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Robertson LJ, Johansen ØH, Kifleyohannes T, Efunshile AM, Terefe G. Cryptosporidium Infections in Africa-How Important Is Zoonotic Transmission? A Review of the Evidence. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:575881. [PMID: 33195574 PMCID: PMC7580383 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.575881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, is the etiological agent of cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection characterized by profuse watery diarrhea. Over 30 species of Cryptosporidium are recognized, some host specific whereas others infect a broader host range. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the species most commonly associated with human infection; C. hominis is largely associated only with human infections, but C. parvum is also associated with infection in animals, especially young ruminants. In some regions, cryptosporidiosis is a serious veterinary problem, particularly for calves, and lambs. Many outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis have been associated with zoonotic transmission following contact with infected animals. In Africa, where cryptosporidiosis is a major contributor to pediatric morbidity and mortality, evidence suggests transmission is principally anthroponotic. Given the frequent close contact between humans and animals in Africa, the apparent predominance of human-to-human transmission is both interesting and puzzling. In this article, after a brief “text book” introduction to the parasite, we consider in separate sections the different aspects of relevance to Cryptosporidium transmission in African countries, describing different aspects of the various species and subtypes in human and animal infections, considering livestock management practices in different African countries, and looking for any characteristic “hot spots” where zoonotic transmission has apparently occurred. Studies where transmission networks have been investigated are particularly relevant. Finally, in a separate section, we try to gather these different strands of evidence together in order to assess the reasons behind the apparent predominance of anthroponotic transmission in Africa. Reviewing the available evidence provides an opportunity to re-think transmission pathways, not only in Africa but also elsewhere, and also to pose questions. Does the predominance of human-to-human transmission in Africa reflect a relative absence of zoonotic C. parvum in African livestock? Are Africans less susceptible to zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, perhaps resulting from early immunostimulation by C. hominis or due to inherent genetic traits? Is the African environment—in all its variety—simply more detrimental to oocyst survival? Will the so-called hypertransmissible subtypes, currently relatively rare in Africa, be introduced from Europe or elsewhere, and, if so, will they fade out or establish and spread? Our intention with this manuscript is not only to summarize and consolidate diverse data, thereby providing an overview of data gaps, but also to provide food for thought regarding transmission of a parasite that continues to have a considerable impact on both human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Haarklau Johansen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Veterinary Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Akinwale Michael Efunshile
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Getachew Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Kidane B, van der Maesen LJG, van Andel T, Asfaw Z. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the Maale and Ari ethnic communities in southern Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:274-282. [PMID: 24576407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Livestock production is an integral part of the agricultural system in Ethiopia. Medicinal plants are used and are important for rural communities for the treatment of livestock diseases. We studied and analysed the traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases by the Maale and Ari ethnic communities in southern Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used quantitative and qualitative ethobotanical methods, including individual and focus group discussions (n=18), field observations, and individual interviews (n=74) at three study sites. RESULTS In total, 46 plant species (28 families) were used for the treatment of livestock diseases. Leaves with succulent stems were the most used part of the plant. The most frequently cited cattle disease was blackleg, for which 21 plant species were used. Our study showed variation in ethnoveterinary plant species used among sites (Jaccard's similarity indices <0.25). The number of medicinal plant species used was significantly influenced by gender and site. Knowledge on ethnoveterinary plants was predominantly held by males, who cited more plant uses than females. The most widely used species were Lepidium sativum, Allium sativum, Clausena anisata, Croton macrostachyus, Ozoroa insignis, Sida rhombifolia, Centella asiatica, Cissampelos mucronata, Vernonia theophrastifolia and Vernonia amygdalina. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated that ethnoveterinary medicinal plants are important for the Maale and Ari ethnic communities. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies should focus on widely used and multi-use species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Kidane
