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Eiler J, Ehtiati K, Sørensen IE, Thormann E. Measuring the Salt Content of Sweat inside a Sweat-Absorbing Skin Adhesive. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:452-461. [PMID: 38064363 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Biofluids contain a wealth of different biomarkers, and their concentrations are indicative of the state of the body. As one of those biofluids, sweat is easily accessible, and its composition can, for example, be related to particular diseases or sports performance. Due to the relatively low sweat flow rates, however, adequate sampling is paramount. Here, we aim to explore the potential use of sweat-absorbing skin adhesives as a sweat sampling system for wearable sensors with a simple construction. Upon absorption of sweat, the electrochemical properties of the skin adhesive are determined by the composition of sweat and the amount of sweat within the skin adhesive (i.e., hydration). Through the incorporation of two polarizable electrodes within the skin adhesive, its electrical properties can be monitored using impedance spectroscopy. Here, the double layer capacitance is used as an indicator of hydration, while the conductance depends on both the ion concentration and hydration (the mobility of ions). By evaluating the conductance as a function of hydration, the ion concentration within an electrolyte solution can be estimated. We demonstrate the concept based on a simple model sensor patch, which is exposed to electrolyte solutions containing various concentrations of NaCl and an artificial sweat solution. Finally, we show that ion concentrations in human sweat can be estimated when the model sensor patch is worn during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Eiler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | | | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
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2
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Andrade MT, Wanner SP, Santos WME, Mendes TT, Nunes-Leite MMS, de Oliveira GGA, Carmo AAL, Carvalho MV, Silami Garcia E, Soares DD. Ad libitum ice slurry ingestion and half-marathon performance in a hot environment: A study comparing the effects of the amount and moment of ingestion between ice slurry and water at 37 °C. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103781. [PMID: 38232473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Ice slurry ingestion during prolonged exercises may improve performance in hot environments; however, the ideal amount and timing of ingestion are still uncertain. We determined whether ad libitum ice slurry ingestion influences physiological and perceptual variables and half-marathon performance while comparing the effects of the amount and moment of ingestion between ice slurry and water at 37 °C. Ten trained participants (28 ± 2 years; mean and SD) were required to run two half marathons while consuming either ice slurry (-1 °C; Ad-1) or water (37 °C; 37 CE) ad libitum. They then performed two other half marathons where, during one, they were required to ingest an amount of water equivalent to the amount consumed during the Ad-1 trial (Pro37), and in the other, to ingest ice slurry in the amount consumed during the 37 CE trial (Pro-1). During the half marathons, dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity were controlled at 33.1 ± 0.3 °C and 60 ± 3%, respectively. Ad-1 ingestion (349.6 ± 58.5 g) was 45% less than 37 CE ingestion (635.5 ± 135.8 g). Physical performance, heart rate, perceived exertion, body temperatures, and thermal perception were not influenced by the temperature or amount of beverage ingestion. However, a secondary analysis suggested that lower beverage ingestion was associated with improved performance (Ad-1 + Pro37 vs. 37 CE + Pro-1: -4.0 min, Cohen's d = 0.39), with a significant relationship between lower beverage ingestion and faster running time (b = 0.02, t = 4.01, p < 0.001). In conclusion, ice slurry ingestion does not affect performance or physiological or perceptual variables during a half marathon in a hot environment. Preliminary evidence suggests that lower beverage ingestion (ice slurry or warm water) is associated with improved performance compared to higher ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Andrade
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil; Psychology Program, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil.
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
| | - Weslley M E Santos
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, (BA), Brazil
| | - Matheus M S Nunes-Leite
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
| | - Gustavo G A de Oliveira
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
| | - Adriano A L Carmo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
| | - Moisés V Carvalho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ibirité, (MG), Brazil
| | - Emerson Silami Garcia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
| | - Danusa D Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, (MG), Brazil
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3
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Noh KW, Oh JH, Park S. Effects of the Timing of Carbohydrate Intake on Metabolism and Performance in Soccer Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:3610. [PMID: 37630800 PMCID: PMC10457895 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide information to improve the performance of athletes comparing the effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte intake before and during exercise on metabolism and performance in soccer players. The study had a single-blind cross-over design. Drust's protocol is a soccer-specific intermittent exercise test. The carbohydrate-electrolyte intake experiments were divided into three timings: first, pre-exercise; second, half-time; and third, mixed. Eight participants were included in the data analysis (age: 21.32 ± 1.19 years; BMI: 22.69 ± 1.91 kg/m2; height: 176.5 ± 7.52 cm; weight: 69.5 ± 9.18 kg; Vmax: 16.75 0.71 km/h). The results of the mixed test showed a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio than those of the placebo and half-time tests (p < 0.05). The mixed test showed significantly more fat oxidation than the half-time test (p < 0.05). The running times are placebo (422.13 ± 133.44 s) and mixed (677.38 ± 217.75 s), and the distances are placebo (1577.25 ± 517.02 m) and mixed (2530.00 ± 832.71 m) (p < 0.05). The mixed test showed a significantly lower rating of perceived exertion than the placebo test (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation and heart rate showed no significant differences between the experiments (p > 0.05). The exercise protocol in this study showed the metabolic response of soccer players to intermittent high-intensity exercise and subsequent endurance exercise. In conclusion, it can be seen that the intake of carbohydrate-electrolytes improves the performance of soccer players, and the effect varies depending on the timing of carbohydrate-electrolyte intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Noh
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Science, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Hwan Oh
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Sok Park
- Department of Convergence Sports Science, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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Funnell MP, Embleton D, Morris T, Macrae HZ, Hart N, Mazzotta T, Lockyer W, Juett LA, Mears SA, James LJ. Exercise-induced hypohydration impairs 3 km treadmill-running performance in temperate conditions. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1171-1178. [PMID: 37733070 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Research assessing exercise-induced hypohydration on running performance in a temperate environment is scarce. Given the weight-bearing nature of running, the negative effects of hypohydration might be offset by the weight-loss associated with a negative fluid balance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of exercise-induced hypohydration on running performance in temperate conditions. Seventeen intermittent games players (age 22 ± 1 y; VO2peak 52.5 ± 4.1 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed preliminary and familiarisation trials, and two experimental trials consisting of 12 blocks of 6 min of running (65% VO2peak; preload) with 1 min passive rest in-between, followed by a 3 km time trial (TT). During the preload, subjects consumed minimal fluid (60 mL) to induce hypohydration (HYP) or water to replace 95% sweat losses (1622 ± 343 mL; EUH). Body mass loss (EUH -0.5 ± 0.3%; HYP -2.2 ± 0.4%; P < 0.001), and other changes indicative of hypohydration, including increased serum osmolality, heart rate, thirst sensation, and decreased plasma volume (P ≤ 0.022), were apparent in HYP by the end of the preload. TT performance was ~6% slower in HYP (EUH 900 ± 87 s; HYP 955 ± 110 s; P < 0.001). Exercise-induced hypohydration of ~2% body mass impaired 3 km running TT performance in a temperate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Funnell
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Daniel Embleton
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas Morris
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Heather Z Macrae
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nicholas Hart
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Tiberio Mazzotta
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - William Lockyer
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Loris A Juett
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Stephen A Mears
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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A randomized, cross-over trial assessing effects of beverage sodium concentration on plasma sodium concentration and plasma volume during prolonged exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:81-89. [PMID: 36173481 PMCID: PMC9813217 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed whether increasing sodium in a sports drink above that typical (~ 20 mmol L-1) affects plasma sodium and volume responses during prolonged exercise in the heat. METHODS Endurance trained males (N = 11, 36 ± 14 y, 75.36 ± 5.30 kg, [Formula: see text]O2max 60 ± 3 mL min-1 kg-1) fulfilled requirements of the study including one 1-h exercise pre-trial, to estimate fluid losses (to prescribe fluid intake), and two, experimental trials (3-h or until tolerance), in random order, cycling (55% [Formula: see text]O2max, 34 °C, 65% RH). Beverages contained 6% carbohydrate and either 21 mmol L-1 (Low Na+) or 60 mmol L-1 sodium (High Na+). Analyses included linear mixed models and t-tests. RESULTS Cycling time was similar 176 ± 9 min (Low Na+); 176 ± 7 min (High Na+). Fluid intake was 1.12 ± 0.19 L h-1; 1.14 ± 0.21 L h-1, resp. Body mass change was - 0.53 ± 0.40%; - 0.30 ± 0.45%, resp. Sodium intake was 69 ± 12 mmol; 201 ± 40 mmol, resp. Plasma sodium concentration was greater in High Na+ than Low Na+ (p < 0.001); decreasing in Low Na+ (- 1.5 ± 2.2 mmol L-1), increasing in High Na+ (0.8 ± 2.4 mmol L-1) (p = 0.048, 95% CI [- 4.52, - 0.02], d = 0.99). Plasma volume decreased in Low Na+ (- 2 ± 2%) but remained unchanged in High Na+ (0 ± 3%) (p = 0.01, 95% CI [- 3.2, - 0.5], d = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS When conducting prolonged exercise in the heat, those who fully hydrate would benefit by increased sodium content of the beverage by improved plasma volume and sodium maintenance. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000239460) 22/02/16.
