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Gobbi FP, Lemos GB, Dos Santos GC, Viana IS, Machado MN, Gomes JVB, Di Filippo PA, de Oliveira TS, Quirino CR. Effect of odontoplasty on intake, nutrient digestibility, and intake time of tifton hay in ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 136:105067. [PMID: 38588755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of dental correction on voluntary nutrient intake, time of intake, apparent digestibility and fecal particle size in Brazilian ponies. Twelve mares, with no history of previous dental treatments, housed in individual pens and fed a diet based on tifton 85 were used. The study comprised two consecutive experimental phases, pre and post dental treatment. Each phase consisted of 15 days for adaptation to the pen and treatment and 5 days for data collection, totaling 20 days. To calculate nutrient intake and digestibility coefficients, samples of diets, leftovers, and feces were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude fat (CF), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). Food intake time was recorded using a digital video recorder. Fecal particles were analyzed by wet sieving. Dental correction did not influence the intake of DM, CP, NDF, CF, and OM by the animals. However, there was an increase in NFC intake from 0.12 kg to 0.14 kg and in food intake time from 654.50 ± 138.98 to 774.95 ± 167.14. There was a decrease in the digestibility of CP from 0.08 kg to 0.04 kg and an increase in the digestibility of NDF from 0.65 kg to 0.82 kg. Although odontoplasty increased the time of hay intake and the digestibility of the fibrous fractions of the feed of ponies, it did not influence the intake of nutrients and the size of the fecal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielli Pereira Gobbi
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Bravim Lemos
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Inácio Silva Viana
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurício Netto Machado
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Victor Bersot Gomes
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Tadeu Silva de Oliveira
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célia Raquel Quirino
- Darcy Ribeiro State University of Norte Fluminense, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Laukkanen T, Karma L, Virtala AM, Mykkänen A, Pehkonen J, Rossi H, Tuomola K, Raekallio M. Behavioral Signs Associated With Equine Cheek Tooth Findings. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104198. [PMID: 36566909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine dental diseases are often underdiagnosed and their signs inadequately reported. Many horse owners have difficulties in recognizing pain-related behavioral signs and in associating them with dental pain. Our objective was to determine what type and degree of dental findings may cause behavioral signs associated with dental pain. In this cross-sectional study, dental examination was performed on 183 adult horses and cheek tooth findings were scored. Owners filled in an internet-based questionnaire including 35 questions concerning eating behavior, bit behavior, and general behavior of the horse. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed. Broadened or darkened fissures [odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-5.7), complicated fractures (OR 2.3, CI 1.01-5.2) and secondary dentine defects of at least the second degree (OR 3.1, CI 1.2-7.7) were associated with the expression of at least five behavioral signs in the univariable binomial logistic regression analyses. Horses with at least one of these potentially painful cheek tooth findings expressed more signs related to eating behavior, bit behavior, and general behavior than did the other horses. The results suggest that cheek tooth findings indicated by this study as being potentially painful, i.e. broadened or darkened fissures, complicated fractures and secondary dentine defects of at least the second degree, may require intervention, particularly if the horse expresses any behavioral signs that might be related to dental pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Laukkanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna-Maija Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Heini Rossi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Tuomola
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Maśko M, Wierzbicka M, Zdrojkowski Ł, Jasiński T, Pawliński B, Domino M. Characteristics of the Donkey's Dorsal Profile in Relation to Its Functional Body Condition Assessment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113095. [PMID: 34827827 PMCID: PMC8614367 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Even though animal posture is known to reflect an emotional state, the presence of chronic postures associated with poor welfare has already been investigated in horses. Measuring, quantifying, and comparing postures requires an application of an objective tool, such as geometric morphometrics. This study aimed to use geometric morphometrics to characterize the dorsal profile of donkeys in relation to their individual features. Forty donkeys were photographed and characterized using the body condition score (BCS), fatty neck score (FNS), dental condition score (DCS), sex, and breed. Then, photographs were analyzed using geometric morphometrics and the differences in dorsal profile between the examined criteria were tested. Within the entire set of donkey dorsal profiles, deformation related to BCS and FNS was observed. FNS measurement seems to have the strongest influence on a donkey’s dorsal profile among the examined criteria. Concluding, the donkeys’ body condition affects their dorsal profile, and both FNS and BCS measurements should be considered when the donkeys’ dorsal profiles are investigated. However, to evaluate the link between the dorsal profile and the welfare state of donkeys, more studies are required. Abstract As the breeding of donkeys has increased due to different types of use, welfare evaluation importance increases. This equid’s welfare state has been described using body condition indicators and the geometric morphometrics method. However, the dorsal profile has not yet been assessed in donkeys. In this study, the body condition score (BCS), fatty neck score (FNS), dental condition score (DCS), sex, and breed were used as criteria of dorsal profile deformations. Photographs of 40 donkeys were analyzed using geometric morphometrics. Within the entire set of dorsal profiles, the variance of the first three principal components (PCs) was PC1 = 37.41%, PC2 = 23.43%, and PC3 = 13.34%. The dorsal profiles displayed deformation as an effect of FNS and BCS on size (FNS p = 0.012; BCS p = 0.024) and shape (FNS p < 0.0001; BCS p < 0.0001), rather than as an effect of DCS (p < 0.0001), sex (p = 0.0264), and breed (p < 0.0001) only on shape. The highest distances among the categories (Mahalanobis distances: MD ≥ 13.26; Procrustes distances: PD ≥ 0.044) were noted for FNS. The lowest distances were noted between jennets and males (MD = 4.58; PD = 0.012) and between BCS 1 and BCS 2 (MD = 4.70; PD = 0.018). Donkeys’ body condition affects their dorsal profile and both FNS and BCS measurements should be considered when a donkey’s dorsal profile is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Maśko
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (Ł.Z.); (B.P.)
