The relationship between EMG high frequency and low frequency band amplitude changes correlates with tissue inorganic phosphate levels

Assessing inorganic phosphate levels seems crucial in deciphering the biochemical state of organisms or tissues. The concentration of inorganic phosphate in blood is an order of magnitude smaller than in tissues and, on top of that, it is dynamically used to fill temporary gaps in tissues. This is the reason blood inorganic phosphate level is considered a poor proxy for tissue levels. Therefore, tissue biopsy seems to be the dominant method when assessing inorganic phosphate levels for instance in muscles. In this study, we attempted to derive a non-invasive biomarker for phosphate tissue levels. We analyzed surface electromyography signals taken during 31P spectroscopy of leg muscles in five adult pigs. We induced hypophosphatemia via 20 minutes-long hyperventilation. It turned out that the proportion of the amplitude of the low frequency band and the high frequency band is significantly (p=0.002) correlated with the relative phosphate levels. The electromyographic signal did not correlate significantly with pCO2 levels in the blood, suggesting that the changes in the signal are a result of inorganic phosphate levels, not hyperventilation. The results might lead to the development of a real-time phosphate fluctuations measurement procedure.

Atretic preovulatory follicles could be precursors of ovarian lutein cysts in the pig

Ovarian cysts contribute to reduced reproductive performance in pigs. Unfortunately, the mechanism of lutein cysts formation remains unknown. Here, we compared the endocrine and molecular milieus of intact, healthy preovulatory follicles (PF), gonadotropin (eCG/hCG)-induced healthy and atretic-like PF, as well as gonadotropin-provoked and spontaneous ovarian cysts in gilts. Several endocrine and molecular indicators and microRNA were compared in walls of PF and cysts. Intact and healthy PF, showed high estradiol/androstendione and low progesterone levels associated with CYP17A1, HSD17B1, and CYP19A1 elevation and reduced StAR/HSD3B1 protein expression. In contrast, low estradiol/androstendione and high progesterone concentrations, accompanied by decreased CYP17A1, HSD17B1, CYP19A1 and increased HSD3B1 protein abundance, appeared in atretic-like PF, gonadotropin-induced and spontaneous cysts. High progesterone receptor (PGR) protein abundance was maintained in intact and healthy PF, while it dropped in atretic-like PF, gonadotropins-induced and spontaneous cysts. The atretic PF showed high level of TNFα compared to healthy PF. In conclusion, follicular lutein cysts could be recruited from atretic-like PF with lost estrogenic milieu and inability to ovulate. Ovulatory cascade was presumably disrupted by a low PGR and high TNFα levels associated with earlier luteinization of follicular walls. These results suggest a novel mechanism of lutein ovarian cysts development in pigs and, perhaps, other species.

Fluorine-Containing Drug Administration in Rats Results in Fluorination of Selected Proteins in Liver and Brain Tissue

In many pharmaceuticals, a hydrogen atom or hydroxyl group is replaced by a fluorine to increase bioavailability and biostability. The fate of fluorine released from fluorine-containing drugs is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to examine possible fluorination of proteins in rat liver and brain after administration of the fluorinated drug cinacalcet. We assigned 18 Wistar rats to a control group (n = 6) and a group treated with cinacalcet (2 mg kg⁻¹/body weight, 5 days/week), divided into 7 day (n = 6) and 21 day (n = 6) treatment subgroups. Fluorinated proteins were identified using a free proteomics approach; chromatographic separation and analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry; peptide/protein identification using the Mascot search algorithm; manual verification of an experimentally generated MS/MS spectrum with the theoretical MS/MS spectrum of identified fluorinated peptides. Three fluorinated proteins (spectrin beta chain; carbamoyl-phosphate synthase [ammonia], mitochondrial; 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 1) were identified in the liver and four (spectrin beta chain, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4, prominin-2, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4) in the brain tissue after 21 days of cinacalcet treatment, but not in the control group. Introduction of fluorine into an organism by administration of fluorinated drugs results in tissue-specific fluorination of proteins.

A Primeval Mechanism of Tolerance to Desiccation Based on Glycolic Acid Saves Neurons in Mammals from Ischemia by Reducing Intracellular Calcium-Mediated Excitotoxicity

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments, such as pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, reopen occluded arteries but do not protect against ischemia-induced damage that occurs before reperfusion or neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. It has been shown that disrupting the conversion of glyoxal to glycolic acid (GA) results in a decreased tolerance to anhydrobiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and that GA itself can rescue this phenotype. During the process of desiccation/rehydration, a metabolic stop/start similar to the one observed during ischemia/reperfusion occurs. In this study, the protective effect of GA is tested in different ischemia models, i.e., in commonly used stroke models in mice and swine. The results show that GA, given during reperfusion, strongly protects against ischemic damage and improves functional outcome. Evidence that GA exerts its effect by counteracting the glutamate-dependent increase in intracellular calcium during excitotoxicity is provided. These results suggest that GA treatment has the potential to reduce mortality and disability in stroke patients.

A novel approach to thermographic images analysis of equine thoracolumbar region: the effect of effort and rider's body weight on structural image complexity

BACKGROUND

The horses' backs are particularly exposed to overload and injuries due to direct contact with the saddle and the influence of e.g. the rider's body weight. The maximal load for a horse's back during riding has been suggested not to exceed 20% of the horses' body weight. The common prevalence of back problems in riding horses prompted the popularization of thermography of the thoracolumbar region. However, the analysis methods of thermographic images used so far do not distinguish loaded horses with body weight varying between 10 and 20%.

RESULTS

The superficial body temperature (SBT) of the thoracolumbar region of the horse's back was imaged using a non-contact thermographic camera before and after riding under riders with LBW (low body weight, 10%) and HBW (high body weight, 15%). Images were analyzed using six methods: five recent SBT analyses and the novel approach based on Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM). Temperatures of the horse's thoracolumbar region were higher (p < 0.0001) after then before the training, and did not differ depending on the rider's body weight (p > 0.05), regardless of used SBT analysis method. Effort-dependent differences (p < 0.05) were noted for six features of GLCM and GLRLM analysis. The values of selected GLCM and GLRLM features also differed (p < 0.05) between the LBW and HBW groups.

CONCLUSION

The GLCM and GLRLM analyses allowed the differentiation of horses subjected to a load of 10 and 15% of their body weights while horseback riding in contrast to the previously used SBT analysis methods. Both types of analyzing methods allow to differentiation thermal images obtained before and after riding. The textural analysis, including selected features of GLCM or GLRLM, seems to be promising tools in considering the quantitative assessment of thermographic images of horses' thoracolumbar region.

The Effect of Lunging with Three Aids on the Thermographically Determined Temperatures of the Distal Portion of Horse Limbs

The regulation of head and neck position during physical exercise may be obtained using lunging aids (LAs): Chambon (CH), rubber band (RB), or triangle side reins (TR). The use of LAs would shift the center of horse mass caudally, thereby change the limb load. The aim is to evaluate the pattern of superficial temperatures (PST) of hoof wall (HW), the coronary band (CB), and the dorsal aspect of the fetlock joint (FJ) obtained before and after lunging with LAs and freely moving head (FMH). Sixteen horses were imaged using an infrared camera. The temperatures of HW, CB, and FJ were measured, and differences between images obtained before and after lunging were evaluated. The correlations between HW, CB, and FJ were then described using respective coefficients (r, rho). Before lunging PST was similar (P < .05) in FMH, CH, RB, and TR, with the strong positive correlations for forelimbs (HW/CB:rho = 0.9022; HW/FJ:rho = 0.7064; CB/FJ:rho = 0.8010) and hindlimbs (HW/CB:rho = 0.7287; HW/FJ:r = 0.7831; CB/FJ:r = 0.7233). After lunging, PST and correlations changed (P > .05) depending on LAs application. No correlations for FMH and CH, and positive correlations for RB and TR were noted: HW/CB for forelimbs (RB:r = 0.6813; TR:r = 0.8396), CB/FJ for hindlimbs (RB:r = 0.5621; TR:rho = 0.4579). The PST of the distal portion of limbs and relations between measured temperatures change depending on used LAs.