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Fermin ASR, Friston K, Yamawaki S. An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220226. [PMID: 35774133 PMCID: PMC9240682 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, the insular cortex receives a vast amount of interoceptive information, ascending through deep brain structures, from multiple visceral organs. The unique hierarchical and modular architecture of the insula suggests specialization for processing interoceptive afferents. Yet, the biological significance of the insula's neuroanatomical architecture, in relation to deep brain structures, remains obscure. In this opinion piece, we propose the Insula Hierarchical Modular Adaptive Interoception Control (IMAC) model to suggest that insula modules (granular, dysgranular and agranular), forming parallel networks with the prefrontal cortex and striatum, are specialized to form higher order interoceptive representations. These interoceptive representations are recruited in a context-dependent manner to support habitual, model-based and exploratory control of visceral organs and physiological processes. We discuss how insula interoceptive representations may give rise to conscious feelings that best explain lower order deep brain interoceptive representations, and how the insula may serve to defend the body and mind against pathological depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. R. Fermin
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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7
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Berry CW, Murray B, Kenney WL. Scientific basis for a milk permeate-based sports drink – A critical review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Karahanoğlu A. Psychological effects of energy gels: An investigation into runners’ energy gel choice and consumption strategies in marathon running. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD DESIGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1386/ijfd_00036_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Marathon running is a physical and mental activity. Runners consume high-energy food products to fill their glycogen stores for maintaining their marathon performance. This makes consuming carbohydrates, mainly in the form of energy gels, an essential part of marathon running. While
previous research demonstrates significant physiological effects of these high-energy food products on performance, their psychological effects, which could benefit from and shed light on food design studies, have been underexplored. This article explores these effects with two participant
studies, a narrative study (n = 10) and a survey (n = 39). The inquiries start with understanding the psychology of marathon runners and examining the psychological effects of energy gels on marathon running. The results showed that the marathon runners follow a self-identified
energy gel consumption strategy during marathon running. Several qualities of energy gels influence these strategies and the meanings marathon runners attach to energy gel consumption. The findings elucidated a novel area of food design research by unveiling the nature of the non-nutritional
interactions between runner and energy gels consumed in marathon running.
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9
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Effects of Sodium Intake on Health and Performance in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063651. [PMID: 35329337 PMCID: PMC8955583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of reviews on sports nutrition issues focus on macronutrients, often omitting or paying less attention to substances such as sodium. Through the literature, it is clear that there are no reviews that focus entirely on the effects of sodium and in particular on endurance sports. Sodium intake, both at high and low doses, has been found to be associated with health and performance issues in athletes. Besides, there have been theories that an electrolyte imbalance, specifically sodium, contributes to the development of muscle cramps (EAMC) and hyponatremia (EAH). For this reason, it is necessary to create this systematic review, in order to report extensively on the role of sodium consumption in the population and more specifically in endurance and ultra-endurance athletes, the relationship between the amount consumed and the occurrence of pathological disorders, the usefulness of simultaneous hydration and whether a disturbance of this substance leads to EAH and EAMC. As a method of data collection, this study focused on exploring literature from 2000–2021. The search was conducted through the research engines PubMed and Scopus. In order to reduce the health and performance effects in endurance athletes, simultaneous emphasis should be placed on both sodium and fluid intake.