| | - Łukasz Zdrojkowski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (Ł.Z.); (B.P.)
| | - Tomasz Jasiński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (Ł.Z.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Bartosz Pawliński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (Ł.Z.); (B.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (Ł.Z.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.D.)
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Kjærulff LNR, Lindegaard C. Performance and rideability issues in horses as a manifestation of pain: A review of differential diagnosis and diagnostic approach. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. R. Kjærulff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - C. Lindegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
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Abstract
Odontoplasty (floating and occlusal equilibration) is the most commonly performed procedure in equine dentistry. From an anatomic perspective, an irregular occlusal surface, prominent cingula, transverse ridges, and enamel points all contribute to the function, form, and longevity of the equine cheek tooth. With limited reserve crown available and an average functional life range between 18 and 25 years, removal of tooth structure should be conservative. The authors consider a quality oral examination to be the most important dental procedure performed in the horse. Individual tooth evaluation should lead to a specific diagnosis and treatment plan. Tooth odontoplasty should be site-specific.
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Maśko M, Zdrojkowski L, Domino M, Jasinski T, Gajewski Z. The Pattern of Superficial Body Temperatures in Leisure Horses Lunged with Commonly Used Lunging Aids. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121095. [PMID: 31817842 PMCID: PMC6940826 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the training of horses, special lunging aids may be used to regulate head and neck position during exercise without the intervention of a rider. The rubber band and triangle side reins and the chambon have an impact on thoracolumbar kinematics and the motion of the fore- and hindlimbs. Lunging aids are assumed to modulate the work of horses’ muscles, which results in altering the superficial thermographic patterns. Thermography is a non-invasive, contactless imaging technique based on detecting emitted infrared radiation representing the temperature of the body surface, influenced by muscle metabolism and blood circulation. Training sessions for 16 horses performed in the study included exercises at walk, freely active trot, and canter. Surface temperatures of 11 regions of interest were evaluated on all images, corresponding to areas influenced by neck fixation and engaging hindquarters. In conclusion, thermography was shown as a useful tool in lunging aids’ usefulness evaluation. Different types of lunging aids influence the mobility of horse neck and back and its choice for leisure horses lunging should be made individually. Lunging aids change the surface temperature of different body parts during the leisure horse work on the lunge. Abstract Background: The natural head and neck position (HNP) of horses differs from the position in horse riding when bit is used. The special lunging aids (LAs) are applied in order to modify HNP. Different types of LAs have the potential to affect the work of horse muscles and the superficial thermographic patterns (STPs). The effects of thre LAs on STPs of neck, chest, back, and hindquarters were investigated. Methods: Sixteen leisure horses were lunged with freely moving head (FMH), rubber band (RB), chambon (CH), and triangle side reins (TRs). The thermographic images (n = 896) were analyzed before/after lunging for mean temperatures (Tmean) and minimum–maximum difference (Tdiff). Results: Superficial Tmean increased (p < 0.001) in cranial part of neck, back, thoracic area, and limbs after lunging regardless of LAs application or its type. In comparison to other LAs: With RB, Tmean was higher in regions of interest (ROIs) 2,7 and lower in ROIs 3–4 (p < 0.05); with CH, Tmean was higher in ROIs 2–4 and 7 (p < 0.01); and with TRs, Tmean was higher in ROIs 2–4,7,9–11 (p < 0.01). In ROIs 2–4 and 7, Tdiff was lower with LAs than with FMH (p < 0.01) and in ROIs 9–10 with TRs. Conclusions: The choice of LAs should be dictated by the expected effect; however, all LAs increase the quality of the leisure horse lunging. LA use is more desirable than lunging with FMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Maśko
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-609-346-669
| | - Lukasz Zdrojkowski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (L.Z.); (M.D.); (T.J.); (Z.G.)
| | - Malgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (L.Z.); (M.D.); (T.J.); (Z.G.)
| | - Tomasz Jasinski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (L.Z.); (M.D.); (T.J.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zdzislaw Gajewski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Veterinary Research Centre and Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (L.Z.); (M.D.); (T.J.); (Z.G.)
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