Detection of pathogens in ixodid ticks collected from animals and vegetation in five regions of Ukraine

The distribution and prevalence of zoonotic pathogens infecting ixodid ticks in Western Europe have been extensively examined. However, data on ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Eastern Europe, particularly Ukraine are scarce. The objective of the current study was, therefore, to investigate the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasmataceae, Rickettsia spp., Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in engorged and questing ixodid ticks collected from five administrative regions (oblasts) of Ukraine, namely Chernivtsi, Khmelnytskyi, Kyiv, Ternopil, and Vinnytsia. The ticks were collected from both wild and domestic animals and from vegetation. Of 524 ixodid ticks collected, 3, 99, and 422 ticks were identified as Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes ricinus, and Dermacentor reticulatus, respectively. DNA samples individually extracted from 168 questing and 354 engorged adult ticks were subjected to pathogen-specific PCR analyses. The mean prevalence in I. ricinus and D. reticulatus were, respectively: 10 % (10/97) and 3 % (12/422) for A. phagocytophilum; 69 % (67/97) and 52 % (220/422) for members of the Anaplasmataceae family; 25 % (24/97) and 28 % (117/422) for Rickettsia spp.; 3 % (3/97) and 1 % (6/422) for Babesia spp.; and 9 % (9/97) and 5 % (20/422) for Bartonella spp. Overall, between the five cities, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of any of the pathogens for the respective ticks (p > 0.05). The prevalence of B. burgdorferi s. l. in the questing and engorged I. ricinus varied from 0 to 27 % and 14-44%, respectively, with no statistical significance identified between the five cities (p > 0.05). In addition to reporting the updated data for Kyiv and Ternopil, this study is the first to provide the prevalences of the tick-borne pathogens for Chernivtsi, Khmelnytskyi, and Vinnytsia. This investigation is also the first to detect Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ixodid ticks from Ukraine. These new data will be useful for medical and veterinary practitioners as well as public health officials when diagnosing infections and when implementing measures to combat tick-borne diseases in Ukraine.

Altrenogest affects the development and endocrine milieu of ovarian follicles in prepubertal and mature gilts†

Altrenogest with gonadotropins is commonly used to synchronize the estrous cycle, but it can also lead to follicular cyst formation, especially in prepubertal gilts. Here, we aimed to investigate how maturity and altrenogest treatment affect the development, endocrine milieu, and molecular control of ovarian follicles. Crossbred prepubertal and mature gilts were challenged or not (control) with altrenogest, and ovaries were collected in the morning on the first day of behavioral estrus. In prepubertal gilts, altrenogest decreased the percentage of primordial and atretic small follicles, but increased large antral follicles when compared with controls. In mature gilts, altrenogest reduced the percentage of primary follicles and elevated the total number of antral follicles. Maturity affected the estradiol level in the follicular fluid of preovulatory follicles, luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation, and LH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in granulosa. Moreover, cytochrome P45017A1 (CYP17A1) mRNA levels in the theca layer were affected and correlated with follicular androstendione and estradiol concentration. Altrenogest negatively affected follicular fluid progesterone concentration and decreased levels of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in prepubertal gilts and PGF2alpha metabolite in mature gilts. LH-stimulated cAMP release in granulosa cells of mature gilts as well as human chorionic gonadotropin- and forskolin-induced cAMP were also affected. In addition, altrenogest downregulated CYP17A1 mRNA in the prepubertal theca layer and PGF2alpha synthase expression in the granulosa and theca layer of mature gilts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report multiple effects of maturity and altrenogest on the endocrine milieu and molecular regulations governing ovarian follicle development in gilts.

Horse Behavior, Physiology and Emotions during Habituation to a Treadmill

A treadmill is an important tool in the equine analysis of gait, lameness, and hoof balance, as well as for the evaluation of horse rehabilitation or poor performance including dynamic endoscopy. Before all of these uses, horses have to be habituated to a treadmill locomotion. We used principal component analysis to evaluate the relationship between aspects of the horse's temperament and emotional response, and progress in the behavioral habituation to a treadmill. Fourteen horses were tested, by the same familiar handler, using the novel object test, the handling test, and both positive and negative emotional response tests. Then, four stages of gradual habituation of the first work on a treadmill were conducted. Each time, the horse's behavior was filmed. Data obtained from ethograms and heart rate measurements were tested. Four principal components were identified in examined horses: "Flightiness," "Freeziness," "Curiosity," and "Timidity." Flightiness was connected with nervousness, agitation by new objects, and easy excitability, and gradually decreased of features during habituation. Timidity was associated with a lack of courage and stress in new situations, and those features strongly increased when the treadmill was introduced. Freeziness and Curiosity features showed strong stability throughout the whole habituation. The results of this study provide evidence for a connection between temperament, emotional response, and habituation process in a horse.

Preliminary Studies on Biodegradable Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Doped with Fe as a Potential Form of Iron Delivery to the Living Organism

Iron is the crucial element for living organisms and its deficiency is described as the most common nutritional disorder all over the world. Nowadays, more effective and safe iron supplementation strategies for both humans and animals become one of the most important challenges in the therapy of nutritional deficiencies. Our previous in vivo studies confirmed safety and biodegradability of in-house manufactured zinc oxide-based nanoparticles and their rapid distribution to majority of organs and tissues in the body. In vitro examinations performed on Caco-2 cell line, a model of epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, revealed a low toxicity of studied nanomaterials. In the current study, we investigated biodegradable zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with Fe(III) as a perspective supplementation strategy for iron deficiency. Biodegradable ZnO:Fe nanoparticles were intra-gastrically administered to adult mice and following 24 h, animals were sacrificed with collection of internal organs for further analyses. The iron concentration measured with atomic absorption spectrometry and histological staining (Perl's method) showed a rapid distribution of iron-doped nanoparticles to tissues specifically related with iron homeostasis. Accumulation of iron was also visible within hepatocytes and around blood vessels within the spleen, which might indicate the transfer of Fe-doped nanoparticles from the bloodstream into the tissue. Reassuming, preliminary results obtained in the current study suggest that biodegradable ZnO nanoparticles doped with Fe might be a good carriers of exogenous iron in the living body. Therefore, subsequent investigations focus on determination an exact mechanisms related with an iron deposition in the tissue and influence of nanoparticle carriers on iron metabolism are required.

