documentation issues attributed to physicians practicing emergency medicine as identified by peer experts in civil legal actions, regulatory authority complaints (College) and hospital complaints (collectively, medico-legal cases) in Canada. METHODS We conducted a descriptive study and content analysis of medico-legal cases involving emergency department physicians from a national repository at the Canadian Medical Protective Association. Cases with peer expert criticism of an emergency physician's documentation, which were closed between 2016 and 2020, and occurred in an emergency department were included in our analysis. RESULTS Of the 1628 cases involving emergency medicine, our inclusion criteria identified that absent or insufficiently detailed documentation was present in 24% of cases (391/1,628). A detailed review of 20% of the cases (79/391), selected randomly, found that documentation issues were most often associated with the assessment and investigation stage of care. This pertained to documenting details of the clinical examination, relevant medical history, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS For physicians practicing emergency medicine, criticism of documentation was frequently observed in medico-legal cases. Based on the findings of this study and the expert criticism related to documentation, emergency medicine physicians may consider reflecting upon their documentation of the care provided to determine if their documentation provides a clear and accurate chronicle of the care and the rationale for their clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Smith
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Lemay
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shirley Lee
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janet Nuth
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Ji
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kim Montague
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary E Garber
- Canadian Medical Protective Association, Department of Safe Medical Care, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine and the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Mumtaz F, Tekle H, Zhang B, Smith JD, O'Malley RJ, Huang J. Highly cascaded first-order sapphire optical fiber Bragg gratings fabricated by a femtosecond laser. Opt Lett 2023; 48:4380-4383. [PMID: 37582037 DOI: 10.1364/ol.495138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports an innovative technique for fabricating large-scale, highly cascaded first-order sapphire optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) using a femtosecond laser-assisted point-by-point inscription method. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, this study successfully demonstrates a distributed array of 10 FBGs within highly multimode sapphire crystal fiber, made possible by employing a high-power laser technique to generate larger reflectors with a Gaussian intensity profile. These first-order FBGs offer advantages such as enhanced reflectivity, shorter fabrication time, and simplified spectral characteristics, making them easier to interpret compared with high-order FBGs. The FBGs' resilience and effectiveness are analyzed by subjecting them to temperature tests, proving their capacity for accurate temperature monitoring up to 1500°C-a testament to their suitability for harsh environments. This novel approach broadens the scope for sensing and communication applications in sapphire fibers, particularly under challenging conditions. The novelty of our work lies in successfully overcoming the limitations of previous designs by integrating a cascade of 10 FBGs in sapphire fibers, thereby enhancing multiplexing capabilities, minimizing overlapping of FBG peaks, and ensuring reliable temperature monitoring in industries and applications with thermal gradients.
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Sheppard MB, Smith JD, Bergmann LL, Famulski JK. Novel SMAD3 variant identified in a patient with familial aortopathy modeled using a zebrafish embryo assay. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1103784. [PMID: 36926042 PMCID: PMC10011127 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In human, pathogenic variants in smad3 are one cause of familial aortopathy. We describe a novel SMAD3 variant of unknown significance (VUS), V244F, in a patient who presented with aortic root dilation, right coronary artery ectasia, abdominal aortic aneurysm, right vertebral artery atresia, and cavernoma. Determination of variant pathogenicity impacted multiple aspects of the patient's care, including the most appropriate surgical threshold for which to recommend a valve-sparing aortic root replacement. To determine whether the newly identified SMAD3 variant, and whether SMAD3 induced aortopathy in general, can be assayed in a zebrafish embryo model, we injected smad3a mRNA into Tg[kdrl:mCherry] zebrafish embryos. By measuring the size of the dorsal aorta at 48hpf we found a correlation between pathogenic SMAD3 variants and increased dorsal aortic diameter. The newly identified V244F variant increased dorsal aortic diameter (p < 0.0001) similar to that of the pathogenic control variant T261I (p < 0.0084). In addition, we examined several previously identified variants of uncertain significance and found P124T (p < 0.0467), L296P (p < 0.0025) and A349P (p < 0.0056) to behave like T261I. These results demonstrate that the zebrafish embryo assay was successful in validating known pathogenic variants, classifying our newly identified variant V244F as likely pathogenic, and classifying previously identified variants P124T, L296P, and A349P as likely pathogenic. Overall, our findings identify a novel SMAD3 variant that is likely pathogenic as well as offer a new mechanism to model SMAD3 VUSs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Sheppard
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Smith
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lisa L. Bergmann
- Department Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jakub K. Famulski
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Mumtaz F, Alla DR, Roman M, Zhang B, Smith JD, Gerald RE, O'Malley RJ, Huang J. Thermally robust and highly stable method for splicing silica glass fiber to crystalline sapphire fiber. Appl Opt 2023; 62:1392-1398. [PMID: 36821244 DOI: 10.1364/ao.479732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research reports an advancement in splicing silica glass fiber to sapphire single-crystal optical fiber (SCF) using a specialized glass processing device, including data that demonstrate the thermal stability of the splice to 1000°C. A filament heating process was used to produce a robust splice between the dissimilar fibers. A femtosecond laser is used to inscribe a fiber Bragg gratings sensor into the SCF to measure the high-temperature capabilities and signal attenuation characteristics of the splice joint. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed splicing method produces a splice joint that is robust, stable, repeatable, and withstands temperatures up to 1000°C with a low attenuation of 0.5 dB. The proposed method allows placement of SCF-based sensors in the extreme environments encountered in various engineering fields, such as nuclear, chemical, aviation, and metals manufacturing, to enable improvements in process monitoring, product quality, and production efficiency.
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Isha S, Satashia PH, Yarrarapu SNS, Govero AB, Harrison MF, Baig HZ, Guru P, Bhattacharyya A, Ball CT, Caples SM, Grek AA, Vizzini MR, Khan SA, Heise KJ, Sekiguchi H, Cantrell WL, Smith JD, Chaudhary S, Gnanapandithan K, Thompson KM, Graham CG, Cowdell JC, Murawska Baptista A, Libertin CR, Moreno Franco P, Sanghavi DK. A retrospective analysis of normal saline and lactated ringers as resuscitation fluid in sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1071741. [PMID: 37089586 PMCID: PMC10117883 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1071741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Surviving Sepsis Campaign suggested preferential resuscitation with balanced crystalloids, such as Lactated Ringer's (LR), although the level of recommendation was weak, and the quality of evidence was low. Past studies reported an association of unbalanced solutions, such as normal saline (NS), with increased AKI risks, metabolic acidosis, and prolonged ICU stay, although some of the findings are conflicting. We have compared the outcomes with the preferential use of normal saline vs. ringer's lactate in a cohort of sepsis patients. Method We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of patients visiting the ED of 19 different Mayo Clinic sites between August 2018 to November 2020 with sepsis and receiving at least 30 mL/kg fluid in the first 6 h. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the type of resuscitation fluid (LR vs. NS) and propensity-matching was done based on clinical characteristics as well as fluid amount (with 5 ml/kg). Single variable logistic regression (categorical outcomes) and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compare the primary and secondary outcomes between the 2 groups. Results Out of 2022 patients meeting our inclusion criteria; 1,428 (70.6%) received NS, and 594 (29.4%) received LR as the predominant fluid (>30 mL/kg). Patients receiving predominantly NS were more likely to be male and older in age. The LR cohort had a higher BMI, lactate level and incidence of septic shock. Propensity-matched analysis did not show a difference in 30-day and in-hospital mortality rate, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, or CRRT requirement. We did observe longer hospital LOS in the LR group (median 5 vs. 4 days, p = 0.047 and higher requirement for ICU post-admission (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.96; p = 0.026) in the NS group. However, these did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for multiple testing. Conclusion In our matched cohort, we did not show any statistically significant difference in mortality rates, hospital LOS, ICU admission after diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy and RRT between sepsis patients receiving lactated ringers and normal saline as predominant resuscitation fluid. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to solidify the current guidelines on the use of balanced crystalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Isha
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Austin B. Govero
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Michael F. Harrison
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Hassan Z. Baig
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Pramod Guru
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Colleen T. Ball
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Sean M. Caples
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ami A. Grek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Michael R. Vizzini
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Syed Anjum Khan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System Mankato, Mankato, MN, United States
| | - Katherine J. Heise
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Warren L. Cantrell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Smith
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Sanjay Chaudhary
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Charles G. Graham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jed C. Cowdell
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Claudia R. Libertin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Pablo Moreno Franco
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Devang K. Sanghavi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Devang K. Sanghavi,
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8
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Fu E, Neubert SW, Chang A, Smith JD, Graham AK. Characterizing behavior change techniques used in the self-management of binge eating and weight: Applying a user-centered design approach. Eat Behav 2022; 44:101591. [PMID: 34920208 PMCID: PMC8885842 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
User-centered design methods aim to increase intervention engagement by focusing on consumers' needs and preferences. We conducted a needs assessment (the first step in user-centered design) via a digital diary study to understand how individuals with recurrent binge eating (≥12 episodes in 3 months) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) manage these problems in their day-to-day lives and the approaches they use to change their behavior. Specifically, we applied the Behavior Change Technique (BCT)-Taxonomy to characterize which standardized BCTs individuals use to change binge eating and health-related behaviors and their motivations to use them, to inform the design of a mobile intervention. We analyzed qualitative data from 22 adults (64% female, 32% White) who submitted 176 diary entries. For each entry, we coded the BCTs used, motivation for use, and whether the BCT(s) were perceived as beneficial for behavior change. Across participants, investigators identified 50 of the 93 standardized BCTs (54%). Each participant used an average of 12 (SD = 4) BCTs, most commonly Behavior Substitution (72.3%), Distraction (68.2%), Goal Setting (Behavior) (63.6%), Action Planning (59.1%) and Adding Objects to the Environment (59.1%). More BCTs were coded as beneficial (49%) versus detrimental (24%) or neutral (27%). Techniques were most commonly motivated by preventing binge eating (95.5%), losing weight (95.5%), reducing unhealthy food choices (90.9%), or managing stress (59.1%). Results help inform how interventions could be designed to support consumers in changing binge eating and weight-related behaviors, although such designs would need to be tested for their impact on engagement and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sarah W Neubert
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Angela Chang
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Andrea K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America.