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Bourdas DI, Souglis A, Zacharakis ED, Geladas ND, Travlos AK. Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years' Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:4223. [PMID: 34959776 PMCID: PMC8704222 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during prolonged exercise postpones fatigue. However, the optimum administration timing, dosage, type of CHO intake, and possible interaction of the ergogenic effect with athletes' cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are not clear. Ninety-six studies (from relevant databases based on predefined eligibility criteria) were selected for meta-analysis to investigate the acute effect of ≤20% CHO solutions on prolonged exercise performance. The between-subject standardized mean difference [SMD = ([mean post-value treatment group-mean post-value control group]/pooled variance)] was assessed. Overall, SMD [95% CI] of 0.43 [0.35, 0.51] was significant (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that SMD was reduced as the subjects' CRF level increased, with a 6-8% CHO solution composed of GL:FRU improving performance (exercise: 1-4 h); administration during the event led to a superior performance compared to administration before the exercise, with a 6-8% single-source CHO solution increasing performance in intermittent and 'stop and start' sports and an ~6% CHO solution appearing beneficial for 45-60 min exercises, but there were no significant differences between subjects' gender and age groups, varied CHO concentrations, doses, or types in the effect measurement. The evidence found was sound enough to support the hypothesis that CHO solutions, when ingested during endurance exercise, have ergogenic action and a possible crossover interaction with the subject's CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Emmanouil D. Zacharakis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Nickos D. Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Antonios K. Travlos
- Department of Sports Organization and Management, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Efstathiou and Stamatikis Valioti & Plataion Avenue, 23100 Tripoli, Greece;
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11
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Berry CW, Wolf ST, Cottle RM, Kenney WL. Hydration Is More Important Than Exogenous Carbohydrate Intake During Push-to-the-Finish Cycle Exercise in the Heat. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:742710. [PMID: 34746777 PMCID: PMC8568039 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.742710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration ≥2% loss of body mass is associated with reductions in performance capacity, and carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte solutions (CES) are often recommended to prevent dehydration and provide a source of exogenous carbohydrate during exercise. It is also well established that performance capacity in the heat is diminished compared to cooler conditions, a response attributable to greater cardiovascular strain caused by high skin and core temperatures. Because hydration status, environmental conditions, and carbohydrate availability interact to influence performance capacity, we sought to determine how these factors affect push-to-the-finish cycling performance. Ten young trained cyclists exercised at a moderate intensity (2.5 W·kg-1) in a hot-dry condition [40°C, 20% relative humidity (RH)] until dehydration of ~2% body mass. Subjects then consumed either no fluid (NF) or enough fluid (water, WAT; Gatorade®, GAT; or GoodSport™, GS) to replace 75% of lost body mass over 30 min. After a 30-min light-intensity warm-up (1.5 W·kg-1) in a 35°C, 20% RH environment, subjects then completed a 120-kJ time trial (TT). TT time-to-completion, absolute power, and relative power were significantly improved in WAT (535 ± 214 s, 259 ± 99 W, 3.3 ± 0.9 W·kg-1), GAT (539 ± 226 s, 260 ± 110 W, 3.3 ± 1.0 W·kg-1), and GS (534 ± 238 s, 262 ± 105 W, 3.4 ± 1.0 W·kg-1) compared to NF (631 ± 310 s, 229 ± 96 W, 3.0 ± 0.9 W·kg-1) all (p < 0.01) with no differences between WAT, GAT, and GS, suggesting that hydration is more important than carbohydrate availability during exercise in the heat. A subset of four subjects returned to the laboratory to repeat the WAT, GAT, and GS treatments to determine if between-beverage differences in time-trial performance were evident with a longer TT in thermoneutral conditions. Following dehydration, the ambient conditions in the environmental chamber were reduced to 21°C and 20% RH and subjects completed a 250-kJ TT. All four subjects improved TT performance in the GS trial (919 ± 353 s, 300 ± 100 W, 3.61 ± 0.86 W·kg-1) compared to WAT (960 ± 376 s, 283 ± 91 W, 3.43 ± 0.83 W·kg-1), while three subjects improved TT performance in the GAT trial (946 ± 365 s, 293 ± 103 W, 3.60 ± 0.97 W·kg-1) compared to WAT, highlighting the importance of carbohydrate availability in cooler conditions as the length of a push-to-the-finish cycling task increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Berry
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - S Tony Wolf
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rachel M Cottle
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - W Larry Kenney
- Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Graduate Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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12
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Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Glenn JM, Boukhris O, Khacharem A, Bouaziz B, Zmijewski P, Lanteri P, Garbarino S, Clark CCT, Chamari K, Bragazzi NL, Hill D, Chtourou H. Does observance of Ramadan affect sleep in athletes and physically active individuals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13503. [PMID: 34693577 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to provide an accurate description of the effect of Ramadan observance on sleep duration, sleep quality, daily nap duration, and daytime sleepiness in athletes and physically active individuals. Five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley, and Taylor and Francis) were used to search for relevant studies conducted with athletes or physically active individuals during Ramadan, published in any language, and available before May 23, 2021. Studies that included assessments of sleep quantity and/or quality, and/or daytime sleepiness, and/or daily naps in athletes and physically active individuals were included. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using "QualSyst". Of the 18 papers included in this study (298 participants in total), 14 were of strong quality, two were moderate, and the remaining two were rated as weak. Individuals who continued to train during Ramadan experienced a decrease in sleep duration (number of studies, K = 17, number of participants, N = 289, g = -0.766, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.199 to -0.333, p = 0.001). Additionally, the global score of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index increased from 4.053 (K = 5, N = 65, 95% CI 3.071-5.034) pre-Ramadan, to 5.346 (95% CI 4.362-6.333) during Ramadan, indicating a decrease in sleep quality. The duration of daytime naps increased during compared to pre-Ramadan (K = 2, N = 31, g = 1.020, 95% CI 0.595-1.445, p = 0.000), whereas Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores remained unchanged during versus pre-Ramadan (K = 3, N = 31, g = 0.190, 95% CI -0.139-0.519, p = 0.257). In conclusion, individuals who continued to train during Ramadan experienced a decrease in sleep duration, impairment of sleep quality, and increase in daytime nap duration, with no change in daytime sleepiness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Jordan M Glenn
- Department of Health, Exercise Science Research Center Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Omar Boukhris
- Research Unit, "Physical Activity, Sport and Health", UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aimen Khacharem
- LIRTES (EA 7313), UFR SESS-STAPS, Paris-East Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - Bassem Bouaziz
- Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Piotr Zmijewski
- Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paola Lanteri
- Neurophysiopathology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Karim Chamari
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", (CNMSS); ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Nicola L Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Hill
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Research Unit, "Physical Activity, Sport and Health", UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
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13
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Single and Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Do Not Improve Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 32:22-29. [PMID: 34686616 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing seems to improve performance in exercises lasting 30-60 min. However, its effects on intermittent exercise are unclear. It is also unknown whether serial CHO mouth rinses can promote additional ergogenic effects when compared with a single mouth rinse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and serial CHO mouth rinses on Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance in soccer players. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 12 male (18.9 ± 0.5 years) soccer players performed eight serial mouth rinses under three different conditions: placebo solution only (noncaloric juice), seven placebo mouth rinses plus a single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin), or eight CHO mouth rinses (8-CHO). Following the final mouth rinse, individuals performed the Yo-Yo IR1 test to evaluate the maximal aerobic endurance performance measured via total distance covered. There were no differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance between sessions (p = .32; single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin): 1,198 ± 289 m, eight CHO mouth rinses: 1,256 ± 253 m, placebo: 1,086 ± 284 m). In conclusion, single and serial CHO mouth rinsing did not improve performance during the Yo-Yo IR1 for soccer players. These data suggest that CHO mouth rinsing is not an effective ergogenic strategy for intermittent exercise performance irrespective of the number of rinses.
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14
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The Search for the Elixir of Life: On the Therapeutic Potential of Alkaline Reduced Water in Metabolic Syndromes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our body composition is enormously influenced by our lifestyle choices, which affect our health and longevity. Nutrition and physical activities both impact overall metabolic condition, thus, a positive energy balance causes oxidative stress and inflammation, hastening the development of metabolic syndrome. With this knowledge, boosting endogenous and exogenous antioxidants has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for combating metabolic disorders. One of the promising therapeutic inventions is the use of alkaline reduced water (ARW). Aside from its hydrating and non-caloric properties, ARW has demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help stabilize physiologic turmoil caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. This review article is a synthesis of studies where we elaborate on the intra- and extracellular effects of drinking ARW, and relate these to the pathophysiology of common metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some cancers. Highlighting the health-promoting benefits of ARW, we also emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle by incorporating exercise and practicing a balanced diet as forms of habit.