The Pattern of Superficial Body Temperatures in Leisure Horses Lunged with Commonly Used Lunging Aids

Simple Summary

In the training of horses, special lunging aids may be used to regulate head and neck position during exercise without the intervention of a rider. The rubber band and triangle side reins and the chambon have an impact on thoracolumbar kinematics and the motion of the fore- and hindlimbs. Lunging aids are assumed to modulate the work of horses’ muscles, which results in altering the superficial thermographic patterns. Thermography is a non-invasive, contactless imaging technique based on detecting emitted infrared radiation representing the temperature of the body surface, influenced by muscle metabolism and blood circulation. Training sessions for 16 horses performed in the study included exercises at walk, freely active trot, and canter. Surface temperatures of 11 regions of interest were evaluated on all images, corresponding to areas influenced by neck fixation and engaging hindquarters. In conclusion, thermography was shown as a useful tool in lunging aids’ usefulness evaluation. Different types of lunging aids influence the mobility of horse neck and back and its choice for leisure horses lunging should be made individually. Lunging aids change the surface temperature of different body parts during the leisure horse work on the lunge.

Abstract

Background: The natural head and neck position (HNP) of horses differs from the position in horse riding when bit is used. The special lunging aids (LAs) are applied in order to modify HNP. Different types of LAs have the potential to affect the work of horse muscles and the superficial thermographic patterns (STPs). The effects of thre LAs on STPs of neck, chest, back, and hindquarters were investigated. Methods: Sixteen leisure horses were lunged with freely moving head (FMH), rubber band (RB), chambon (CH), and triangle side reins (TRs). The thermographic images (n = 896) were analyzed before/after lunging for mean temperatures (T_mean) and minimum–maximum difference (T_diff). Results: Superficial T_mean increased (p < 0.001) in cranial part of neck, back, thoracic area, and limbs after lunging regardless of LAs application or its type. In comparison to other LAs: With RB, T_mean was higher in regions of interest (ROIs) 2,7 and lower in ROIs 3–4 (p < 0.05); with CH, T_mean was higher in ROIs 2–4 and 7 (p < 0.01); and with TRs, T_mean was higher in ROIs 2–4,7,9–11 (p < 0.01). In ROIs 2–4 and 7, T_diff was lower with LAs than with FMH (p < 0.01) and in ROIs 9–10 with TRs. Conclusions: The choice of LAs should be dictated by the expected effect; however, all LAs increase the quality of the leisure horse lunging. LA use is more desirable than lunging with FMH.

Transfer of orally administered ZnO:Eu nanoparticles through the blood-testis barrier: the effect on kinetic sperm parameters and apoptosis in mice testes

Zinc-based nanoparticles are promising materials for various applications, including in biomedicine. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of fluorescent europium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO:Eu NPs) on sperm parameters, cell apoptosis and integrity of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in mice. Nanostructures were orally administered to adult mice (n = 34). Animals were sacrificed after 3 h, 24 h, 7 d and 14 d following oral administration. Sperm was collected and analysed for viability and kinetic parameters. Collected testes were quantitatively analysed for accumulation of ZnO:Eu NPs. Microscopic evaluation based on immunofluorescence and histopathological studies were also conducted. Results showed that ZnO:Eu NPs were able to overcome the BTB with their subsequent accumulation in the testis. No toxic or pro-apoptotic effects of nanoparticles on the male reproductive system were observed. The results suggested that ZnO:Eu NPs were able to accumulate in the testis with no negative impact on sperm parameters, tissue architecture or the integrity of the BTB.

An application of temperature mapping of horse's back for leisure horse-rider-matching

Leisure riding is a popular way of using horses however, unlike sport or racing horses, those are mostly not associated with one rider with high skills. Constant overload of equine musculoskeletal system causes pathologies, which are affecting horse mobility and decreases the horse-rider communication. The aim was to propose the new scoring system of thermograph analysis as an aspect of differences in heat distributions on horseback before and after leisure ridings. The study was conducted on sixteen Polish warmblood horses, scanned with a non-contact thermographic camera. Heat pattern of the thoracolumbar area was evaluated on thermograms taken before and after exercise. The criteria with point values for horse-rider-matching were created: heat points on the dorsal midline of saddle-back contact area and degree of muscle unit overload. The results of thermograph analysis were compared with the results of a questionnaire on horse-rider communication during riding in order to estimate the relevance of matching. The maximum score was obtained in 38.3% and 39.8% of combinations based on the thermograph analysis and questionnaire, respectively. Results of both scoring systems were strongly positive correlated (r = .937), demonstrating high sensitivity (61.72%) and specificity (90.23%) of the matching. The horse-rider matching may improve horse comfort during leisure type of work.

[Minimal-invasive tissue sampling at the bovine udder]

OBJECTIVE

In some cases, classical diagnostic procedures of bovine mastitis, including adspectation, palpation, and examination of milk samples, are of limited reliability, such that histological examination of udder tissue would be a useful addition. The study aimed to identify localizations for tissue sampling and to validate the biopsy technique.

ANIMALS AND METHODS

In the present study, sonographic examinations on bovine udders (n = 16) were performed, to identify ideal localizations for tissue sampling, which were tested in slaughterhouse organs (n = 10) and verified in udders of lactating cows (n = 16).

RESULTS

Ideal localizations for tissue sampling, avoiding puncturing of blood vessels, were sonographically identified in the area of the udder cistern. Tissue sampling in lactating cows proved to be free of complications in 73 % of cases and all tissue specimens obtained were suitable for histology.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Tissue sampling by biopsy for microbiological and histopathological examinations supplements common procedures in the diagnostics of mastitis in the dairy cow and, if performed in the area of the udder cistern, can be conducted without sonographical control under field conditions.

Computational multivariate modelling of electrical activity of the porcine uterus during spontaneous and hormone-induced oestrus

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? Does oestrous cycle synchronization influence myoelectrical activity of porcine myometrium? What is the main finding and its importance? Exogenous hormones used to synchronize oestrus in pigs altered myoelectrical activity, which was effectively modelled. Higher-order multivariate statistic modelling provided evidence of similar activity in both types of oestrus, but a larger order of EMG signals during induced oestrus. Higher-order statistical analysis of the probabilistic model suggests the beginning of the early follicular phase and the mid-luteal phase to be most important in evaluation of the natural patterns of myoelectrical activity. Higher-order multivariate cumulants are more informative than classical statistics in characterization of myoelectrical activity changes in porcine myometrium.

ABSTRACT

In pig production units, control of the oestrous cycle and synchronization of ovulation have become routine herd management procedures. During the oestrous cycle, in both induced and spontaneous conditions, the ovaries and the uterus undergo hormone-dominated physiological changes, which are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a functional role of uterine contractions in promoting fertilization. We have used electromyography to determine whether the use of exogenous hormones, such as equine chorionic gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin, which have the potential to control the timing of ovulation in female pigs, changes the multivariate relationships between parameters of electrical bursts and modulates the patterns of myoelectrical activity. We used the mathematical approach of higher-order multivariate cumulants in complex modelling of the myometrial electrical activity. The experiment was conducted on 12 mature Polish Landrace sows, and uterine activity was recorded during both spontaneous and induced oestrous cycles. The burst parameters were determined using six features in the time domain and, after Fast Fourier transformation, in the frequency domain. Evaluation of myoelectrical activity patterns was conducted based on classical univariate statistical methods and multivariate probabilistic modelling. The classical statistical approach indicated weaker myoelectrical activity after hormonal stimulation, whereas the higher-order multivariate statistical model showed evidence of similar status of activity and a larger order of signals during induced oestrus. Routine oestrous cycle synchronization affects the multivariate probabilistic model of myometrial electrical activity.