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9
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Kingwell BA, Velkoska E, Diditchenko S, Greene BH, Wang S, Mears J, Wright SD, Gibson CM, Smith JD. CSL112 (human apolipoprotein A-I) infusion rapidly increases apoA-I exchange rate (AER) when administered to patients post myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) measured using patient serum and cultured macrophages is considered a biomarker of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality. This parameter is inversely related to incident cardiovascular events and declines in the days post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) exchange rate (AER) may represent an alternative, clinically amenable cell-free measure of CEC, which has also been associated with incident cardiovascular events (1).
Purpose
To characterise the effects of human apoA-I (CSL112) infusion on AER over 48 hours when administered post AMI.
Methods
This analysis included 50 patients with available samples from the AEGIS-I (ApoA-I Event Reducing in Ischemic Syndromes I) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic sub-study (2). Patients were randomized to receive four weekly infusions of either placebo (n=16), 2g (n=19) or 6g (n=15) CSL112 post AMI. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post the first and fourth infusion for measurement of AER (1) as well as CEC (total, ABCA1 dependent and ABCA1 independent CEC) as previously described (3).
Results
CSL112 infusion increased AER dose-dependently, peaking at 2h (end of infusion) and returning to baseline by 24h post infusion (Figure 1). AER was significantly correlated with CEC (total, ABCA1 dependent and independent), HDL-cholesterol, apoA-I and phosphatidylcholine across all timepoints and similarly after both infusions (Table 1).
Conclusion
Infusion of CSL112 increased AER in a dose-dependent manner post AMI and may represent a clinically amenable biomarker of HDL functionality.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): CSL Ltd, Parkville, Australia Figure 1. Left: Time course data expressed as mean ± SEM and adjusted for baseline prior to each infusion. Using a linear mixed model for repeated measures, the 6g dose increased AER from baseline at timepoints from 2–12 hours (p<0.001), whereas the 2gm dose only increased AER between 2–6 hours (p<0.05). Right: Boxplots showing median, quartiles and min/max of Area Under the Curve (AUC) from 0–24 hours post infusion. Using one-way ANOVA the 6 g dose was significantly higher than placebo (p<0.05).Table 1
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S Wang
- Cleveland Clinic, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - J Mears
- CSL Behring, King of Prussia, United States of America
| | - S D Wright
- CSL Behring, King of Prussia, United States of America
| | - C M Gibson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, United States of America
| | - J D Smith
- Cleveland Clinic, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland, United States of America
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10
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Smith JD, Schroeder AN. Second-Order Peer Reviews of Clinically Relevant Articles for the Physiatrist: Physical Therapy vs. Glucocorticoid Injection for Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:e147-e152. [PMID: 33587453 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Smith
- From the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (JDS); and Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota (ANS)
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11
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Lattie EG, Bass M, Garcia SF, Phillips SM, Moreno PI, Flores AM, Smith JD, Scholtens D, Barnard C, Penedo FJ, Cella D, Yanez B. Optimizing Health Information Technologies for Symptom Management in Cancer Patients and Survivors: Usability Evaluation. JMIR Form Res 2020; 4:e18412. [PMID: 32955450 PMCID: PMC7536600 DOI: 10.2196/18412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Unmanaged cancer symptoms and treatment-related side effects can compromise long-term clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life. Health information technologies such as web-based platforms offer the possibility to supplement existing care and optimize symptom management. Objective This paper describes the development and usability of a web-based symptom management platform for cancer patients and survivors that will be implemented within a large health system. Methods A web-based symptom management platform was designed and evaluated via one-on-one usability testing sessions. The System Usability Scale (SUS), After Scenario Questionnaire (ASQ), and qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews were used to assess program usability. Results Ten cancer survivors and five cancer center staff members participated in usability testing sessions. The mean score on the SUS was 86.6 (SD 14.0), indicating above average usability. The mean score on the ASQ was 2.5 (SD 2.1), indicating relatively high satisfaction with the usability of the program. Qualitative analyses identified valued features of the program and recommendations for further improvements. Conclusions Cancer survivors and oncology care providers reported high levels of acceptability and usability in the initial development of a web-based symptom management platform for cancer survivors. Future work will test the effectiveness of this web-based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Lattie
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael Bass
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sofia F Garcia
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Siobhan M Phillips
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patricia I Moreno
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ann Marie Flores
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Denise Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cynthia Barnard
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Frank J Penedo
- Departments of Psychology and Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Betina Yanez
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Berkel C, Rudo-Stern J, Abraczinskas M, Wilson C, Lokey F, Flanigan E, Villamar JA, Dishion TJ, Smith JD. Translating evidence-based parenting programs for primary care: Stakeholder recommendations for sustainable implementation. J Community Psychol 2020; 48:1178-1193. [PMID: 31951291 PMCID: PMC7261629 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To translate evidence-based programs (EBP) for a new setting, attention must be given to the characteristics of the intervention and the local setting, as well as evidence that is compelling to decision-makers. This paper describes the history of a partnership and stakeholder recommendations to inform the adaptation of an EBP for primary care. METHODS We established a community advisory board (CAB) consisting of stakeholders with expertize in primary care delivery. A thematic analysis was conducted with fieldnotes and transcriptions from CAB meetings and regular meetings with participating clinics. RESULTS We found that (a) parenting programs with a focus on behavioral and physical health are appropriate for this setting, (b) variability in the structure of primary care means implementation must be tailorable, and (c) financial and organizational outcomes are compelling for decision-makers. CONCLUSION Factors related to the content and structure of evidence-based programs are uniquely related to distinct implementation outcomes of interest to key stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cady Berkel
- Department of Psychology, REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jenna Rudo-Stern
- Department of Psychology, REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan A Villamar
- Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas J Dishion
- Department of Psychology, REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - J D Smith
- Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Smith JD, Barratt BM, Fuller GW, Kelly FJ, Loxham M, Nicolosi E, Priestman M, Tremper AH, Green DC. PM 2.5 on the London Underground. Environ Int 2020; 134:105188. [PMID: 31787325 PMCID: PMC6902242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the London Underground (LU) handling on average 2.8 million passenger journeys per day, the characteristics and potential health effects of the elevated concentrations of metal-rich PM2.5 found in this subway system are not well understood. METHODS Spatial monitoring campaigns were carried out to characterise the health-relevant chemical and physical properties of PM2.5 across the LU network, including diurnal and day-to-day variability and spatial distribution (above ground, depth below ground and subway line). Population-weighted station PM2.5 rankings were produced to understand the relative importance of concentrations at different stations and on different lines. RESULTS The PM2.5 mass in the LU (mean 88 μg m-3, median 28 μg m-3) was greater than at ambient background locations (mean 19 μg m-3, median 14 μg m-3) and roadside environments in central London (mean 22 μg m-3, median 14 μg m-3). Concentrations varied between lines and locations, with the deepest and shallowest submerged lines being the District (median 4 μg m-3) and Victoria (median 361 μg m-3 but up to 885 μg m-3). Broadly in agreement with other subway systems around the world, sampled LU PM2.5 comprised 47% iron oxide, 7% elemental carbon, 11% organic carbon, and 14% metallic and mineral oxides. Although a relationship between line depth and air quality inside the tube trains was evident, there were clear influences relating to the distance from cleaner outside air and the exchange with cabin air when the doors open. The passenger population-weighted exposure analysis demonstrated a method to identify stations that should be prioritised for remediation to improve air quality. CONCLUSION PM2.5 concentrations in the LU are many times higher than in other London transport Environments. Failure to include this environment in epidemiological studies of the relationship between PM2.5 and health in London is therefore likely to lead to a large exposure misclassification error. Given the significant contribution of underground PM2.5 to daily exposure, and the differences in composition compared to urban PM2.5, there is a clear need for well-designed studies to better understand the health effects of underground exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK
| | - B M Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK; NIHR Health Impact of Environmental Hazards HPRU, King's College London, UK
| | - G W Fuller
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK
| | - F J Kelly
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK; NIHR Health Impact of Environmental Hazards HPRU, King's College London, UK
| | - M Loxham
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - E Nicolosi
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK
| | - M Priestman
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK
| | - A H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK
| | - D C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, UK.