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15
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Claveau P, Deshayes TA, Jeker D, Pancrate T, Goulet EDB. Provision of instructions to drink ad libitum or according to thirst sensation: impact during 120 km of cycling in the heat in men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:1-8. [PMID: 34461024 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking are used interchangeably, but should they? We investigated the differences in how athletes consumed fluids during exercise when instructed to drink according to thirst or ad libitum. Using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design, 10 males (27 ± 4 y) cycled 120 km (48 ± 4% of peak power, 33 °C, 40% relative humidity) on 2 occasions, while drinking water according to thirst or ad libitum. Participants covered the cycling trials in 222 ± 11 min (p = 0.29). Although the body mass loss at the end of exercise and total volume of water consumed were similar between trials, thirst perception before each sip and the volume consumed per sip were significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, whereas the total number of sips was significantly lower with thirst than ad libitum drinking. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature, and heart rate were all significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, but the difference was trivial. In conclusion, thirst and ad libitum drinking are associated with different drinking patterns, but equally maintain fluid balance during prolonged exercise. The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking can be used interchangeably to guide fluid intake during prolonged exercise. Novelty: Both strategies are associated with different patterns of fluid ingestion during prolonged exercise, but are equally effective in maintaining fluid balance. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature, and heart rate are regulated dissimilarly by thirst and ad libitum drinking, but the difference is trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Claveau
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas A Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - David Jeker
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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16
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Is Coffee a Useful Source of Caffeine Preexercise? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 30:69-82. [PMID: 31629349 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance-enhancing effects demonstrated across a wide variety of exercise modalities. Athletes tend to frequently consume caffeine as a performance enhancement method in training and competition. There are a number of methods available as a means of consuming caffeine around exercise, including caffeine anhydrous, sports drinks, caffeine carbohydrate gels, and gum. One popular method of caffeine ingestion in nonathletes is coffee, with some evidence suggesting it is also utilized by athletes. In this article, we discuss the research pertaining to the use of coffee as an ergogenic aid, exploring (a) whether caffeinated coffee is ergogenic, (b) whether dose-matched caffeinated coffee provides a performance benefit similar in magnitude to caffeine anhydrous, and (c) whether decaffeinated coffee consumption affects the ergogenic effects of a subsequent isolated caffeine dose. There is limited evidence that caffeinated coffee has the potential to offer ergogenic effects similar in magnitude to caffeine anhydrous; however, this requires further investigation. Coingestion of caffeine with decaffeinated coffee does not seem to limit the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Although caffeinated coffee is potentially ergogenic, its use as a preexercise caffeine ingestion method represents some practical hurdles to athletes, including the consumption of large volumes of liquid and difficulties in quantifying the exact caffeine dose, as differences in coffee type and brewing method may alter caffeine content. The use of caffeinated coffee around exercise has the potential to enhance performance, but athletes and coaches should be mindful of the practical limitations.
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17
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Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH, Daanen HAM. Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1873-1979. [PMID: 33829868 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances, and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies, and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australia
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A M Daanen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33794937 PMCID: PMC8015182 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J Wohlgemuth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew L Hoselton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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19
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Paternoster N, Baggio E, Pelosi E. Personalized hydratation status in endurance and ultra-endurance: A review. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to investigate the physiological mechanisms that underlie the hydro-electrolyte balance of the human body and the most appropriate hydration modalities for individuals involved in physical and sports activities, with a focus on ultra-endurance events. The role of effective hydration in achieving optimal sports performance is also investigated. An adequate pre-hydration is essential to perform physical and sporting activity in a condition of eu-hydration and to mantain physiologic levels of plasma electrolyte. To achieve these goals, athletes need to consume adequate drinks together with consuming meals and fluids, in order to provide an adequate absorption of the ingested fluids and the expulsion of those in excess through diuresis. Therefore, there are important differences between individuals in terms of sweating rates, the amount of electrolytes loss and the specific request of the discipline practiced and the sporting event to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Paternoster
- Centro di Medicina, Venice, Italy
- Centro Medico Fisioterapico, Magenta, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Pelosi
- Poliambulatorio Vitalia, Torino, Italy
- Centro PET Irmet – Affidea, Torino, Italy
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20
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Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Feragalli B, Cesarone MR, Rotondi V, Ledda A, Zuccarini M, Hosoi M, Dugall M, Cacchio M, Cornelli U. PycnoRacer®, a fitness drink including Pycnogenol®, improves recovery and training in the Cooper test. Panminerva Med 2020; 61:457-463. [PMID: 32043843 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the effects of training (on running distance measured with a Cooper test) in 3 weeks in non-professional athletes using PycnoRacer®, a fitness drink (FD) including Pycnogenol® during the training period. METHODS Pycnogenol® has been used in preclinical conditions and prevention. PycnoRacer® is a liquid combination of Pycnogenol® (15 mg), L-leucine (0.6 g), L-arginine (0.3 g), L-isoleucine (0.3 g), and L-valine (0.3 g). Two comparable groups (one using the FD) were formed: 60 training athletes were requested to drink one bottle 4 times/day, while 65 controls did not use PycnoRacer® or other comparable sports drinks. All subjects had a strong athletic background and advanced knowledge of the procedures of the tests. Two daily training sessions were completed. The sessions consisted in warming up and running a Cooper test. RESULTS 125 subjects completed the three weeks according to plans. There were nine dropouts due to logistical or working problems. Subjects using the FD improved on average by 18.83% (range 12-23%) in their running distance with training. The difference with controls was significant (P<0.05) at 3 weeks (controls improved on average by 8.9%; range 3-17.4%). The difference between the two groups was on average 9.93% (P<0.05). A comparable increase in VO2max was observed in the groups. In the FD group the increase was on average by 10.05 mL/kg/min compared to 4.95 mL/kg/min in controls, with a difference of 5.1 mL/kg/min (P<0.05). A VAS score showed comparable values. Lower values (concerning muscular pain and cramps) were observed in FD subjects (P<0.05) at the end of the 3 weeks of training. The level of plasma free radicals (PFR) values after the last Cooper test was significantly lower at 3 weeks in the FD group (P<0.05). No intolerance problem was observed by subjects using the FD. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the use of PycnoRacer® improved training, running distance, VO2max and PFR decreasing muscular pain and cramps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vinciguerra
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences, and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianni Belcaro
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy - .,International Agency for Pharma Standard Supplements (IAPPS), Pescara, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, and Physiology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Feragalli
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, and Physiology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Cesarone
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy.,International Agency for Pharma Standard Supplements (IAPPS), Pescara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rotondi