An application of higher order multivariate cumulants in modelling of myoelectrical activity of porcine uterus during early pregnancy

The analysis of the uterine contraction have become a general practice in an effort to improve the clinical management of uterine contractions during pregnancy and labour in human beings. The fluctuations in uterine activity may occur without affecting progress of gestation, however the painful and fashion contractions may be the first threat of miscarriage. While pigs were considered as an referential preclinical model, the computational modelling of spontaneous myoelectrical activity of complex systems of porcine myometrium in peri-fertilization period has been proposed. The higher order statistic, multivariate cumulants and Joint Skewness Band Selection method, have been applied to study the dependence structure of electromyographic (EMG) signal with an effective EMG feature. Than the model of recognition of multivariate, myoelectricaly changes according to crucial stages for successful fertilization and early pregnancy maintenance has been estimated. We found that considering together time and frequency features of EMG signal was extremely non-Gaussian distributed and the higher order multivariate statistics such as cumulants, have to be used to determine the pattern of myoelectrical activity in reproductive tract. We confirmed the expectance that the probabilistic model changes on a daily base. We demonstrated the changes in proposed model at the crucial time points of in peri-fertilization period. We speculate the activity of the middle of uterine horn and the power (minimum and maximum) and pauses between myoelectrical burst features are essential for the functional role of uterine contractility in peri-fertilization period.

Intraurethral co-transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and muscle-derived cells improves the urethral closure

Background

Cell therapy constitutes an attractive alternative to treat stress urinary incontinence. Although promising results have been demonstrated in this field, the procedure requires further optimization. The most commonly proposed cell types for intraurethral injections are muscle derived cells (MDCs) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MDC-MSC co-transplantation into the urethra.

Methods

Autologous transplantation of labeled MDCs, bone marrow MSCs or co-transplantation of MDC-MSC were performed in aged multiparous female goats (n = 6 in each group). The mean number of cells injected per animal was 29.6 × 10⁶(± 4.3 × 10⁶). PBS-injected animals constituted the control group (n = 5). Each animal underwent urethral pressure profile (UPP) measurements before and after the injection procedure. The maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and functional area (FA) of UPPs were calculated. The urethras were collected at the 28th or the 84th day after transplantation. The marker fluorochrome (DID) was visualized and quantified using in vivo imaging system in whole explants. Myogenic differentiation of the graft was immunohistochemically evaluated.

Results

The grafted cells were identified in all urethras collected at day 28 regardless of injected cell type. At this time point the strongest DID-derived signal (normalized to the number of injected cells) was noted in the co-transplanted group. There was a distinct decline in signal intensity between day 28 and day 84 in all types of transplantation. Both MSCs and MDCs contributed to striated muscle formation if transplanted directly to the external urethral sphincter. In the MSC group those events were rare. If cells were injected into the submucosal region they remained undifferentiated usually packed in clearly distinguishable depots. The mean increase in MUCP after transplantation in comparison to the pre-transplantation state in the MDC, MSC and MDC-MSC groups was 12.3% (± 11.2%, not significant (ns)), 8.2% (± 9.6%, ns) and 24.1% (± 3.1%, p = 0.02), respectively. The mean increase in FA after transplantation in the MDC, MSC and MDC-MSC groups amounted to 17.8% (± 15.4%, ns), 15.2% (± 12.9%, ns) and 17.8% (± 2.5%, p = 0.04), respectively.

Conclusions

The results suggest that MDC-MSC co-transplantation provides a greater chance of improvement in urethral closure than transplantation of each population alone.

[Substances in the bovine colostrum - a survey]

The best studied substances in bovine colostrum are the immunoglobulins. They are absorbed in the small intestine of the neonate by pinocytosis. The Fc-receptor is not highly involved in this process in calves compared to other species. However, this receptor plays a crucial role in the transport of immunoglobulins from the circulation of the dam to the udder and, therefore, into the colostrum. During colostrogenesis, which starts up to 8 weeks prior to parturition, up to 500 g of immunoglobulins are transferred daily by this process. In addition, other components of the bovine colostrum have biological activity. Colostrum-derived growth factors, including IGF-1, EGF and TGF, influence the differentiation of the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and, therefore, its development. In the udder of the dam, they are involved in various mechanisms of adaption throughout the lactation period. Colostral leucocytes are also transported from the colostrum into the circulation of the offspring, this by a process termed cellular migration. These cells have a specific immunological memory and support the calf in the development of an immune response against specific pathogens the dam was exposed to earlier. Colostral enzymes can be used as an indirect parameter to control for an adequate colostrum supply of the calf (e.g. γ-glutamyltransferase) or have an unspecific antimicrobial potential capacity (e.g. lactate peroxidase, lactoferrin, lysozymes). Vitamins, fats, proteins and mass and trace elements in the colostrum are essential nutrients for the bovine neonate because of the great change in the requirements for the neonatal organism from preto postnatal life. The impact of hormones and other components of the colostrum is still mostly unclear. The composition of the colostrum in the individual cow is influenced by numerous factors, including the number of calvings, the amount of colostrum formed and breed of the dam.

Alterations in the liver of intrauterine growth retarded piglets may predispose to development of insulin resistance and obesity in later life

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) leads to increased predisposition to metabolic syndrome in adult life but the mechanisms remain obscure. Considering a significant number of functional similarities, IUGR piglets appear to be a good model to study the development of this syndrome in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructure and proteomic profile of the liver in IUGR pig neonates to discover early markers of predisposition to obesity and insulin resistance. In our study intestine and liver tissue samples were investigated in 7 day old IUGR and normal body weight (NBW) littermate piglets using histometry, mass spectrometry, in-tissue cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy. Compared to NBW, the liver in IUGR neonates was characterized by a significantly enhanced ratio of Kupffer cells to hepatocytes and insulin receptor abundance as well as higher percentages of cells expressing receptors for adipokines (resistin and adiponectin), increased expression of TNF-α (as marker of inflammation), and increased expression of insulin receptor and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). Moreover, NBW and IUGR differed in proteomic profile, including protein metabolism (proteasomes, cathepsin D, phermitin, phosphoglucomutase), carbohydrate metabolism (hexokinase 1, phosphoglucokinase, galactokinase, aldolase B, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase), oxidative stress and chromatin organization and DNA uptake (histones, lamin a/c). Reduction of hepatocyte numbers concomitant with significant modifications of expression of key hormones and enzymes for protein and carbohydrate metabolism in IUGR neonates may predispose to insulin resistance and obesity in adult life.

Uterine EMG activity in the non-pregnant sow during estrous cycle

BACKGROUND

Uterine myoactivity is crucial for successful reproductive performance of the sow. Spontaneous contractions of the uterus are strictly controlled and coordinated. Uterine electromyographic (EMG) activity undergoes hormonal regulation with rapid and long-term effects. What is more, interstitial Cajal-like Cells (ICLC) appear essential for smooth muscle contractility in the reproductive tract where they are suspected to be playing a major role in generating, coordinating, modulating and synchronizing slow triggering waves. The aim of this study was to investigate the myoelectrical activity of sow's uterus during estrus cycle.