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14
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Owen AM, Patel SP, Smith JD, Balasuriya BK, Mori SF, Hawk GS, Stromberg AJ, Kuriyama N, Kaneki M, Rabchevsky AG, Butterfield TA, Esser KA, Peterson CA, Starr ME, Saito H. Chronic muscle weakness and mitochondrial dysfunction in the absence of sustained atrophy in a preclinical sepsis model. eLife 2019; 8:e49920. [PMID: 31793435 PMCID: PMC6890461 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic critical illness is a global clinical issue affecting millions of sepsis survivors annually. Survivors report chronic skeletal muscle weakness and development of new functional limitations that persist for years. To delineate mechanisms of sepsis-induced chronic weakness, we first surpassed a critical barrier by establishing a murine model of sepsis with ICU-like interventions that allows for the study of survivors. We show that sepsis survivors have profound weakness for at least 1 month, even after recovery of muscle mass. Abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure, impaired respiration and electron transport chain activities, and persistent protein oxidative damage were evident in the muscle of survivors. Our data suggest that sustained mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than atrophy alone, underlies chronic sepsis-induced muscle weakness. This study emphasizes that conventional efforts that aim to recover muscle quantity will likely remain ineffective for regaining strength and improving quality of life after sepsis until deficiencies in muscle quality are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Aging and Critical Care Research LaboratoryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Samir P Patel
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Beverly K Balasuriya
- Aging and Critical Care Research LaboratoryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Stephanie F Mori
- Aging and Critical Care Research LaboratoryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | | | - Naohide Kuriyama
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - Masao Kaneki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Timothy A Butterfield
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Functional GenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Marlene E Starr
- Aging and Critical Care Research LaboratoryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Aging and Critical Care Research LaboratoryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Markey Cancer CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
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15
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McNulty M, Smith JD, Villamar J, Burnett-Zeigler I, Vermeer W, Benbow N, Gallo C, Wilensky U, Hjorth A, Mustanski B, Schneider J, Brown CH. Implementation Research Methodologies for Achieving Scientific Equity and Health Equity. Ethn Dis 2019; 29:83-92. [PMID: 30906154 DOI: 10.18865/ed.29.s1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation science has great potential to improve the health of communities and individuals who are not achieving health equity. However, implementation science can exacerbate health disparities if its use is biased toward entities that already have the highest capacities for delivering evidence-based interventions. In this article, we examine several methodologic approaches for conducting implementation research to advance equity both in our understanding of what historically disadvantaged populations would need-what we call scientific equity-and how this knowledge can be applied to produce health equity. We focus on rapid ways to gain knowledge on how to engage, design research, act, share, and sustain successes in partnership with communities. We begin by describing a principle-driven partnership process between community members and implementation researchers to overcome disparities. We then review three innovative implementation method paradigms to improve scientific and health equity and provide examples of each. The first paradigm involves making efficient use of existing data by applying epidemiologic and simulation modeling to understand what drives disparities and how they can be overcome. The second paradigm involves designing new research studies that include, but do not focus exclusively on, populations experiencing disparities in health domains such as cardiovascular disease and co-occurring mental health conditions. The third paradigm involves implementation research that focuses exclusively on populations who have experienced high levels of disparities. To date, our scientific enterprise has invested disproportionately in research that fails to eliminate health disparities. The implementation research methods discussed here hold promise for overcoming barriers and achieving health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira McNulty
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Juan Villamar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Inger Burnett-Zeigler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Wouter Vermeer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Nanette Benbow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Carlos Gallo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Uri Wilensky
- Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling in the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Arthur Hjorth
- Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling in the Learning Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - John Schneider
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - C Hendricks Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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16
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Smith JD, Corace KM, MacDonald TK, Fabrigar LR, Saedi A, Chaplin A, MacFarlane S, Valickis D, Garber GE. Application of the Theoretical Domains Framework to identify factors that influence hand hygiene compliance in long-term care. J Hosp Infect 2018; 101:393-398. [PMID: 30594611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare worker (HCW) hand hygiene compliance is key to patient safety; however, compliance is suboptimal. Nevertheless hand hygiene compliance is not well studied in the long-term care setting. AIM To apply a behaviour change framework, the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), to identify modifiable facilitators and barriers for HCW hand hygiene compliance in long-term care settings. METHODS HCW hand hygiene compliance facilitators and barriers were examined using a questionnaire for HCWs from long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada. The questionnaire was informed by the TDF, which is based on a synthesis of constructs from a number of relevant psychological theories of behaviour change. FINDINGS Barriers identified from the questionnaire aligned with the TDF domain environmental context and resources (time pressure, workload, and environmental controls). Facilitators identified from questionnaire results aligned with the TDF domains social/professional role and identity (it is what is expected of HCWs), and beliefs about consequences (risk of transmission of micro-organisms to self or others). CONCLUSION There are several barriers to hand hygiene compliance that persist in long-term care. A behaviour change theory-informed framework such as the TDF can be helpful to identify those barriers. This study identified several key behavioural constructs aligned with the TDF that can be targeted when developing novel hand hygiene interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K M Corace
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - T K MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - L R Fabrigar
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A Saedi
- Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Chaplin
- Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S MacFarlane
- Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Valickis
- Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G E Garber
- Infection Prevention and Control, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Clarke CM, Fok VT, Gustafson JA, Smyth MD, Timms AE, Frazar CD, Smith JD, Birgfeld CB, Lee A, Ellenbogen RG, Gruss JS, Hopper RA, Cunningham ML. Single suture craniosynostosis: Identification of rare variants in genes associated with syndromic forms. Am J Med Genet A. 2018 Feb;176(2):290-300. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2522. [PMID: 30537273 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Clarke
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - V T Fok
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - J A Gustafson
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - M D Smyth
- Washington University Department of Neurosurgery, St. Louis, Missouri.,St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - A E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - C D Frazar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - C B Birgfeld
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - A Lee
- Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - R G Ellenbogen
- Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - J S Gruss
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - R A Hopper
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Craniofacial and Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - M L Cunningham
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Abstract
Autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) is essential for maintaining muscle mass and healthy skeletal muscle. Patients with heritable phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin-1-null mutations present with severe rhabdomyolysis and muscle atrophy in glycolytic muscle fibers, which are accompanied with mitochondrial aggregates and reduced mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to muscle atrophy as a result of lipin-1 deficiency are still not clear. In this study, we found that lipin-1 deficiency in mice is associated with a marked accumulation of abnormal mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles in glycolytic muscle fibers. Our studies using lipin-1-deficient myoblasts suggest that lipin-1 participates in B-cell leukemia (BCL)-2 adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (Bnip3)-regulated mitophagy by interacting with microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain (LC)3, which is an important step in the recruitment of mitochondria to nascent autophagosomes. The requirement of lipin-1 for Bnip3-mediated mitophagy was further verified in vivo in lipin-1-deficient green fluorescent protein-LC3 transgenic mice (lipin-1-/--GFP-LC3). Finally, we showed that lipin-1 deficiency in mice resulted in defective mitochondrial adaptation to starvation-induced metabolic stress and impaired contractile muscle force in glycolytic muscle fibers. In summary, our study suggests that deregulated mitophagy arising from lipin-1 deficiency is associated with impaired muscle function and may contribute to muscle rhabdomyolysis in humans.-Alshudukhi, A. A., Zhu, J., Huang, D., Jama, A., Smith, J. D., Wang, Q. J., Esser, K. A., Ren, H. Lipin-1 regulates Bnip3-mediated mitophagy in glycolytic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alshudukhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dengtong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Jama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Myology Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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19
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Lawrie SR, Faircloth DC, Smith JD, Sarmento TM, Whitehead MO, Wood T, Perkins M, Macgregor J, Abel R. Recent H - diagnostics, plasma simulations, and 2X scaled Penning ion source developments at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:052101. [PMID: 29864892 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A vessel for extraction and source plasma analyses is being used for Penning H- ion source development at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. A new set of optical elements including an einzel lens has been installed, which transports over 80 mA of H- beam successfully. Simultaneously, a 2X scaled Penning source has been developed to reduce cathode power density. The 2X source is now delivering a 65 mA H- ion beam at 10% duty factor, meeting its design criteria. The long-term viability of the einzel lens and 2X source is now being evaluated, so new diagnostic devices have been installed. A pair of electrostatic deflector plates is used to correct beam misalignment and perform fast chopping, with a voltage rise time of 24 ns. A suite of four quartz crystal microbalances has shown that the cesium flux in the vacuum vessel is only increased by a factor of two, despite the absence of a dedicated cold trap. Finally, an infrared camera has demonstrated good agreement with thermal simulations but has indicated unexpected heating due to beam loss on the downstream electrode. These types of diagnostics are suitable for monitoring all operational ion sources. In addition to experimental campaigns and new diagnostic tools, the high-performance VSim and COMSOL software packages are being used for plasma simulations of two novel ion thrusters for space propulsion applications. In parallel, a VSim framework has been established to include arbitrary temperature and cesium fields to allow the modeling of surface physics in H- ion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Lawrie
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - D C Faircloth
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - J D Smith
- Tech-X UK Ltd., The Innovation Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - T M Sarmento
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - M O Whitehead
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - T Wood
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - M Perkins
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - J Macgregor
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - R Abel