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences, and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Ledda
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy.,International Agency for Pharma Standard Supplements (IAPPS), Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Morio Hosoi
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy.,International Agency for Pharma Standard Supplements (IAPPS), Pescara, Italy
| | - Mark Dugall
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy.,International Agency for Pharma Standard Supplements (IAPPS), Pescara, Italy
| | - Marisa Cacchio
- Department of Clinical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, and Physiology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Umberto Cornelli
- IRVINE3 Labs, Pescara, Italy.,International Agency for Pharma Standard Supplements (IAPPS), Pescara, Italy
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21
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Sharples A, Baker D, Black K. Nutrition for Adolescent Female Team Sport Athletes: A Review. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Sun FH, Cooper SB, Chak-Fung Tse F. Effects of different solutions consumed during exercise on cognitive function of male college soccer players. J Exerc Sci Fit 2020; 18:155-161. [PMID: 32636892 PMCID: PMC7330616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of three solutions, i.e. carbohydrate-electrolyte-solution (CES), carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein-solution (CEPS), and placebo (PLA), on cognitive function of college soccer players. Methods Sixteen male college soccer players completed three main trials in a randomized cross-over study design. In each main trial, participants completed 90 min Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) protocol and consumed one of three solutions. The cognitive function tests were performed; blood glucose and lactate concentrations, and several subjective measurements were also recorded in each trial. Results Compared with pre-exercise level, the accuracy of Rapid Visual Information Processing test (RVIPT) and the response time in Visual Search Test (VST, complex level) after LIST improved in CES and CEPS trials, but not in PLA trial. However, the accuracy of VST (complex level) decreased in both CES and CEPS trials, compared with PLA trial. CEPS consumption improved accuracy in VST (simple level), compared with CES consumption. Blood glucose concentrations were well maintained in CEPS trial, but not in CES and PLA trials. Conclusion It seems that both CES and CEPS consumption show certain benefits on some aspects of cognitive function in male college soccer players in Hong Kong. However, these effects may be specific to the cognitive domain tested.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptophan
- AD, Abdominal discomfort
- BCAA, Branched chain amino acids
- BM, Body mass
- CEPS, Carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein solution
- CES, Carbohydrate-electrolyte solution
- Carbohydrate
- Dehydration
- HR, Heart rate
- LIST, Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test
- Loughborough intermittent shuttle test
- PT, Perceived thirst
- Performance
- Protein
- RPE, Rating of perceived exertion
- RVIPT, Rapid visual information processing test
- ST, Stroop test
- Sports drink
- VST, Visual search test
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon B Cooper
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Frank Chak-Fung Tse
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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23
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Sabou V, Rush C, Mason L, Dupont G, Louis J. Effects of training intensity and environmental condition on the hydration status of elite football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1761558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Sabou
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football & Athletic Ltd, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Chris Rush
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football & Athletic Ltd, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Liam Mason
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football & Athletic Ltd, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Grégory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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24
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Frequent Carbohydrate Ingestion Reduces Muscle Glycogen Depletion and Postpones Fatigue Relative to a Single Bolus. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:203–209. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The timing of carbohydrate ingestion and how this influences net muscle glycogen utilization and fatigue has only been investigated in prolonged cycling. Past findings may not translate to running because each exercise mode is distinct both in the metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion and in the practicalities of carbohydrate ingestion. To this end, a randomized, cross-over design was employed to contrast ingestion of the same sucrose dose either at frequent intervals (15 × 5 g every 5 min) or at a late bolus (1 × 75 g after 75 min) during prolonged treadmill running to exhaustion in six well-trained runners ( 61 ± 4 ml·kg−1·min−1). The muscle glycogen utilization rate was lower in every participant over the first 75 min of running (Δ 0.51 mmol·kg dm−1·min−1; 95% confidence interval [−0.02, 1.04] mmol·kg dm−1·min−1) and, subsequently, all were able to run for longer when carbohydrate had been ingested frequently from the start of exercise compared with when carbohydrate was ingested as a single bolus toward the end of exercise (105.6 ± 3.0 vs. 96.4 ± 5.0 min, respectively; Δ 9.3 min, 95% confidence interval [2.8, 15.8] min). A moderate positive correlation was apparent between the magnitude of glycogen sparing over the first 75 min and the improvement in running capacity (r = .58), with no significant difference in muscle glycogen concentrations at the point of exhaustion. This study indicates that failure to ingest carbohydrates from the outset of prolonged running increases reliance on limited endogenous muscle glycogen stores—the ergolytic effects of which cannot be rectified by subsequent carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise.
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25
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Abstract
Introduction Introduction: there has been an increase in the number of endurance sports events during the last 20 years, as well as in the number of their participants. An adequate nutritional plan is essential for a satisfactory performance in this type of events, both in professional and amateur athletes. Objectives: the objective was to determine, evaluate, and compare with the current scientific recommendations the consumption of carbohydrates, water, and sodium by participants in a trail-running event. Methods: the competition completed by the athletes was the "Medio Trail de Alcoy 2019" (Alcoy, Spain), with a distance of 30 km. After completing the race, participants filled out a questionnaire about their food and drink consumption during the event, in addition to other questions about their nutritional habits in general. Eleven participants who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Results: the result obtained for average carbohydrate intake was 14.93 g/h, for sodium intake was 146.42 mg/h, and for water intake was 399.73 mL/h. In all, 27 % of participants visited a dietitian-nutritionist on a regular basis, and none reported gastrointestinal tract issues during the race. Conclusions: the carbohydrate and sodium consumption of participants was low as compared to current scientific recommendations; however, water consumption was adequate according to them. Our advice for endurance athletes is visit a specialized dietitian-nutritionist to achieve optimal performance in competitions.
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26
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Abstract
The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a great number of tactical decisions for a healthy finish and best performance. Dehydration is widely postulated to decrease performance and is known as a cause of dropouts in Ironman. Despite the importance of hydration status after an Ironman triathlon, there is a clear lack of review and especially meta-analysis studies on this topic. Therefore, the objective was to systematically review the literature and carry out a meta-analysis investigating the hydration status after an Ironman triathlon. We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to June 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science. From the initial 995 references, we included 6 studies in the qualitative analysis and in the meta-analysis. All trials had two measures of hydration status after a full Ironman race. Total body water, blood and urine osmolality, urine specific gravity and sodium plasma concentration were considered as hydration markers. Three investigators independently abstracted data on the study design, sample size, participants’ and race characteristics, outcomes, and quantitative data for the meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, it seems that the Ironman event led to a moderate state of dehydration in comparison to baseline values (SMD 0.494; 95% CI 0.220 to 0.767; p = 0.001). Some evidence of heterogeneity and consistency was also observed: Q = 19.6; I2 = 28.5%; τ2 = 2.39. The results suggest that after the race athletes seem to be hypo-hydrated in comparison to baseline values.