RESULTS

Study was conducted on 10 Polish Landrace sows. Propagation mechanisms and their connection with the uterine EMG activity were considered in correlation with expression of c-kit, progesterone and oxytocin receptors of the non-pregnant sow. ICLC were labeled with antibody directed against c-kit receptor and visualized by confocal microscopy and scanning cytometer for positive cells percentage assessment. EMG signal was recorded directly from the myometrium with telemetry transmitters and electrodes located in different topographic regions of reproductive tracts. The stages of estrus cycle were determined by monitoring levels of luteinizing hormone, progesterone and estrogen with radioimmunoassays. Significant differences of the EMG signal parameters between diestrus and estrus and the correlations with density of labelled receptors were demonstrated. Moreover, the electrophysiological studies indicated that ICLC in the myometrium in the tip of uterine horn may participate in the regulation of slow waves duration and frequency.

CONCLUSIONS

The pattern of EMG signal propagation in the wall of the non-pregnant porcine uterus occurs in an orderly, bidirectional fashion and at distinctive speed, with no differences between diestrus and estrus.

Limited accuracy of transurethral and periurethral intrasphincteric injections of cellular suspension

AIMS

The efficacy of cell therapy in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is lower than expected. The aim of this study was to determine the injection accuracy rate both with transurethral and periurethral route.

METHODS

Autologous intraurethral cell transplantation was performed in female goats. The cells were injected either periurethrally (PERI group, two depots/animal, n = 8) or transurethrally (TRANS group, eight depots/animal, n = 11). Transurethral injections were performed under endoscopic guidance. The number and distribution of cell depots in urethras were analyzed in the three-step protocol: 1) screening of whole explants by in vivo imaging system; 2) systematic microscopic analysis of raw 10 μm cross-sections; 3) immunohistochemistry. As control, four urethras collected 1 day after transurethral transplantation were used. Episodes of cell suspension leakages after needle withdrawal were noted.

RESULTS

In all experimental animals depots were identified in the urethral wall 28 days after transplantation. The mean percentage of depots located in the urethral wall in relation to all performed injections amounted to 68.7% and 67.0% for PERI and TRANS groups, respectively. The mean proportions of depots which were identified in external urethral sphincter (EUS) amounted 18.8% and 17.1%, respectively. Suspension leakage was observed in 19% of transurethral injections.

CONCLUSIONS

Although majority of cell depots were administrated accurately into the urethral wall, the precise delivery of cells into EUS is limited regardless of injection method. The insufficient accuracy of cell delivery into EUS and cell suspension leakage can contribute to the low efficacy of cell therapy in human patients with SUI.

Strategische hormonelle Fruchtbarkeitsprogramme bei Kühen

Gegenstand und Ziel: Beschreibung der verschiedenen hormonellen Fruchtbarkeitsprogramme bei Kühen. Material und Methode: Literaturübersicht. Ergebnisse: Es werden die physiologischen Grundlagen und die Durchführung von Hormonprogrammen auf Basis von Prostaglandinen und des kombinierten Einsatzes von Prostaglandinen und GnRH-Analoga dargestellt. Dabei erfolgt eine Beschreibung von Vor- und Nachteilen der verschiedenen Programme. Ausgehend vom Ovsynch-Programm werden dessen Modifikationen Cosynch, Select Synch, Heatsynch und Ultrasynch dargestellt. Klinische Relevanz: Die Darlegung der verschiedenen Fruchtbarkeitsprogramme soll dem Tierarzt helfen, das optimale Vorgehen für die von ihm betreuten Betriebe zu gestalten.

Characteristics of bioelectrical activity of oviducts and uterus during early pregnancy in sows recorded by telemetry method

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? The aim of present study was to record and analyse the myoelectrical activity in the female pig reproductive tract (uterus and oviduct) during early pregnancy. What is the main finding and its importance? Understanding the contractile activity of the uterus and oviducts is indispensable for understanding the physiological mechanisms as well as all irregularities associated with the period of conception and early pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to record the myoelectrical activity of the reproductive tract in sows during the oestrous phase and early pregnancy via a telemetry recording system. In a total of eight non-pregnant pigs, the bioelectrical activity was recorded through three silicone electrodes sutured on the oviduct (isthmus and ampulla) and the uterine horn. Blood samples were collected to monitor the concentrations of progesterone (P4) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The oestrous cycle was synchronized with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and the animals were subjected to artificial insemination. Analysis of the EMG activity of the oviduct and uterus in the oestrous phase and in early stages of pregnancy suggests explicitly that telemetry could enable in vivo assessment of myoelectrical activity of parts of the reproductive system in sows. Off-line analysis of the duration of EMG activity bursts in the uterus, isthmus and ampulla were significantly higher during early pregnancy (phases II and III) than in the oestrous phase. The EMG signals demonstrated low mean amplitudes of activity in the oviduct and uterus during early pregnancy (phases I-III). Significant differences between the root mean square signals were observed in the isthmus and ampulla both during oestrus and in early pregnancy (phase I; P < 0.01). During the oestrous phase, the P4 concentration was estimated at <1 ng ml^-1 , whereas the LH concentration was >4 ng ml^-1 . In contrast, during early pregnancy, the P4 and LH concentrations were estimated at >4 and <1 ng ml^-1 , respectively.

Interferon-tau promotes luteal endothelial cell survival and inhibits specific luteolytic genes in bovine corpus luteum

Interferon-tau (IFNT), a maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) signals in domestic ruminants, suppresses the release of luteolytic pulses of uterine prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a), thus extending the corpus luteum (CL) life span. We hypothesized that IFNT also exerts anti-luteolytic actions in bovine CL. To examine the direct effects of IFNT on bovine CL, luteal slices and enriched luteal endothelial cells (LECs) were utilized. We found that recombinant ovine IFNT (roIFNT) markedly elevates interferon-associated genes (STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs: MX2, ISG15 and OAS1Y) in both models. Furthermore, IFNT time-dependently induced STAT1 phosphorylation in LECs without affecting total STAT1. roIFNT-stimulated viable LECs numbers and the knockdown of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) abolished this effect, suggesting that PIAS1 may mediate the proliferative effect of IFNT. IFNT significantly downregulated luteolytic genes such as TGFB1, thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), endothelin-1 (EDN1) and serpin family E member-1 (SERPINE1) in LECs. However, less robust effects were observed in luteal slices. Moreover, PGF2a alone induced THBS1, SERPINE1 and EDN1 mRNA in CL slices whereas in the presence of IFNT, THBS1 and SERPINE1 stimulation was abolished. Collectively, these results indicate that IFNT acts via STAT1- IRF9-dependent and independent pathways and affects diverse luteal functions. Most interestingly, this study suggests the existence of an anti-luteolytic effect of IFNT in bovine CL, namely, inhibiting key PGF2a-induced luteolytic genes. The proliferative effect of IFNT may constitute an additional mechanism that promotes luteal cell survival, thus, extending the luteal life span during early pregnancy in cows.