- STFC ISIS Pulsed Spallation Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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20
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Smith JD, Roach B, Hassanzadeh Keshteli A, Kao DH. A275 DONOR BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) DOES NOT IMPACT RECIPIENT BMI FOLLOWING FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION FOR RECURRENT CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy008.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Roach
- Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Hassanzadeh Keshteli
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D H Kao
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Merola J, Yoo PS, Schaub J, Smith JD, Rodriguez-Davalos MI, Tichy E, Mulligan DC, Asch W, Formica R, Kashgarian M, Kulkarni S. Belatacept and Eculizumab for Treatment of Calcineurin Inhibitor-induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy After Kidney Transplantation: Case Report. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:3106-3108. [PMID: 27932157 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) after kidney transplantation is an uncommon and challenging cause of graft dysfunction and is associated with early graft loss. An idiosyncratic endothelial reaction to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) has been implicated as a frequent cause of TMA. This reaction is marked by uncontrolled activation of complement and subsequent cellular destruction. Usual therapy consists of withdrawal of the inciting drug and plasmapheresis to minimize levels of circulating complement. Recently, eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody to complement component C5, has been used for the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Belatacept, an inhibitor of T cell costimulatory protein CTLA-4 has been used in immunosuppression strategies aimed at minimization of CNI. Here we report the first case of treatment of CNI-associated TMA/hemolytic uremic syndrome with withdrawal of tacrolimus and initiation of both belatacept and eculizumab. The case describes a favorable clinical course for both graft and patient, and is accompanied by a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Merola
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - P S Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - J Schaub
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - E Tichy
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - D C Mulligan
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - W Asch
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Formica
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - M Kashgarian
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - S Kulkarni
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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22
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Alwood JS, Ronca AE, Mains RC, Shelhamer MJ, Smith JD, Goodwin TJ. From the bench to exploration medicine: NASA life sciences translational research for human exploration and habitation missions. NPJ Microgravity 2017. [PMID: 28649627 PMCID: PMC5460236 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-016-0002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NASA’s Space Biology and Human Research Program entities have recently spearheaded communications both internally and externally to coordinate the agency’s translational research efforts. In this paper, we strongly advocate for translational research at NASA, provide recent examples of NASA sponsored early-stage translational research, and discuss options for a path forward. Our overall objective is to help in stimulating a collaborative research across multiple disciplines and entities that, working together, will more effectively and more rapidly achieve NASA’s goals for human spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Alwood
- Space BioSciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
| | - April E Ronca
- Space BioSciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA.,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | | | - Mark J Shelhamer
- Human Research Program, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Space BioSciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
| | - Thomas J Goodwin
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
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23
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Levitan BM, Manning JR, Withers CN, Smith JD, Shaw RM, Andres DA, Sorrell VL, Satin J. Rad-deletion Phenocopies Tonic Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:432-444. [PMID: 27798760 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-016-9716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic stimulation modulates L-type calcium channel (LTCC) gating to contribute to increased systolic heart function. Rad is a monomeric G-protein that interacts with LTCC. Genetic deletion of Rad (Rad-/-) renders LTCC in a sympathomimetic state. The study goal was to use a clinically inspired pharmacological stress echocardiography test, including analysis of global strain, to determine whether Rad-/- confers tonic positive inotropic heart function. Sarcomere dynamics and strain showed partial parallel isoproterenol (ISO) responsiveness for wild-type (WT) and for Rad-/-. Rad-/- basal inotropy was elevated compared to WT but was less responsiveness to ISO. Rad protein levels were lower in human patients with end-stage non-ischemic heart failure. These results show that Rad reduction provides a stable inotropic response rooted in sarcomere level function. Thus, reduced Rad levels in heart failure patients may be a compensatory response to need for increased output in the setting of HF. Rad deletion suggests a future therapeutic direction for inotropic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryana M Levitan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Janet R Manning
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Catherine N Withers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Robin M Shaw
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Errors of angular position on encoders used for transmission error measurement were investigated to determine the practical limits of accuracy. Computer correction can be used to eliminate consistent errors on the encoders but errors remain, attributable to electrical noise, bearing errors and friction effects. Practical limits on the calibration and usage of the encoders for individual harmonics of once per revolution frequency and for a given angular position were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- University Engineering Department, University of Cambridge
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25
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Abstract
Discrepancies between errors measured by back-to-back tests on rotary encoders and the errors quoted by the manufacturers led to investigation of the causes for the difference. An error that was apparently at 96 cycles per revolution was found to be due to a much higher frequency which was well outside the normal operating range for transmission error work.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- University Engineering Department, University of Cambidge, Cambridge
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26
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Smith JD, MacDougall CC, Johnstone J, Copes RA, Schwartz B, Garber GE. Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2016; 188:567-574. [PMID: 26952529 PMCID: PMC4868605 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.150835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting recommendations exist related to which facial protection should be used by health care workers to prevent transmission of acute respiratory infections, including pandemic influenza. We performed a systematic review of both clinical and surrogate exposure data comparing N95 respirators and surgical masks for the prevention of transmissible acute respiratory infections. METHODS We searched various electronic databases and the grey literature for relevant studies published from January 1990 to December 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies and case-control studies that included data on health care workers wearing N95 respirators and surgical masks to prevent acute respiratory infections were included in the meta-analysis. Surrogate exposure studies comparing N95 respirators and surgical masks using manikins or adult volunteers under simulated conditions were summarized separately. Outcomes from clinical studies were laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, influenza-like illness and workplace absenteeism. Outcomes from surrogate exposure studies were filter penetration, face-seal leakage and total inward leakage. RESULTS We identified 6 clinical studies (3 RCTs, 1 cohort study and 2 case-control studies) and 23 surrogate exposure studies. In the meta-analysis of the clinical studies, we found no significant difference between N95 respirators and surgical masks in associated risk of (a) laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection (RCTs: odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64-1.24; cohort study: OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.03-6.41; case-control studies: OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.25-3.36); (b) influenza-like illness (RCTs: OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.19-1.41); or (c) reported workplace absenteeism (RCT: OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.57-1.50). In the surrogate exposure studies, N95 respirators were associated with less filter penetration, less face-seal leakage and less total inward leakage under laboratory experimental conditions, compared with surgical masks. INTERPRETATION Although N95 respirators appeared to have a protective advantage over surgical masks in laboratory settings, our meta-analysis showed that there were insufficient data to determine definitively whether N95 respirators are superior to surgical masks in protecting health care workers against transmissible acute respiratory infections in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Smith
- Public Health Ontario (Smith, MacDougall, Johnstone, Copes, Schwartz, Garber); Department of Medicine (Johnstone), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Copes, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Garber), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Colin C MacDougall
- Public Health Ontario (Smith, MacDougall, Johnstone, Copes, Schwartz, Garber); Department of Medicine (Johnstone), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Copes, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Garber), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jennie Johnstone
- Public Health Ontario (Smith, MacDougall, Johnstone, Copes, Schwartz, Garber); Department of Medicine (Johnstone), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Copes, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Garber), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ray A Copes
- Public Health Ontario (Smith, MacDougall, Johnstone, Copes, Schwartz, Garber); Department of Medicine (Johnstone), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Copes, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Garber), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Brian Schwartz
- Public Health Ontario (Smith, MacDougall, Johnstone, Copes, Schwartz, Garber); Department of Medicine (Johnstone), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Copes, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Garber), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Gary E Garber
- Public Health Ontario (Smith, MacDougall, Johnstone, Copes, Schwartz, Garber); Department of Medicine (Johnstone), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Copes, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Garber), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
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27
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Theusch E, Kim K, Stevens K, Smith JD, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Nickerson DA, Medina MW. Statin-induced expression change of INSIG1 in lymphoblastoid cell lines correlates with plasma triglyceride statin response in a sex-specific manner. Pharmacogenomics J 2016; 17:222-229. [PMID: 26927283 PMCID: PMC5008997 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed to lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. They also modestly reduce plasma triglyceride (TG), an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor, in most people. The mechanism and inter-individual variability of TG statin response is poorly understood. We measured statin-induced gene expression changes in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 150 participants of a simvastatin clinical trial and identified 23 genes (false discovery rate, FDR=15%) with expression changes correlated with plasma TG response. The correlation of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) expression changes with TG response (rho=0.32, q=0.11) was driven by men (interaction P=0.0055). rs73161338 was associated with INSIG1 expression changes (P=5.4 × 10−5) and TG response in two statin clinical trials (P=0.0048), predominantly in men. A combined model including INSIG1 expression level and splicing changes accounted for 29.5% of plasma TG statin response variance in men (P=5.6 × 10−6). Our results suggest that INSIG1 variation may contribute to statin-induced changes in plasma TG in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Theusch
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - K Kim
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - K Stevens
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Y-D I Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - J I Rotter
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - D A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M W Medina