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27
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Seal AD, Anastasiou CA, Skenderi KP, Echegaray M, Yiannakouris N, Tsekouras YE, Matalas AL, Yannakoulia M, Pechlivani F, Kavouras SA. Incidence of Hyponatremia During a Continuous 246-km Ultramarathon Running Race. Front Nutr 2019; 6:161. [PMID: 31681787 PMCID: PMC6798088 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this observational study was to examine the incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in a 246-km continuous ultra-marathon. Methods: Over 2 years, 63 male finishers of the annual Spartathlon ultra-marathon foot race from Athens to Sparta, Greece were included in the data analysis. A blood sample was drawn from an antecubital vein the day before the race as well as within 15 min post-race and analyzed for sodium concentration. During the second year of data collection, blood was also drawn at the 93-km checkpoint (n = 29). Height and weight were measured pre and post-race. Results: Mean race time of all subjects was 33 ± 3 h with a range of 23.5 and 36.0 h. Of the 63 finishers recruited, nine began the race with values indicative of mild hyponatremia. Seven runners were classified as hyponatremic at the 93-km checkpoint, three of whom had sodium levels of severe hyponatremia. After the race, 41 total finishers (65%) developed either mild (n = 27, 43%) or severe hyponatremia (n = 14, 22%). Mean change in bodyweight percentage and serum sodium from pre-race to post-race was −3.6 ± 2.7% (−2.5 ± 1.9 kg) and −6.6 ± 5.6 mmol·L−1, respectively. Pre-race serum sodium level was not a significant predictor of post-race serum sodium levels (β = 0.08, R2 = 0.07, P = 0.698), however, there was a significant negative association between change in bodyweight percentage and post-race serum sodium concentration (β = −0.79, R2 = 0.29, P = 0.011). Conclusion: The incidence of EAH of 52 and 65%, when excluding or including these individuals with pre-race hyponatremia, was the highest reported in current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Seal
- Hydration Science Lab, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Marcos Echegaray
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey, Puerto Rico
| | - Nikos Yiannakouris
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Antonia L Matalas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Fani Pechlivani
- Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros A Kavouras
- Hydration Science Lab, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Barnes KA, Anderson ML, Stofan JR, Dalrymple KJ, Reimel AJ, Roberts TJ, Randell RK, Ungaro CT, Baker LB. Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2356-2366. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Vadopalas K, Ratkevičius A, Skurvydas A, Sipavičienė S, Brazaitis M. Pre-Exercise Rehydration Attenuates Central Fatigability during 2-Min Maximum Voluntary Contraction in Hyperthermia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55030066. [PMID: 30871128 PMCID: PMC6473333 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Hyperthermia with dehydration alters several brain structure volumes, mainly by changing plasma osmolality, thus strongly affecting neural functions (cognitive and motor). Here, we aimed to examine whether the prevention of significant dehydration caused by passively induced whole-body hyperthermia attenuates peripheral and/or central fatigability during a sustained 2-min isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Materials and Methods: Ten healthy and physically active adult men (21 ± 1 years of age) performed an isometric MVC of the knee extensors for 2 min (2-min MVC) under control (CON) conditions, after passive lower-body heating that induced severe whole-body hyperthermia (HT, Tre > 39 °C) with dehydration (HT-D) and after HT with rehydration (HT-RH). Results: In the HT-D trial, the subjects lost 0.94 ± 0.15 kg (1.33% ± 0.13%) of their body weight; in the HT-RH trial, their body weight increased by 0.1 ± 0.42 kg (0.1% ± 0.58%). After lower-body heating, the HT-RH trial (vs. HT-D trial) was accompanied by a significantly lower physiological stress index (6.77 ± 0.98 vs. 7.40 ± 1.46, respectively), heart rate (47.8 ± 9.8 vs. 60.8 ± 13.2 b min−1, respectively), and systolic blood pressure (−12.52 ± 5.1 vs. +2.3 ± 6.4, respectively). During 2-min MVC, hyperthermia (HT-D; HT-RH) resulted in greater central fatigability compared with the CON trial. The voluntary activation of exercising muscles was less depressed in the HT-RH trial compared with the HT-D trial. Over the exercise period, electrically (involuntary) induced torque decreased less in the HT-D trial than in the CON and HT-RH trials. Conclusions: Our results suggest that pre-exercise rehydration might have the immediate positive effect of reducing physiological thermal strain, thus attenuating central fatigability even when exercise is performed during severe (Tre > 39 °C) HT, induced by passive warming of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazys Vadopalas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Aivaras Ratkevičius
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Saulė Sipavičienė
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Eckstein ML, Williams DM, O'Neil LK, Hayes J, Stephens JW, Bracken RM. Physical exercise and non-insulin glucose-lowering therapies in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review. Diabet Med 2019; 36:349-358. [PMID: 30536728 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the UK the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advocates intensive lifestyle programmes that attain the levels of daily physical activity set out by the Chief Medical Officer as a first-line strategy for improving the health of people at risk of developing diabetes or reducing the risk of development of Type 2 diabetes. For people with Type 2 diabetes, lifestyle measures complement pharmacological treatments that include both oral and injectable therapies. In line with this, NICE guidelines also support intensification of efforts to improve patient lifestyle along with these glucose-lowering therapies. There is a paucity of evidence, however, in the available published literature examining the association between glucose-lowering therapies and exercise metabolism. In the present review we explore the current knowledge with regard to the potential interactions of oral and non-insulin injectable therapies with physical activity in people at risk of, or who have, Type 2 diabetes, and present evidence that may inform healthcare professionals of the need to monitor patients more closely in their adaptation to both pharmacological therapy and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eckstein
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Medical School, Swansea, UK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D M Williams
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Medical School, Swansea, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - L K O'Neil
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - J Hayes
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Medical School, Swansea, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - J W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Medical School, Swansea, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - R M Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Medical School, Swansea, UK
- Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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31
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Dietary Protein for Training Adaptation and Body Composition Manipulation in Track and Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:165-174. [PMID: 30507259 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Track and field athletes engage in vigorous training that places stress on physiological systems requiring nutritional support for optimal recovery. Of paramount importance when optimizing recovery nutrition are rehydration and refueling which are covered in other papers in this volume. Here, we highlight the benefits for dietary protein intake over and above requirements set out in various countries at ∼0.8-1.0 g·kg body mass (BM)-1·day-1 for training adaptation, manipulating body composition, and optimizing performance in track and field athletes. To facilitate the remodeling of protein-containing structures, which are turning over rapidly due to their training volumes, track and field athletes with the goal of weight maintenance or weight gain should aim for protein intakes of ∼1.6 g·kg BM-1·day-1. Protein intakes at this level would not necessarily require an overemphasis on protein-containing foods and, beyond convenience, does not suggest a need to use protein or amino acid-based supplements. This review also highlights that optimal protein intakes may exceed 1.6 g·kg BM-1·day-1 for athletes who are restricting energy intake and attempting to minimize loss of lean BM. We discuss the underpinning rationale for weight loss in track and field athletes, explaining changes in metabolic pathways that occur in response to energy restriction when manipulating protein intake and training. Finally, this review offers practical advice on protein intakes that warrant consideration in allowing an optimal adaptive response for track and field athletes seeking to train effectively and to lose fat mass while energy restricted with minimal (or no) loss of lean BM.