Signs of embryo-maternal communication: miRNAs in the maternal serum of pregnant pigs

Circulating miRNAs were proposed to be indicators of normal or complicated pregnancies. Based on this knowledge and our recent transcriptomic approach showing expression of miRNAs in the porcine endometrium, conceptuses and uterine extracellular vesicles during pregnancy, we have hypothesized that signs of ongoing local embryo-maternal crosstalk involving miRNAs can be detected in the circulation of pregnant gilts as early as a few days after maternal recognition of pregnancy. By applying several molecular biology techniques that differ in dynamic range and precision in maternal serum of Day 16 pregnant pigs, we were able to show for the first time increased levels of several miRNAs, previously reported to be expressed in either conceptuses and extracellular vesicles (miR-26a and miR-125b) or pregnant endometrium (miR-23b). Our results clearly showed that real-time RT-PCR and digital PCR are the most reliable methods, being able to detect small-fold changes of low-abundant circulating miRNAs. Further validation in a separate group of gilts confirmed an increase in miR-23b and miR-125b levels. In silico analyses identified pregnancy-related biological processes and pathways affected by these miRNAs. Target prediction analysis revealed hundreds of porcine transcripts with conserved sites for these miRNAs, which were classified into signaling pathways relevant to pregnancy. We conclude that a unique set of miRNAs can already be observed in the circulation of pigs during the first weeks of pregnancy, as a result of the initiation of embryo-maternal communication.

Biomathematical pattern of EMG signal propagation in smooth muscle of the non-pregnant porcine uterus

Uterine contractions are generated by myometrial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that comprise most of the myometrial layer of the uterine wall. Aberrant uterine motility (i.e., hypo- or hyper-contractility or asynchronous contractions) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of infertility due to the failure of implantation, endometriosis and abnormal estrous cycles. The mechanism whereby the non-pregnant uterus initiates spontaneous contractions remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to employ linear synchronization measures for analyzing the pattern of EMG signal propagation (direction and speed) in smooth muscles of the non-pregnant porcine uterus in vivo using telemetry recording system. It has been revealed that the EMG signal conduction in the uterine wall of the non-pregnant sow does not occur at random but it rather exhibits specific directions and speed. All detectable EMG signals moved along the uterine horn in both cervico-tubal and tubo-cervical directions. The signal migration speed could be divided into the three main types or categories: i. slow basic migration rhythm (SBMR); ii. rapid basic migration rhythm (RBMR); and iii. rapid accessory migration rhythm (RAMR). In conclusion, the EMG signal propagation in smooth muscles of the porcine uterus in vivo can be assessed using a linear synchronization model. Physiological pattern of the uterine contractile activity determined in this study provides a basis for future investigations of normal and pathologicall myogenic function of the uterus.

The Anatomy of Caprine Female Urethra and Characteristics of Muscle and Bone Marrow Derived Caprine Cells for Autologous Cell Therapy Testing

Cell therapy is emerging as an alternative treatment of stress urinary incontinence. However, many aspects of the procedure require further optimization. A large animal model is needed to reliably test cell delivery methods. In this study, we aim to determine suitability of the goat as an experimental animal for testing intraurethral autologous cell transplantation in terms of urethral anatomy and cell culture parameters. The experiments were performed in 12 mature/aged female goats. Isolated caprine muscle derived cells (MDC) were myogenic in vitro and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) population was able to differentiate into adipo-, osteo- and chondrogenic lineages. The median yield of cells after 3 weeks of culture amounted 47 × 10(6) for MDC and 37 × 10(6) for MSC. Urethral pressure profile measurements revealed the mean functional urethral length of 3.75 ± 0.7 cm. The mean maximal urethral closure pressure amounted 63.5 ± 5.9 cmH₂ O and the mean functional area was 123.3 ± 19.4 cm*cmH₂ O. The omega- shaped striated urethral sphincter was well developed in the middle and distal third of the urethra and its mean thickness on cross section was 2.3 mm. In the proximal part of the urethra only loosely arranged smooth muscle fibers were identified. To conclude, presented data demonstrate that caprine MDC and MSC can be expanded in vitro in a repeatable manner even when mature or aged animals are cell donors. Results suggest that female caprine urethra has similar parameters to those reported in human and therefore the goat can be an appropriate experimental animal for testing intraurethral cell transplantation. Anat Rec, 00:000-000, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:577-588, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bioelectrical activity of porcine oviduct and uterus during spontaneous and induced estrus associated with cyclic hormone changes

It is widely accepted that uterine contraction is initiated by spontaneous generation of electrical activity at a cellular level in the form of action potentials. Such action potential events, when they involve many myometrial cells and occur in immediate succession, are described by their amplitude and duration. In an effort to improve clinical management of uterine contractions, research has focused on determination of the properties of the reproductive tract's electrical activity under hormonal stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the myoelectric activity (amplitude and duration) of the oviduct and the uterus in relation to plasma concentration of LH, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) during spontaneous and induced estrus in gilts. The course of the experiment was divided into eight periods defined by hormone concentrations (LH, P4, and E2) and time intervals before and after the start of the LH surge. Myoelectric signals were recorded, and the hormone levels were measured during proestrus and estrus in natural and hormone-induced estrus cycle. During the natural estrus, the LH surge was longer than after hormonal stimulation (28 vs. 20 hours) and suggested an inverse relationship between the LH concentration and the duration of myoelectric activity (S_R = -0.68). Analyses of the records of the amplitudes and durations of the electromyography activity in uterine horns and oviducts showed significant differences between spontaneous and induced estrus (P < 0.05). During induced estrus, the LH surge began earlier (T1 vs. T2) and increased more (7.46 vs. 6.50 ng/mL) than during spontaneous estrus. This observation suggests a direct relationship between the LH concentration and the amplitude of the myoelectric activity (Spearman rank correlation = 0.71). The significantly higher duration and amplitude of the activity in the isthmus of the oviduct and the uterus during induced estrus shortly after the onset of standing heat (4-8 hours after the LH surge) suggested more favorable conditions for effective artificial insemination.

Arteriovenous oscillations of the redox potential: Is the redox state influencing blood flow?

OBJECTIVE

Studies on the regulation of human blood flow revealed several modes of oscillations with frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 1 Hz. Several mechanisms were proposed that might influence these oscillations, such as the activity of vascular endothelium, the neurogenic activity of vessel wall, the intrinsic activity of vascular smooth muscle, respiration, and heartbeat. These studies relied typically on non-invasive techniques, for example, laser Doppler flowmetry. Oscillations of biochemical markers were rarely coupled to blood flow.

METHODS

The redox potential difference between the artery and the vein was measured by platinum electrodes placed in the parallel homonymous femoral artery and the femoral vein of ventilated anesthetized pigs.

RESULTS

Continuous measurement at 5 Hz sampling rate using a digital nanovoltmeter revealed fluctuating signals with three basic modes of oscillations: ∼ 1, ∼ 0.1 and ∼ 0.01 Hz. These signals clearly overlap with reported modes of oscillations in blood flow, suggesting coupling of the redox potential and blood flow.

DISCUSSION

The amplitude of the oscillations associated with heart action was significantly smaller than for the other two modes, despite the fact that heart action has the greatest influence on blood flow. This finding suggests that redox potential in blood might be not a derivative but either a mediator or an effector of the blood flow control system.

The linear synchronization measures of uterine EMG signals: Evidence of synchronized action potentials during propagation

Evaluation of synchronization between myoelectric signals can give new insights into the functioning of the complex system of porcine myometrium. We propose a model of uterine contractions according to the hypothesis of action potentials similarity which is possible to detect during propagation in the uterine wall. We introduce similarity measures based on the concept of synchronization as used in matching linear signals such as electromyographic (EMG) time series data. The aim was to present linear measures to assess synchronization between contractions in different topographic regions of the uterus. We use the cross-correlation function (ƒx,y[l], ƒy,z[l]) and the cross-coherence function (Cxy[ƒ], Cyz[ƒ]) to assess synchronization between three data series of a diestral uterine EMG bundles in porcine reproductive tract. Spontaneous uterine activity was recorded using telemetry method directly by three-channel transmitter and three silver bipolar needle electrodes sutured on different topographic regions of the reproductive tract in the sow. The results show the usefulness of the cross-coherence function in that synchronization between uterine horn and corpus uteri for multiple action potentials (bundles) could be observed. The EMG bundles synchronization may be used to investigate the direction and velocity of EMG signals propagation in porcine reproductive tract.