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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28
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Ahmad F, Ansar M, Mehmood S, Izoduwa A, Lee K, Nasir A, Abrar M, Mehmood S, Ullah A, Aziz A, Smith JD, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ, Nicekrson DA, Santos-Cortez RLP, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A novel missense variant in the PNPLA1 gene underlies congenital ichthyosis in three consanguineous families. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:e210-e213. [PMID: 26691440 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Izoduwa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - K Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Nasir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Abrar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | -
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Shendure
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M J Bamshad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D A Nicekrson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R L P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
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29
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Schroder EA, Harfmann BD, Zhang X, Srikuea R, England JH, Hodge BA, Wen Y, Riley LA, Yu Q, Christie A, Smith JD, Seward T, Wolf Horrell EM, Mula J, Peterson CA, Butterfield TA, Esser KA. Intrinsic muscle clock is necessary for musculoskeletal health. J Physiol 2015; 593:5387-404. [PMID: 26486627 PMCID: PMC4704520 DOI: 10.1113/jp271436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The endogenous molecular clock in skeletal muscle is necessary for maintenance of phenotype and function. Loss of Bmal1 solely from adult skeletal muscle (iMSBmal1(-/-) ) results in reductions in specific tension, increased oxidative fibre type and increased muscle fibrosis with no change in feeding or activity. Disruption of the molecular clock in adult skeletal muscle is sufficient to induce changes in skeletal muscle similar to those seen in the Bmal1 knockout mouse (Bmal1(-/-) ), a model of advanced ageing. iMSBmal1(-/-) mice develop increased bone calcification and decreased joint collagen, which in combination with the functional changes in skeletal muscle results in altered gait. This study uncovers a fundamental role for the skeletal muscle clock in musculoskeletal homeostasis with potential implications for ageing. ABSTRACT Disruption of circadian rhythms in humans and rodents has implicated a fundamental role for circadian rhythms in ageing and the development of many chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression and cancer. The molecular clock mechanism underlies circadian rhythms and is defined by a transcription-translation feedback loop with Bmal1 encoding a core molecular clock transcription factor. Germline Bmal1 knockout (Bmal1 KO) mice have a shortened lifespan, show features of advanced ageing and exhibit significant weakness with decreased maximum specific tension at the whole muscle and single fibre levels. We tested the role of the molecular clock in adult skeletal muscle by generating mice that allow for the inducible skeletal muscle-specific deletion of Bmal1 (iMSBmal1). Here we show that disruption of the molecular clock, specifically in adult skeletal muscle, is associated with a muscle phenotype including reductions in specific tension, increased oxidative fibre type, and increased muscle fibrosis similar to that seen in the Bmal1 KO mouse. Remarkably, the phenotype observed in the iMSBmal1(-/-) mice was not limited to changes in muscle. Similar to the germline Bmal1 KO mice, we observed significant bone and cartilage changes throughout the body suggesting a role for the skeletal muscle molecular clock in both the skeletal muscle niche and the systemic milieu. This emerging area of circadian rhythms and the molecular clock in skeletal muscle holds the potential to provide significant insight into intrinsic mechanisms of the maintenance of muscle quality and function as well as identifying a novel crosstalk between skeletal muscle, cartilage and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Schroder
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brianna D Harfmann
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ratchakrit Srikuea
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Brian A Hodge
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yuan Wen
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lance A Riley
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexander Christie
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tanya Seward
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jyothi Mula
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Timothy A Butterfield
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Evans JM, Ribeiro LC, Moore FB, Wang S, Zhang Q, Kostas V, Ferguson CR, Serrador J, Falvo M, Stenger MB, Goswami N, Rask JC, Smith JD, Knapp CF. Hypovolemic men and women regulate blood pressure differently following exposure to artificial gravity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2631-40. [PMID: 26438067 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In addition to serious bone, vestibular, and muscle deterioration, space flight leads to cardiovascular dysfunction upon return to gravity. In seeking a countermeasure to space flight-induced orthostatic intolerance, we previously determined that exposure to artificial gravity (AG) training in a centrifuge improved orthostatic tolerance of ambulatory subjects. This protocol was more effective in men than women and more effective when subjects exercised. METHODS We now determine the orthostatic tolerance limit (OTL) of cardiovascularly deconditioned (furosemide) men and women on one day following 90 min of AG compared to a control day (90 min of head-down bed rest, HDBR). RESULTS There were three major findings: a short bout of artificial gravity improved orthostatic tolerance of hypovolemic men (30 %) and women (22 %). Men and women demonstrated different mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation on AG and HDBR days; women maintained systolic blood pressure the same after HDBR and AG exposure while men's systolic pressure dropped (11 ± 2.9 mmHg) after AG. Third, as presyncopal symptoms developed, men's and women's cardiac output and stroke volume dropped to the same level on both days, even though the OTL test lasted significantly longer on the AG day, indicating cardiac filling as a likely variable to trigger presyncope. CONCLUSIONS (1) Even with gender differences, AG should be considered as a space flight countermeasure to be applied to astronauts before reentry into gravity, (2) men and women regulate blood pressure during an orthostatic stress differently following exposure to artificial gravity and (3) the trigger for presyncope may be cardiac filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | | | | | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Vladimir Kostas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Connor R Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jorge Serrador
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Falvo
- Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Jon C Rask
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles F Knapp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 514G, Robotics and Manufacturing Building, 143 Graham Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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Manning JR, Withers CN, Levitan B, Smith JD, Andres DA, Satin J. Loss of Rad-GTPase produces a novel adaptive cardiac phenotype resistant to systolic decline with aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1336-45. [PMID: 26371164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00389.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rad-GTPase is a regulator of L-type calcium current (LTCC), with increased calcium current observed in Rad knockout models. While mouse models that result in elevated LTCC have been associated with heart failure, our laboratory and others observe a hypercontractile phenotype with enhanced calcium homeostasis in Rad(-/-). It is currently unclear whether this observation represents an early time point in a decompensatory progression towards heart failure or whether Rad loss drives a novel phenotype with stable enhanced function. We test the hypothesis that Rad(-/-) drives a stable nonfailing hypercontractile phenotype in adult hearts, and we examine compensatory regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) loading and protein changes. Heart function was measured in vivo with echocardiography. In vivo heart function was significantly improved in adult Rad(-/-) hearts compared with wild type. Heart wall dimensions were significantly increased, while heart size was decreased, and cardiac output was not changed. Cardiac function was maintained through 18 mo of age with no decompensation. SR releasable Ca(2+) was increased in isolated Rad(-/-) ventricular myocytes. Higher Ca(2+) load was accompanied by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) protein elevation as determined by immunoblotting and a rightward shift in the thapsigargan inhibitor-response curve. Rad(-/-) promotes morphological changes accompanied by a stable increase in contractility with aging and preserved cardiac output. The Rad(-/-) phenotype is marked by enhanced systolic and diastolic function with increased SR uptake, which is consistent with a model that does not progress into heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Manning
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Catherine N Withers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Bryana Levitan
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Douglas A Andres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
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Ward GP, Lovelock RK, Murray ARJ, Hibbins AP, Sambles JR, Smith JD. Boundary-Layer Effects on Acoustic Transmission Through Narrow Slit Cavities. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:044302. [PMID: 26252688 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.044302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We explore the slit-width dependence of the resonant transmission of sound in air through both a slit array formed of aluminum slats and a single open-ended slit cavity in an aluminum plate. Our experimental results accord well with Lord Rayleigh's theory concerning how thin viscous and thermal boundary layers at a slit's walls affect the acoustic wave across the whole slit cavity. By measuring accurately the frequencies of the Fabry-Perot-like cavity resonances, we find a significant 5% reduction in the effective speed of sound through the slits when an individual viscous boundary layer occupies only 5% of the total slit width. Importantly, this effect is true for any airborne slit cavity, with the reduction being achieved despite the slit width being on a far larger scale than an individual boundary layer's thickness. This work demonstrates that the recent prevalent loss-free treatment of narrow slit cavities within acoustic metamaterials is unrealistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Ward
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Electromagnetic and Acoustic Materials Group, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - R K Lovelock
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Electromagnetic and Acoustic Materials Group, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - A R J Murray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Electromagnetic and Acoustic Materials Group, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - A P Hibbins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Electromagnetic and Acoustic Materials Group, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - J R Sambles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Electromagnetic and Acoustic Materials Group, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Devon EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - J D Smith
- DSTL, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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Smith JD, Minkin P, Lindsey S, Bovino B. Anesthetic and Surgical Management of a Bilateral Mandible Fracture in a Patient With Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Case Report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:1917.e1-6. [PMID: 26183008 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This report describes the case of a 74-year-old man who had been diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease as a child. Because the patient had serious motor and sensory neuropathy associated with his disease, special anesthetic and surgical recommendations had to be considered before he underwent general anesthesia to repair his mandibular fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Repair of the mandible was performed under general anesthesia with a nasal endotracheal tube and the use of the nondepolarizing muscle relaxant rocuronium. Open reduction and internal fixation through extraoral approaches were used to fixate the displaced right subcondylar and symphyseal fractures. A closed reduction approach using maxillary fixation screws and a mandibular arch bar with light elastic guidance was used to treat a nondisplaced fracture of the left mandibular ramus. Rigid fixation allowed for avoidance of a period of intermaxillary fixation. RESULTS General anesthesia and muscle relaxant were administered without complication. Treatment of bilateral mandibular fractures with combined open and closed approaches resulted in restoration of premorbid occlusion and masticatory function. CONCLUSION Repair of mandibular fractures under general anesthesia appears to be a safe procedure in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease when appropriate anesthetic and surgical methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Smith
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mt Sinai-St Luke's/Mt Sinai-Roosevelt Hospitals, New York, NY.