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33
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Baker LB, De Chavez PJD, Ungaro CT, Sopeña BC, Nuccio RP, Reimel AJ, Barnes KA. Exercise intensity effects on total sweat electrolyte losses and regional vs. whole-body sweat [Na +], [Cl -], and [K +]. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:361-375. [PMID: 30523403 PMCID: PMC6373370 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To quantify total sweat electrolyte losses at two relative exercise intensities and determine the effect of workload on the relation between regional (REG) and whole body (WB) sweat electrolyte concentrations. Methods Eleven recreational athletes (7 men, 4 women; 71.5 ± 8.4 kg) completed two randomized trials cycling (30 °C, 44% rh) for 90 min at 45% (LOW) and 65% (MOD) of VO2max in a plastic isolation chamber to determine WB sweat [Na+] and [Cl−] using the washdown technique. REG sweat [Na+] and [Cl−] were measured at 11 REG sites using absorbent patches. Total sweat electrolyte losses were the product of WB sweat loss (WBSL) and WB sweat electrolyte concentrations. Results WBSL (0.86 ± 0.15 vs. 1.27 ± 0.24 L), WB sweat [Na+] (32.6 ± 14.3 vs. 52.7 ± 14.6 mmol/L), WB sweat [Cl−] (29.8 ± 13.6 vs. 52.5 ± 15.6 mmol/L), total sweat Na+ loss (659 ± 340 vs. 1565 ± 590 mg), and total sweat Cl− loss (931 ± 494 vs. 2378 ± 853 mg) increased significantly (p < 0.05) from LOW to MOD. REG sweat [Na+] and [Cl−] increased from LOW to MOD at all sites except thigh and calf. Intensity had a significant effect on the regression model predicting WB from REG at the ventral wrist, lower back, thigh, and calf for sweat [Na+] and [Cl−]. Conclusion Total sweat Na+ and Cl− losses increased by ~ 150% with increased exercise intensity. Regression equations can be used to predict WB sweat [Na+] and [Cl−] from some REG sites (e.g., dorsal forearm) irrespective of intensity (between 45 and 65% VO2max), but other sites (especially ventral wrist, lower back, thigh, and calf) require separate prediction equations accounting for workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., 60010, Barrington, IL, USA.
| | | | - Corey T Ungaro
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., 60010, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Bridget C Sopeña
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., 60010, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Ryan P Nuccio
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., 60010, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Adam J Reimel
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., 60010, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., 60010, Barrington, IL, USA
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34
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Hafen PS, Vehrs PR. Sex-Related Differences in the Maximal Lactate Steady State. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040154. [PMID: 30486396 PMCID: PMC6316329 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is one of the factors that differentiates performance in aerobic events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the MLSS in well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two (12 female, 10 male) well-trained distance runners (23 ± 5.0 years) performed multiple 30-min steady-state runs to determine their MLSS, during which blood lactate and respiratory gas exchange measures were taken. To interpret the MLSS intensity as a training tool, runners completed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at their MLSS. The relative intensity at which the MLSS occurred was identical between males and females according to both oxygen consumption (83 ± 5 %O₂max) and heart rate (89 ± 7 %HRmax). However, female runners displayed a significantly lower RER at MLSS compared to male runners (p < 0.0001; 0.84 ± 0.02 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04, respectively). There was not a significant difference in TTE at MLSS between males (79 ± 17 min) and females (80 ± 25 min). Due to the observed difference in the RER at the MLSS, it is suggested that RER derived estimates of MLSS be sex-specific. While the RER data suggest that the MLSS represents different metabolic intensities for males and females, the relative training load of MLSS appears to be similar in males and female runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hafen
- Department of Exercise Sciences, 106 SFH; Brigham Young University; Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Pat R Vehrs
- Department of Exercise Sciences, 106 SFH; Brigham Young University; Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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35
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Shei RJ, Paris HL, Beck CP, Chapman RF, Mickleborough TD. Repeated High-Intensity Cycling Performance Is Unaffected by Timing of Carbohydrate Ingestion. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2243-2249. [PMID: 28902115 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Shei, R-J, Paris, HL, Beck, CP, Chapman, RF, and Mickleborough, TD. Repeated high-intensity cycling performance is unaffected by timing of carbohydrate ingestion. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2243-2249, 2018-To determine whether carbohydrate (CHO) feeding taken immediately before, early, or late in a series of high-intensity cycling exercises affected cycling performance. A total of 16 trained, male cyclists (>6 hours postprandial) performed 3-, 4-km cycling time trials (TT1, TT2, and TT3) separated by 15 minutes of active recovery on 4 separate occasions. Carbohydrate feeding (80 g) was given either before TT1 (PRE1), before TT2 (PRE2), before TT3 (PRE3), or not at all (control, CTL). Treatment order was randomized. Sweet placebo was given before the other TTs. Blood glucose (BG) concentration was measured before each trial. Mean power output (Pmean) and time to completion (TTC) were recorded. Pmean was higher in TT1 compared with TT2 (p = 0.001) and TT3 (p = 0.004) in all conditions, but no differences were observed between treatments. Time to completion was lower in TT1 compared with TT2 (p = 0.01), but no other differences in TTC (within or between treatments) were observed. Within CTL and PRE1, BG did not differ between TT1, TT2, and TT3. In PRE2, BG was significantly higher in TT2 compared with TT1 (p = 0.006), in TT3 compared with TT1 (p = 0.001), and in TT3 compared with TT2 (p = 0.01). In PRE3, BG was significantly higher in TT3 compared with TT1 and TT2 (p = 0.001 for both). Given that performance was not influenced by the timing of CHO ingestion, athletes engaging in repeated, high-intensity cycling exercise do not need to ingest CHO before- or between-exercise bouts; furthermore, athletes should refrain from ingesting CHO between bouts if they wish to avoid a rise in BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jay Shei
- HH Morris Human Performance and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hunter L Paris
- HH Morris Human Performance and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Christopher P Beck
- HH Morris Human Performance and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert F Chapman
- HH Morris Human Performance and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- HH Morris Human Performance and Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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36
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Smart CE, Annan F, Higgins LA, Jelleryd E, Lopez M, Acerini CL. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 Suppl 27:136-154. [PMID: 30062718 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmel E Smart
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Sutehall S, Muniz-Pardos B, Bosch AN, Di Gianfrancesco A, Pitsiladis YP. Sports Drinks on the Edge of a New Era. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17:112-116. [PMID: 29629968 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Sutehall
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Andrew N Bosch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Alessia Di Gianfrancesco
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, SOUTH AFRICA
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38
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Black KE, Black AD, Baker D, Fairbairn K. Body mass changes during training in elite rugby union: Is a single test of hydration indices reliable? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1049-1057. [PMID: 29806987 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1470677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
There is limited research studying fluid and electrolyte balance in rugby union players, and a paucity of information regarding the test-retest reliability. This study describes the fluid balance of elite rugby union players across multiple squads and the reliability of fluid balance measures between two equivalent training sessions. Sixty-one elite rugby players completed a single fluid balance testing session during a game simulation training session. A subsample of 21 players completed a second fluid balance testing session during an equivalent training session. Players were weighed in minimal clothing before and after each training session. Each player was provided with their own drinks which were weighed before and after each training session. More players gained body weight (9 (14.8%)) during training than lost greater than 2% of their initial body mass (1 (1.6%)). Pre-training body mass and rate of fluid loss were significantly associated (r = 0.318, p = .013). There was a significant correlation between rate of fluid loss in sessions 1 (1.74 ± 0.32 L h-1) and 2 (1.10 ± 0.31 L. h-1), (r = 0.470, p = .032). This could be useful for nutritionists working with rugby squads to identify players with high sweat losses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dane Baker
- c Chiefs Super Franchise , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Kirsty Fairbairn
- d Advanced Sports Dietitian , Invigorate Nutrition , Dunedin , New Zealand
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39
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Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability. Sports Med 2018; 47:111-128. [PMID: 28332116 PMCID: PMC5371639 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Athletes lose water and electrolytes as a consequence of thermoregulatory sweating during exercise and it is well known that the rate and composition of sweat loss can vary considerably within and among individuals. Many scientists and practitioners conduct sweat tests to determine sweat water and electrolyte losses of athletes during practice and competition. The information gleaned from sweat testing is often used to guide personalized fluid and electrolyte replacement recommendations for athletes; however, unstandardized methodological practices and challenging field conditions can produce inconsistent/inaccurate results. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a review of the literature regarding the effect of laboratory and field sweat-testing methodological variations on sweating rate (SR) and sweat composition (primarily sodium concentration [Na+]). The simplest and most accurate method to assess whole-body SR is via changes in body mass during exercise; however, potential confounding factors to consider are non-sweat sources of mass change and trapped sweat in clothing. In addition, variability in sweat [Na+] can result from differences in the type of collection system used (whole body or localized), the timing/duration of sweat collection, skin cleaning procedure, sample storage/handling, and analytical technique. Another aim of this paper is to briefly review factors that may impact intra/interindividual variability in SR and sweat [Na+] during exercise, including exercise intensity, environmental conditions, heat acclimation, aerobic capacity, body size/composition, wearing of protective equipment, sex, maturation, aging, diet, and/or hydration status. In summary, sweat testing can be a useful tool to estimate athletes’ SR and sweat Na+ loss to help guide fluid/electrolyte replacement strategies, provided that data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.