[Risk factors of increased abortions in dairy herds - a statistical analysis]

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether dairy herds with and without abortion problems differ in their management and prevalence of antibodies against various pathogens, through collecting and analysing data from these herds.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data on management parameters, clinical examinations and serological results were obtained from 48 dairy herds in middle Hessen. Information on the extent of stock renewal, form of animal housing, type of herd occupancy and use of a maternity pen was compiled. A random sample was taken from every herd, consisting of a minimum of three healthy non-lactating cows, three clinically sound puerperal animals, three animals having had an abortion and three clinically healthy pregnant heifers. In these animals, the body condition score was evaluated and a clinical gynaecological examination was performed. Additionally, these animals were serologically examined for the presence of antibodies against the bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Coxiella, Listeria and Neosporacaninum. A comparison between the herds with and without an abortion problem was performed.

RESULTS

Data of 591 animals from 48 farms was compiled. Thirty-eight herds had an abortion problem. In the affected farms, a maternity pen was used significantly more often and cattle were significantly more frequently housed in free stalls when compared to farms without an abortion problem (p < 0.05). The number of animals serologically positive for Coxiella was significantly higher in herds with abortion problems (p = 0.03). No significant difference was found between the occurrence of antibodies against Listeria and Neospora caninum in herds with or without abortion problems, respectively (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

It was identified that in addition to infectious agents, management/husbandry factors that promote the spread of disease are a risk factor for abortion in dairy cattle. Besides taking steps against pathogens, farms with abortion problems have to implement measures to minimize the spread of infection between animals. A critical control point is likely to be the maternity pen.

Comparison of accuracy of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentration in blood and milk for early pregnancy diagnosis in cows

The aim of this study was to compare two methods of early pregnancy diagnosis by determining pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentration in blood and PAG concentration in milk. Blood and milk samples were obtained on days 0 (AI day), 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 and 105 of gestation from 60 lactating Holstein Frisian cows from one herd, carrying live fetuses. To determine PAG concentration a specific RIA system (RIA-706) was used. PAG concentration in blood and milk increased after 28 days of pregnancy, with blood concentrations being significantly higher than in milk. However, the accuracy of both tests at this time point was similar (sensitivity: 92 % in blood, 93 % in milk; specificity 53 % and 60 % respectively). None of the tests were able to detect open cows properly at this stage. On day 35 of gestation sensitivity (100 % for blood, 97 % for milk) and specificity (100 % for blood, 100 % for milk) were high enough to be used for reliable pregnancy diagnosis. The accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for PAG concentrations in blood and milk for the rest of the study was 100 %. Our investigation shows that PAG determination in milk is a stress-free and non-invasive method for early pregnancy diagnosis in cattle.

[Strategic hormonal reproductive programs in cows. Part 2: Presynchronization and resynchronization]

OBJECTIVE

Description of hormonal presynchronization and resynchronization methods in cattle.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Review.

RESULTS

As the pregnancy rate of cows treated with the Ovsynch program primarily depends on the stage of the oestrous cycle at the time of program initiation, different methods of presynchronization based on the use of PGF2α and combinations of PGF2α and gonadotropin- releasing hormone analogues have been developed. An additional problem includes the earliest possible insemination of open cows following the Ovsynch program. As a solution to this problem a post- insemination treatment of all animals seven days before the scheduled date of the pregnancy examination is recommended.If a cow is found not to be pregnant by the pregnancy examination, it will be treated with PGF2α to enable a further insemination as soon as possible thereafter.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

By utilizing presynchronization and resynchronization programs, the reproductive performance of a dairy herd can be increased.

Strategische hormonelle Fruchtbarkeitsprogramme bei Kühen

Gegenstand und Ziel: Beschreibung der Methoden der hormonellen Präsynchronisation und Resynchronisation beim Rind. Material und Methode: Literaturübersicht. Ergebnisse: Da die Trächtigkeitsrate von Kühen, die ein Ovsynch-Programm durchlaufen, entscheidend davon abhängt, in welchem Zyklusstadium sich die Tiere zu Beginn des Programms befinden, wurden verschiedene Methoden der Präsynchronisation entwickelt, die auf dem Einsatz von PGF2α oder dem kombinierten Einsatz von PGF2α und GnRH-Analoga beruhen. Ein weiteres Problem stellt die schnellstmögliche Besamung nicht tragender Kühe nach dem Ovsynch-Programm dar. Als Lösung wird die Behandlung aller Tiere nach der Besamung 7 Tage vor der Trächtigkeitsuntersuchung empfohlen. Stellt sich eine Kuh am Tag der Trächtigkeitsuntersuchung als nicht tragend dar, wird ihr PGF2α verabreicht, um möglichst schnell eine erneute Insemination durchführen zu können. Klinische Relevanz: Durch den Einsatz von Programmen zur Präsynchronisation und Resynchronisation kann die Fruchtbarkeitsleistung einer Milchviehherde gesteigert werden.

[Strategic hormonal reproductive programs in cows. Part 1: overview, Ovsynch and its modifications]

INTRODUCTION

Description of different hormonal reproductive programs in cows.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Literature review.

RESULTS

The underlying physiological principles and the implementation of hormonal programs based on the use of prostaglandins and combinations of prostaglandins with GnRH analogues are presented. In this context, the advantages and disadvantages of each program are explained. Based on the Ovsynch program, its modifications, Cosynch, Select Synch, Heatsynch and Ultrasynch, are described.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The description of the different reproductive programs is designed to assist the attending veterinarian in choosing the optimum strategy for each farm.

Mastitis and fertility disorders in cows

Udder inflammations, independently of significant losses in milk yield and alteration of its quality, can negatively affect cows' reproduction efficiency. Mastitis causes changes in many active constituents, both in milk and blood. Pathogenic changes in existing constituents and new active chemical compounds, generated during disease, can affect other organs, particularly the reproductive system and its mechanisms. Fertility disorders in mastitic cows are mostly connected with the activity of cytokines (especially TNF-alpha), cortisol, prostaglandin F2-alpha, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and classic inflammatory mediators. The successful treatment of mastitis as well as protection against udder infections should be considered important methods for prophylaxis of fertility disorders in cows. The first Polish trials indicated that injection of supportive drugs (antioxidants or lysozyme dimer or flunixin meglumine) to intramammarily treated cows can increase fertility in cows with mastitis.

Current trends in follow-up of trophoblastic function in ruminant species

During the pregnancy of ruminants, different hormones and proteins are secreted by placenta or corpus luteum allowing the follow up of gestation. Among them, progesterone (P4) and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) were proposed as laboratory tools to establish or to confirm pregnancy diagnosis. In last years, PAG assay also provided useful information for researchers working in programs focused on the follow up of trophoblastic function. Concentrations of PAG appeared as altered after the use of embryo biotechnology (in vitro fertilization, cloning by nuclear transfer, inter-specific pregnancies), according to nutritional status of pregnant females (overnourished or undernourished), or consecutive to infectious diseases leading to pathologies affecting the pregnancy in cows (Actynomyces pyogenes and Neospora caninum) and goats (Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes and Trypanosoma congolense). As well, in numerous studies, the association of repeated ultrasound examinations with P4 and PAG determinations allowed a better understanding of mechanisms related to embryonic and fetal mortalities: failure after artificial insemination or embryo transfer techniques, large offspring syndrome after in vitro fecundation and cloning.