| | - Patton Minkin
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mt Sinai-St Luke's/Mt Sinai-Roosevelt Hospitals, New York, NY
| | - Sean Lindsey
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mt Sinai-St Luke's/Mt Sinai-Roosevelt Hospitals, New York, NY
| | - Brian Bovino
- Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mt Sinai-St Luke's/Mt Sinai-Roosevelt Hospitals, New York, NY
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Jinks RN, Puffenberger EG, Baple E, Harding B, Crino P, Fogo AB, Wenger O, Xin B, Koehler AE, McGlincy MH, Provencher MM, Smith JD, Tran L, Al Turki S, Chioza BA, Cross H, Harlalka GV, Hurles ME, Maroofian R, Heaps AD, Morton MC, Stempak L, Hildebrandt F, Sadowski CE, Zaritsky J, Campellone K, Morton DH, Wang H, Crosby A, Strauss KA. Recessive nephrocerebellar syndrome on the Galloway-Mowat syndrome spectrum is caused by homozygous protein-truncating mutations of WDR73. Brain 2015; 138:2173-90. [PMID: 26070982 PMCID: PMC4511861 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, nephrosis, and profound intellectual disability. Jinks et al. extend the GMS spectrum by identifying a novel nephrocerebellar syndrome with selective striatal cholinergic interneuron loss and complete lateral geniculate nucleus delamination, caused by a frameshift mutation in WDR73. We describe a novel nephrocerebellar syndrome on the Galloway-Mowat syndrome spectrum among 30 children (ages 1.0 to 28 years) from diverse Amish demes. Children with nephrocerebellar syndrome had progressive microcephaly, visual impairment, stagnant psychomotor development, abnormal extrapyramidal movements and nephrosis. Fourteen died between ages 2.7 and 28 years, typically from renal failure. Post-mortem studies revealed (i) micrencephaly without polymicrogyria or heterotopia; (ii) atrophic cerebellar hemispheres with stunted folia, profound granule cell depletion, Bergmann gliosis, and signs of Purkinje cell deafferentation; (iii) selective striatal cholinergic interneuron loss; and (iv) optic atrophy with delamination of the lateral geniculate nuclei. Renal tissue showed focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and extensive effacement and microvillus transformation of podocyte foot processes. Nephrocerebellar syndrome mapped to 700 kb on chromosome 15, which contained a single novel homozygous frameshift variant (WDR73 c.888delT; p.Phe296Leufs*26). WDR73 protein is expressed in human cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cultured embryonic kidney cells. It is concentrated at mitotic microtubules and interacts with α-, β-, and γ-tubulin, heat shock proteins 70 and 90 (HSP-70; HSP-90), and the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase multi-enzyme complex. Recombinant WDR73 p.Phe296Leufs*26 and p.Arg256Profs*18 proteins are truncated, unstable, and show increased interaction with α- and β-tubulin and HSP-70/HSP-90. Fibroblasts from patients homozygous for WDR73 p.Phe296Leufs*26 proliferate poorly in primary culture and senesce early. Our data suggest that in humans, WDR73 interacts with mitotic microtubules to regulate cell cycle progression, proliferation and survival in brain and kidney. We extend the Galloway-Mowat syndrome spectrum with the first description of diencephalic and striatal neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Jinks
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Erik G Puffenberger
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA 2 Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA
| | - Emma Baple
- 3 RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK 4 Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK 5 Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Brian Harding
- 6 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Crino
- 7 Shriners Hospital Paediatric Research Centre, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- 8 Division of Renal Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Olivia Wenger
- 9 New Leaf Clinic for Special Children, Mount Eaton, OH 44659, USA 10 Department of Paediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH 44302, USA
| | - Baozhong Xin
- 11 DDC Clinic for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH 44062, USA
| | - Alanna E Koehler
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Madeleine H McGlincy
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Margaret M Provencher
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Linh Tran
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Saeed Al Turki
- 12 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Barry A Chioza
- 13 Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Harold Cross
- 14 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- 13 Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Matthew E Hurles
- 12 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- 13 Medical Research, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Adam D Heaps
- 2 Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA
| | - Mary C Morton
- 2 Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA
| | - Lisa Stempak
- 15 Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Centre, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA 16 Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- 17 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA 18 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carolin E Sadowski
- 18 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Zaritsky
- 19 Department of Paediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Kenneth Campellone
- 20 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - D Holmes Morton
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA 2 Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA 21 Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17602, USA
| | - Heng Wang
- 11 DDC Clinic for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH 44062, USA 22 Department of Paediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrew Crosby
- 3 RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Kevin A Strauss
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behaviour Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA 2 Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA 21 Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17602, USA
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Smith JD, Garber GE. Trichomonas vaginalis infection induces vaginal CD4+ T-cell infiltration in a mouse model: a vaccine strategy to reduce vaginal infection and HIV transmission. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:285-93. [PMID: 25616405 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complications related to the diagnosis and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection, as well as the association between T. vaginalis infection and increased transmission of and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus, highlight the need for alternative interventions. We tested a human-safe, aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted whole-cell T. vaginalis vaccine for efficacy in a BALB/c mouse model of vaginal infection. METHODS A whole-cell T. vaginalis vaccine was administered subcutaneously to BALB/c mice, using a prime-boost vaccination schedule. CD4(+) T-cell infiltration in the murine vaginal tissue and local and systemic levels of immunoglobulins were measured at time points up to 4 weeks following infection. RESULTS Vaccination reduced the incidence and increased the clearance of T. vaginalis infection and induced both systemic and local humoral immune responses. CD4(+) T cells were detected in vaginal tissues following intravaginal infection with T. vaginalis but were not seen in uninfected mice. The presence of CD4(+) T cells following T. vaginalis infection can potentially increase susceptibility to and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. CONCLUSIONS The vaccine induces local and systemic immune responses and confers significantly greater protection against vaginal infection than seen in unvaccinated mice (P < .005). These data support the potential for a human vaccine against T. vaginalis infection that could also influence the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Abstract
AbstractNosocomial pseudoepidemics may be detected when clustering of pseudoinfections occur or when artificial clusters of real infection are observed. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were reportedly isolated from specimens obtained from seven patients at one hospital from October 1980 to January 1981. Because the patients' clinical illnesses were not uniformly consistent with mycobacterial disease, we hypothesized that pseudoinfections had occurred and searched for a common source of contamination. The investigation suggested that specimen contamination was associated with one microbiology laboratory technician: 6 of 22 (27%) specimens processed by that person were positive compared with 1 of 103 (1%) specimens processed by the other five technicians. However, a specific mechanism of contamination was not identified. Nosocomial pseudoepidemics associated with false infections should be suspected and investigated when clinical features and laboratory findings do not agree.