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Forestry Research Center, P.O. Box 58532, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Naturalis Biodiversity Center (sect. NHN), Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Gen. Foulkesweg 37, 6703 BL Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - L J G van der Maesen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center (sect. NHN), Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Gen. Foulkesweg 37, 6703 BL Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tinde van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zemede Asfaw
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Chamond N, Cosson A, Blom-Potar MC, Jouvion G, D'Archivio S, Medina M, Droin-Bergère S, Huerre M, Goyard S, Minoprio P. Trypanosoma vivax infections: pushing ahead with mouse models for the study of Nagana. I. Parasitological, hematological and pathological parameters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e792. [PMID: 20706595 PMCID: PMC2919405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that affects both humans and livestock. Several different species may cause animal trypanosomosis and although Trypanosoma vivax (sub-genus Duttonella) is currently responsible for the vast majority of debilitating cases causing great economic hardship in West Africa and South America, little is known about its biology and interaction with its hosts. Relatively speaking, T. vivax has been more than neglected despite an urgent need to develop efficient control strategies. Some pioneering rodent models were developed to circumvent the difficulties of working with livestock, but disappointedly were for the most part discontinued decades ago. To gain more insight into the biology of T. vivax, its interactions with the host and consequently its pathogenesis, we have developed a number of reproducible murine models using a parasite isolate that is infectious for rodents. Firstly, we analyzed the parasitical characteristics of the infection using inbred and outbred mouse strains to compare the impact of host genetic background on the infection and on survival rates. Hematological studies showed that the infection gave rise to severe anemia, and histopathological investigations in various organs showed multifocal inflammatory infiltrates associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver, and cerebral edema. The models developed are consistent with field observations and pave the way for subsequent in-depth studies into the pathogenesis of T. vivax - trypanosomosis. While most research efforts have focused on T. b. brucei trypanosomosis, infections caused by T. vivax and T. congolense which predominate in livestock and small ruminants have been subject to little study. In order to circumvent the major constraints inherent to studying T. vivax/host interactions in the field, we developed in vivo murine models of T. vivax trypanosomosis. We show here that the mouse experimental model reproduce most features of the infection in cattle. More than reflecting only the main parasitological parameters of the animal infection, the mouse model can be used to elucidate the immunopathological mechanisms involved in parasite evasion and persistence, and the tissue damage seen during infection and disease. Studies planned for the future will allow us to further investigate T. vivax–induced immunopathology in an experimental context for which all the necessary tools are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Christine Blom-Potar
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Droin-Bergère
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Population parameters for traits defining trypanotolerance in an F2 cross of N’Dama and Boran cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(03)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The review discusses the current field status of human and bovine trypanosomiases, and focuses on the molecular basis of innate and acquired control of African trypanosomes in people, cattle, and Cape buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Black
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
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Achukwi MD, Tanya VN, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Meghen C, Sauveroche B, Banser JT, Ndoki JN. Susceptibility of the Namchi and Kapsiki cattle of Cameroon to trypanosome infection. Trop Anim Health Prod 1997; 29:219-26. [PMID: 9493294 DOI: 10.1007/bf02632308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two indigenous Cameroonian taurine cattle breeds (Namchi and Kapsiki) were evaluated for trypanosusceptibility following inoculation with Trypanosoma congolense. The degree of zebu ancestry in the experimental animals was assessed using 6 microsatellite markers which are known to have certain unique alleles which are diagnostic of Bos indicus genetic input. Their response to the infection was compared to that of known trypanotolerant (N'Dama) and trypanosusceptible (Ngaoundere Gudali) cattle. The Namchi and the N'Dama controlled the development and severity of anaemia and parasitaemia better than the Kapsiki and the Gudali. For these parameters, there was no significant difference between the N'Dama and Namachi nor between the Kapsiki and Gudali. Similarly, weight loss showed significant breed variation. The N'Dama lost the least weight and the Kapsiki the most. Zebu introgression in the Namchi was comparable to that in the N'Dama while that of the Kapsiki breed was higher, indicating a high level of cross breeding. From the results, the Namchi are considered trypanotolerant while the Kapsiki are trypanosusceptible. The potential exploitation of the indigenous Namchi cattle is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Achukwi
- Institute of Animal and Veterinary Research, Wakwa Centre, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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