Concentration of bovine pregnancy associated glycoprotein in plasma and milk: its application for pregnancy diagnosis in cows

Pregnancy diagnosis is an important part in reproduction management of ruminants. The aim of the study was to use a new method for evaluating the bPAG and cPAG in milk and blood bPAG and compare this results with the other method for pregnancy diagnosis in the cows. The study was carried out in 220 Holstein Frisian cows. Heparinised blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and stored at -20 degrees C until PAG assay by RIA. For bPAG and cPAG, RIA test, milk samples were homogenized. Pure bPAG was used as a standard tracer described by Zoli et al. (1992). The cows were diagnosed as pregnant by means of USG (Aloka SSD 210) and by rectal palpation. bPAG and cPAG concentration in milk increased after 28 day of pregnancy and showed the rapid increase near the parturition. The same results of bPAG concentration we obtained in the blood samples. The decline of bPAG concentration was faster in the milk than in the blood. The data showed that the RIA method is precise enough to measure PAG concentrations in the maternal blood and milk of cows. The data indicate that milk samples can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in cows. The sensitivity and specificity of RIA measurement of PAG are very high.

The effect of supplementing sow with bioactive substances on neonatal small intestinal epithelium

Development of the small intestinal epithelium in early postnatal period has a significant influence on pig's survival rate and further productivity. The aim of this research was to verify whether the diet supplementation of pregnant and lactating sow with a blend of bioactive substances (flax seed, rapeseed, linden inflorescence, taurine, L-carnitine and tocopherol acetate) had an effect on the development of intestinal epithelium in their offspring. The doses of bioactive substances were calculated to meet the demands for optimal supply of the pig fetuses and newborns. Pig neonates from two groups of sows, control and supplemented, were sacrificed at the day 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 of life. The samples taken from mid-jejunum were evaluated for mitosis (Ki67), apoptosis (active caspase 3), autophagy (MAP I LC3), and DNA damage (p53). Increase of mitotic index was noticed at day 1, 4 and 7 for supplemented group when compared to the control. Reduction of apoptotic index was observed at day 2 as compared to control. A tendency toward elevated autophagy was observed during the first 2-4 postnatal days in both groups. p53 expression was significantly lower in supplemented group as compared to control. Overall, the mitosis to programmed cell death ratio was increased and the maturation of epithelial cells quickened. We suppose that the supplementation of pregnant and lactating sow diet with bioactive substances enhanced maturation of the small intestinal epithelium in their offspring during the early postnatal period.

Adrenergic stimulation and blocking of hormonal secretion activity of cultured cow granulosa cells

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of alpha- and beta-stimulators (alpha-stimulator: detomidinum HCl) as well as blockers (alpha1-blocker: doxazosin, alpha2-blocker: yohimbinum HCL, beta-blocker: carazolol) on bovine granulosa cells culture from preovulatory follicles. The cell culture was passed in TCM 199 medium with 10% FCS and antibiotics. Tested substances were added to the culture medium in different concentrations. The experiment began when at least 80% of the wells were covered (in four well culture dish of NUNCK-DK). The culture medium was collected every 24 h for hormone analysis. Hormone levels of T, E2, and P4 were determined. The culture was used up to 120 hours. Our results showed a decrease in P-4 secretion after detomidinum addition for all tested concentrations. A slight testosterone level increase was seen in the first 24 hours and then its concentration remained at a constant low level. A slight increase in 17-beta estradiol secretion was also observed. After yohimbinum addition, a statistically significant decrease of progesterone was observed for all concentrations tested. No significant changes were observed at other hormones levels when compared with the control. Doxazosin, when added into the culture medium, did not cause any statistically significant changes in hormone secretions. The addition of carazolol caused a significant decrease in progesterone secretion after culturing for 48 hours. Changes observed in other hormones levels did not differ statistically from the control. These results seem to support the hypothesis that drugs stimulating and blocking adrenergic receptors may play some role in ovarian steroidogenesis in cows.

Castration in male pigs: techniques and animal welfare issues

Castration in male pigs is usually performed during the first weeks of life without prior anesthesia. This technique, however, is known to induce acute pain and stress and will therefore not be tolerated any longer by animal welfare organizations. Practical and animal-friendly alternatives to surgical castration are the production of entire male pigs, semen sexing or immunological castration. Fattening boars has the benefits of better feed efficiency, higher lean meat yield and increased animal welfare due to no pain and stress of castration. The most important disadvantage in raising entire male pigs is the incidence of boar taint ranging between 10 and 75%. To identify tainted carcasses an accurate and rapid on-line method for detection of odorous compounds is absolutely necessary. Sperm sexing through flow cytometry is the only commercially available method at the moment but speed of separation is too low for practical application. Active immunization of boars against gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) at the end of the fattening period results in a significant reduction of testicular weight and androstenone production while the benefits of daily growth gain, meat quality as well as welfare remain the same as in entire males. In the present review more detailed information is given about the various techniques, especially the practical application of immunocastration on a large scale base.

The influence of alpha-adrenergic receptors stimulator and blockers and beta-blocker on the ovary and endocrinological activity in heifers during superovulation

Twenty five Holstein-Friesian heifers, clinically normal and with regular oestrous cycles, were used for induction of superovulation (PMSG-PGF(2)alpha-Neutra-PMSG). Animals were divided into 5 groups receiving: I - detomidine (40 microg/kg b.w.), II - doxazosin (0.2 mg/kg b.w.), III - yohimbine HCL 1% (1 ml/50 kg b.w.), IV - carazolol (0.01 mg/ kg b.w., i.v.), and V - physiological saline (1 ml/50 kg b.w.). The heifers with PGF2 alpha-induced cycles were treated with the substances 88 hrs after being given a single i.m. injection of 2500 IU PMSG. All animals were examined by ultrasonography, and by the number and size of ovarian follicles > 3 mm in diameter. The follicles were divided into 3 groups according to the diameter. Blood plasma was stored at -20 degrees C until LH, P4, E2 and PGFM analyses. In the control (V) group, two waves of follicle growth were observed. Yohimbine produced a significant blockage of ovulation. The mean number of corpora lutea in the group III was significantly lower than that in the control group (p< 0.02). No significant differences in the number of corpora lutea were observed between the groups I, II and III. The increase in E2 concentrations could be the response to the PMSG treatment with two waves of growth of large follicles before and after ovulation. Pulsatile LH release was altered by yohimbinum injection, however, the greater amplitude of pulses immediately following yohimbinum administration are suggestive of a positive influence of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors antagonist. Yohimbinum administration did not affect plasma concentration of examined hormones. There was a difference between the plasma levels of LH after the doxazosin injection. Single injection of the stimulators and blockers of adrenergic receptors did not affect superovulatory response in terms of the numbers of CL, unruptured follicles and embryos recovered. The affectivity of artificial insemination was not significantly different between the control group and the detomidinum groups, while in the yohimbinum group it was significantly lower.