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Moylan JS, Smith JD, Wolf Horrell EM, McLean JB, Deevska GM, Bonnell MR, Nikolova-Karakashian MN, Reid MB. Neutral sphingomyelinase-3 mediates TNF-stimulated oxidant activity in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol 2014; 2:910-20. [PMID: 25180167 PMCID: PMC4143815 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sphingolipid and oxidant signaling affect glucose uptake, atrophy, and force production of skeletal muscle similarly and both are stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), suggesting a connection between systems. Sphingolipid signaling is initiated by neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), a family of agonist-activated effector enzymes. Northern blot analyses suggest that nSMase3 may be a striated muscle-specific nSMase. The present study tested the hypothesis that nSMase3 protein is expressed in skeletal muscle and functions to regulate TNF-stimulated oxidant production. Results We demonstrate constitutive nSMase activity in skeletal muscles of healthy mice and humans and in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. nSMase3 (Smpd4 gene) mRNA is highly expressed in muscle. An nSMase3 protein doublet (88 and 85 kD) is derived from alternative mRNA splicing of exon 11. The proteins partition differently. The full-length 88 kD isoform (nSMase3a) fractionates with membrane proteins that are resistant to detergent extraction; the 85 kD isoform lacking exon 11 (nSMase3b) is more readily extracted and fractionates with detergent soluble membrane proteins; neither variant is detected in the cytosol. By immunofluorescence microscopy, nSMase3 resides in both internal and sarcolemmal membranes. Finally, myotube nSMase activity and cytosolic oxidant activity are stimulated by TNF. Both if these responses are inhibited by nSMase3 knockdown. Innovation These findings identify nSMase3 as an intermediate that links TNF receptor activation, sphingolipid signaling, and skeletal muscle oxidant production. Conclusion Our data show that nSMase3 acts as a signaling nSMase in skeletal muscle that is essential for TNF-stimulated oxidant activity. First measures of endogenous nSMase3 protein in muscle. Detection of nSMase3 splice variant proteins. Identification of a functional role for nSMase3 in redox signaling. Identification of an intermediate in TNF/redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Moylan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julie B McLean
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gergana M Deevska
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark R Bonnell
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Michael B Reid
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Stasko SA, Hardin BJ, Smith JD, Moylan JS, Reid MB. TNF signals via neuronal-type nitric oxide synthase and reactive oxygen species to depress specific force of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1629-36. [PMID: 23558387 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00871.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF promotes skeletal muscle weakness, in part, by depressing specific force of muscle fibers. This is a rapid, receptor-mediated response, in which TNF stimulates cellular oxidant production, causing myofilament dysfunction. The oxidants appear to include nitric oxide (NO); otherwise, the redox mechanisms that underlie this response remain undefined. The current study tested the hypotheses that 1) TNF signals via neuronal-type NO synthase (nNOS) to depress specific force, and 2) muscle-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential co-mediators of this response. Mouse diaphragm fiber bundles were studied using live cell assays. TNF exposure increased general oxidant activity (P < 0.05; 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay) and NO activity (P < 0.05; 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate assay) and depressed specific force across the full range of stimulus frequencies (1-300 Hz; P < 0.05). These responses were abolished by pretreatment with N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; a nonspecific inhibitor of NOS activity), confirming NO involvement. Genetic nNOS deficiency replicated L-NAME effects on TNF-treated muscle, diminishing NO activity (-80%; P < 0.05) and preventing the decrement in specific force (P < 0.05). Comparable protection was achieved by selective depletion of muscle-derived ROS. Pretreatment with either SOD (degrades superoxide anion) or catalase (degrades hydrogen peroxide) depressed oxidant activity in TNF-treated muscle and abolished the decrement in specific force. These findings indicate that TNF signals via nNOS to depress contractile function, a response that requires ROS and NO as obligate co-mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Stasko
- Department of Physiology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40356-0298, USA
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Wolf EM, McCarthy JJ, Moylan JS, Smith JD, Reid MB. Neutral sphingomyelinase 3 modulates myotube density and is regulated by microRNA‐133. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.737.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Evans JM, Ribeiro LC, Wang S, Falvo MJ, Serrador J, Ferguson CR, Moore FB, Smith JD, Rask JC, Kostas V, Zhang Q, Knapp CF. Improvement of Hypovolemic men's and women's orthostatic tolerance by a short exposure to artificial gravity. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1203.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siqi Wang
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | | | - Jorge Serrador
- War related illnessesVA New Jersey HealthcareEast OrangeNJ
| | | | | | | | - Jon C Rask
- NASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCA
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Catalucci A, Anselmi M, Splendiani A, Smith JD, Limbucci N, Giangaspero F, Gallucci M. Pediatric inflammatory diseases. Part I: multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiol J 2012; 25:684-94. [PMID: 24029182 DOI: 10.1177/197140091202500608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory CNS disease characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination; usually it arises in young adults, but can also occur in children (under the age of 10) and adolescents (under the age of 18). As in adult, pediatric MS (PMS) diagnosis is based on the demonstration of multiple demyelination episodes separated in time and spaces. Diagnostic criteria realized for childhood are similar to those employed for adults. Although clinical and imaging features of PMS can be similar to those of adults, the disease is often characterized by a more aggressive course and atypical imaging findings, with giant and pseudotumoral plaques. Differential diagnosis between PMS and ADEM could be difficult: clinical findings and MRI are necessary; sometimes MRI follow-up is required for definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catalucci
- Chair and Unit of Neuroradiology, University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila, Italy -
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Gallucci M, Smith JD, Limbucci N, Giangaspero F, Rossi A. Pediatric Inflammatory Diseases. Part II: Acute Post-Infectious Immune Disorders. Neuroradiol J 2012; 25:702-14. [PMID: 24029184 DOI: 10.1177/197140091202500610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute post-infectious immune disorders include Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and its variants such as Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis (AHEM), acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (ANHLE) of Weston Hurst, multiphasic and recurrent ADEM. Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy of Childhood (ANE or ANEC) represents a dramatic event, consequent to viral infections, especially Influenza-A, and is now considered different from ADEM. ADEM and variants are classically described as uniphasic syndrome occurring in association with an immunization or vaccination (postvaccine encephalomyelitis) or systemic viral infection (parainfectious encephalomyelitis). However, multiphasic forms are not rare. Pathologically, there is perivascular inflammation, edema, and demyelination within the CNS. Clinical features are focal or multifocal neurologic disorder following exposure to virus or receipt of vaccine. The onset of the CNS disorder is usually rapid and include encephalopathy ranging from lethargy to coma, seizures, and focal and multifocal signs reflecting cerebral and spinal cord involvement. The mortality rate is estimated at 10 to 30 percent, with complete recovery rates of 50 percent cited. Poor prognosis is correlated with severity and abruptness of onset of the clinical syndrome. Multifocal CNS lesions are generally evident on MRI that can be similar from those observed in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gallucci
- Chair and Unit of Neuroradiology, University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila, Italy -
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Abstract
BACKGROUND En bloc resection of adjacent pelvic organ(s) may be needed to achieve clear surgical margins in rectal cancer surgery. An institutional experience is reported with perioperative morbidity and oncological outcomes. METHODS Patients were identified retrospectively from a prospectively collected institutional database (1992-2010). Outcomes, and clinical and pathological factors were determined from medical records. Estimated overall survival, overall recurrence and local recurrence were compared using the log rank method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Among 1831 patients with rectal cancer, 124 (6·8 per cent) underwent en bloc resection of part or all of an adjacent organ (vagina/uterus/ovary 90, prostate/seminal vesicle 23, bladder/ureter 15, small bowel/appendix 7). Five-year overall survival and local recurrence rates were 53·3 and 18·8 per cent respectively. There was one postoperative death, from multiple organ failure in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Fifty-two patients underwent sphincter-preserving surgery and three (6 per cent) developed an anastomotic leak. On univariable analysis, the only factor associated with local recurrence was completeness of resection (local recurrence rate 15 per cent versus 69 per cent for R0 versus R1 resection; P < 0·001). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with overall survival were sphincter-preserving surgery, absence of metastatic disease and R0 resection. CONCLUSION Multiple organ resection for locally advanced primary rectal cancer had good oncological outcomes when clear resection margins were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Smith JD, Greenlee JJ, Foster GH, Nicholson EM. Acetone precipitation of the scrapie agent results in successful recovery of PrP(Sc) but decreased infectivity. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:4758-4762. [PMID: 22519670 DOI: 10.1021/jf300639h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay is considered the most sensitive method for evaluating prion inactivation procedures. Because prions are resistant to methods effective at inactivating conventional microorganisms, prion inactivation research has focused on relatively harsh alternatives, such as concentrated sodium hypochlorite or sodium hydroxide. Often, bioassay for residual infectivity in these studies requires dilution or biochemical alteration of the treated sample in order to maintain subject health and survival. Ideally, prions from treated samples could be sufficiently separated from the inactivating agent without alteration of the sample and with negligible loss of infectivity prior to inoculation into the bioassay host. The current study was designed to evaluate acetone precipitation of the disease-associated form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) from brain homogenate derived from mice with the RML (Rocky Mountain Laboratory) strain of scrapie. The ability to recover PrP(Sc) was evaluated by Western blot. Dilutions of acetone-precipitated RML-positive brain homogenate were compared to nonprecipitated RML homogenate, resulting in similar PrP(Sc) detection levels down to 0.025 mg equivalents of brain tissue. The impact of the method on infectivity was investigated by bioassay in intracranially inoculated tga20 mice. Additionally, contributions to infectivity from the pellet and supernatant fractions were investigated. Acetone precipitation resulted in a 1-log₁₀ reduction in infectivity. Infectivity could not be reconstituted by the acetone soluble fraction of the infectious sample or uninfected brain. This study demonstrates that PrP(Sc) can successfully be precipitated out of infected brain homogenate using acetone but that there is a reduction in infectivity attributable to the procedure that would need to be considered when evaluating bioassay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Ferreira LF, Moylan JS, Stasko S, Smith JD, Campbell KS, Reid MB. Sphingomyelinase depresses force and calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in mouse diaphragm muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1538-45. [PMID: 22362402 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01269.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases that result in muscle weakness, e.g., heart failure, are characterized by elevated sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity. In intact muscle, SMase increases oxidants that contribute to diminished muscle force. However, the source of oxidants, specific processes of muscle contraction that are dysfunctional, and biochemical changes underlying the weakness elicited by SMase remain unknown. We tested three hypotheses: 1) SMase-induced depression of muscle force is mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), 2) SMase depresses force and calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus, and 3) SMase promotes oxidation and phosphorylation of myofibrillar proteins. Our experiments included intact muscle bundles, permeabilized single fibers, and isolated myofibrillar proteins. The mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant d-Arg-2',6'-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH(2), decreased cytosolic oxidants and protected intact muscle bundles from weakness stimulated by SMase. SMase depressed maximal calcium-activated force by 20% in permeabilized single fibers (in kN/m(2): control 117 ± 6; SMase 93 ± 8; P < 0.05). Calcium sensitivity of permeabilized single fibers decreased from 5.98 ± 0.03 (control) to 5.91 ± 0.02 (SMase; P < 0.05). Myofibrillar protein nitrotyrosines, carbonyls, and phosphorylation were unaltered by SMase. Our study shows that the fall in specific force of intact muscle elicited by SMase is mediated by mitochondrial ROS and can be attributed largely to dysfunction of the contractile apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancers are associated with varying degrees of an increased risk of venous thromboembotic events (VTE) occurring. This increased risk is tumour driven and associated with tumour expression of tissue factor (TF) and tumour-derived microparticles (MP). In this study, cancer cell lines from phenotypically distinct tumours were assessed for cell surface TF expression and prothrombin time (PT) taken as a measure of procoagulant potential. METHODS Breast (T47D, MCF-7), colorectal (Colo320 and LoVo), head and neck (USCC 11b, 12, 81b and SIHN-011A) and pancreatic tumour cell lines (ASPC-1 and CFPAC-1) were assessed for TF expression by flow cytometry and relative mean fluorescence determined. Procoagulant potential of the cells was then determined by PT assay. RESULTS Cell-supported coagulation was shown to be cell number dependent, defined by a logarithmic relationship that was consistent across all cell lines. Single cell PT was determined for each cell line from the slope of a logarithmically transformed data plot. A near linear relationship was observed between TF expression and single cell clotting time where a higher expression of TF results in a proportionally faster PT (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that across a range of tumour sites a consistent relationship is seen between procoagulant potential and both cell number and TF cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welsh
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Smith JD, Moylan JS, Hardin BJ, Chambers MA, Estus S, Telling GC, Reid MB. Prion protein expression and functional importance in skeletal muscle. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2465-75. [PMID: 21453198 PMCID: PMC3176344 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skeletal muscle expresses prion protein (PrP) that buffers oxidant activity in neurons. AIMS We hypothesize that PrP deficiency would increase oxidant activity in skeletal muscle and alter redox-sensitive functions, including contraction and glucose uptake. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis to measure PrP mRNA and protein in human diaphragm, five murine muscles, and muscle-derived C2C12 cells. Effects of PrP deficiency were tested by comparing PrP-deficient mice versus wild-type mice and morpholino-knockdown versus vehicle-treated myotubes. Oxidant activity (dichlorofluorescin oxidation) and specific force were measured in murine diaphragm fiber bundles. RESULTS PrP content differs among mouse muscles (gastrocnemius>extensor digitorum longus, EDL>tibialis anterior, TA; soleus>diaphragm) as does glycosylation (di-, mono-, nonglycosylated; gastrocnemius, EDL, TA=60%, 30%, 10%; soleus, 30%, 40%, 30%; diaphragm, 30%, 30%, 40%). PrP is predominantly di-glycosylated in human diaphragm. PrP deficiency decreases body weight (15%) and EDL mass (9%); increases cytosolic oxidant activity (fiber bundles, 36%; C2C12 myotubes, 7%); and depresses specific force (12%) in adult (8-12 mos) but not adolescent (2 mos) mice. INNOVATION This study is the first to directly assess a role of prion protein in skeletal muscle function. CONCLUSIONS PrP content varies among murine skeletal muscles and is essential for maintaining normal redox homeostasis, muscle size, and contractile function in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536, USA
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Gilliam LAA, Moylan JS, Patterson EW, Smith JD, Wilson AS, Rabbani Z, Reid MB. Doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate catabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C195-202. [PMID: 21940668 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00217.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin, a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent, causes skeletal muscle wasting in cancer patients undergoing treatment and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS stimulate protein degradation in muscle by activating proteolytic systems that include caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. We hypothesized that doxorubicin causes skeletal muscle catabolism through ROS, causing upregulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases and caspase-3. We tested this hypothesis by exposing differentiated C2C12 myotubes to doxorubicin (0.2 μM). Doxorubicin decreased myotube width 48 h following exposure, along with a 40-50% reduction in myosin and sarcomeric actin. Cytosolic oxidant activity was elevated in myotubes 2 h following doxorubicin exposure. This increase in oxidants was followed by an increase in the E3 ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and caspase-3. Treating myotubes with SS31 (opposes mitochondrial ROS) inhibited expression of ROS-sensitive atrogin-1/MAFbx and protected against doxorubicin-stimulated catabolism. These findings suggest doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate myotube atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A A Gilliam
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Smith JD, Banner NR, Hamour IM, Ozawa M, Goh A, Robinson D, Terasaki PI, Rose ML. De novo donor HLA-specific antibodies after heart transplantation are an independent predictor of poor patient survival. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:312-9. [PMID: 21219570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Preformed donor HLA-specific antibodies are a known indicator for poor patient survival after cardiac transplantation. The role of de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) formed after cardiac transplantation is less clear. Here we have retrospectively analyzed 243 cardiac transplant recipients, measuring HLA antibody production every year after transplantation up to 13 years post-transplant. Production of de novo DSA was analyzed in patients who had been negative for DSA prior to their transplant. DSA including transient antibodies were associated with poor patient survival (p = 0.0018, HR = 3.198). However, de novo and persistent DSA was strongly associated with poor patient survival (p = 0.0001 HR = 4.351). Although complement fixing persistent DSA correlated with poor patient survival, this was not increased compared to noncomplement fixing persistent DSA. Multivariable analysis indicated de novo persistent DSA to be an independent predictor of poor patient survival along with HLA-DR mismatch and donor age. Only increasing donor age was found to be an independent risk factor for earlier development of CAV. In conclusion, patients who are transplanted in the absence of pre-existing DSA make de novo DSA after transplantation which are associated with poor survival. Early and regular monitoring of post-transplant DSA is required to identify patients at risk of allograft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smith
- Transplant Immunology, Harefield Hospital, Imperial College, Harefield, UK
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Ferreira LF, Gilliam LA, Smith JD, Reid MB. Skeletal Muscle Contractile Function In Mice Lacking The NADPH Oxidase Subunit P47phox. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000389526.21390.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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