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40
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Finger D, Lanferdini FJ, Farinha JB, Brusco CM, Helal L, Boeno FP, Cadore EL, Pinto RS. Ingestion of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus protein does not enhance performance during endurance exercise: a randomized crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:937-944. [PMID: 29544062 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A beverage containing protein (PRO) and carbohydrate (CHO) may have an ergogenic effect on endurance performance. However, evidence regarding its efficacy on similar conditions to athletes' race day is still lacking. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different nutritional supplementation strategies on performance and muscle recovery in a duathlon protocol. Thirteen male athletes (29.7 ± 7.7 years) participated in 3 simulated Olympic-distance duathlon trials (SDTs) under 3 different, randomly assigned supplementation regimens: CHO drink (75 g CHO), isocaloric CHO plus PRO drink (60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO), and placebo drink (PLA). Supplements were offered during the cycling bout. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 24 h after each SDT for creatine kinase (CK) analysis. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured before and 24 h after each SDT. The primary outcome measure was the time to complete the 5-km running section (t5km) at a self-selected pace. There was no difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 s), CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 s), and PLA (1275.4 ± 120 s); p = 0.87, effect size (ES) ≤ 0.1. Pre-post changes for PT and CK were not significant for any of the 3 conditions (PT: p = 0.24, ES ≤ 0.4; CK: p = 0.32, ES = 0.3-1.04). For endurance sports lasting up to 2 h, with a pre-exercise meal containing CHO at 1.5 g·kg-1, supplementation with CHO or CHO+PRO does not offer additional benefits for performance and muscle recovery when compared with PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Finger
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,b Physical Education Course, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Av. Universidade das Missões, 464 - Universitário, CEP: 98802-470, Santo Ângelo, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Müller Brusco
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Helal
- c Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Largo Eduardo Zaccaro Faraco, CEP: 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francesco Pinto Boeno
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Athletes have specific needs based on sex, size, sport, exercise intensity, duration of activity, phase of training, and the season in which the sport is played. Nutritionally, the female athlete is unique, with needs that may vary based on hormonal fluctuations related to the menstrual cycle. This article provides an overview of the distinct nutritional needs and concerns of the physically active female, including energy availability, macronutrient needs, micronutrient needs, hydration, supplements, and other nutritional issues. Although there is some research focusing specifically on the female athlete and her exceptional nutritional concerns, further gender-specific exploration is needed in all areas.
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Gui Z, Sun F, Si G, Chen Y. Effect of protein and carbohydrate solutions on running performance and cognitive function in female recreational runners. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185982. [PMID: 29023535 PMCID: PMC5638311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a carbohydrate–electrolyte–protein solution (CEPS, 2% protein plus 4% carbohydrate), carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (CES, 6% carbohydrate), and noncaloric sweetened placebo (PLA) on both 21-km running performance and cognitive function. Eleven female recreational endurance runners performed a 21-km time-trial running on three occasions, separated by at least 28 days. In a randomized cross-over design, they ingested CEPS, CES, or PLA at a rate of 150 mL every 2.5 km with no time feedback. A cognitive function test was performed before and after the run. Participants ingested approximately 24 g/h carbohydrate plus 12 g/h protein in CEPS trial, and 36 g/h carbohydrate in CES trial during each 21-km trial. Time to complete the time-trial was slightly shorter (P < 0.05) during CES (129.6 ± 8.8 min) than PLA (134.6 ± 11.5 min), with no differences between CEPS and the other two trials. The CEPS trial showed higher composite of visual motor speed than the PLA trial (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CES feedings might improve 21-km time-trial performance in female recreational runners compared with a PLA. However, adding protein to the CES provided no additional time-trial performance benefit. CEPS feeding during prolonged exercise could benefit visual motor speed compared to PLA alone, but no differences in the performance of the other cognitive function tests were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohuan Gui
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (FS); (YC)
| | - Gangyan Si
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (FS); (YC)
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43
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Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Chtourou H, Moalla W, Ghozzi H, Jamoussi K, Hakim A. Monitoring athletes’ hydration status and sleep patterns during Ramadan observance: methodological and practical considerations. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1368214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Stephen R. Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wacim Moalla
- UR15JS01: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Ghozzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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44
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Oliveira CC, Ferreira D, Caetano C, Granja D, Pinto R, Mendes B, Sousa M. Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020028. [PMID: 29910389 PMCID: PMC5968974 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary elite soccer features increased physical demands during match-play, as well as a larger number of matches per season. Now more than ever, aspects related to performance optimization are highly regarded by both players and soccer coaches. Here, nutrition takes a special role as most elite teams try to provide an adequate diet to guarantee maximum performance while ensuring a faster recovery from matches and training exertions. It is currently known that manipulation and periodization of macronutrients, as well as sound hydration practices, have the potential to interfere with training adaptation and recovery. A careful monitoring of micronutrient status is also relevant to prevent undue fatigue and immune impairment secondary to a deficiency status. Furthermore, the sensible use of evidence-based dietary supplements may also play a role in soccer performance optimization. In this sense, several nutritional recommendations have been issued. This detailed and comprehensive review addresses the most relevant and up-to-date nutritional recommendations for elite soccer players, covering from macro and micronutrients to hydration and selected supplements in different contexts (daily requirements, pre, peri and post training/match and competition).
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Affiliation(s)
- César Chaves Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Viana do Castelo 4960-320, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Ferreira
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Caetano
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Diana Granja
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Instituto Politécnico de Leiria - Escola Superior de Saúde, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal.
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45
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Quantifying ice hockey goaltender leg pad kinematics and the effect that different leg pad styles have on performance. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-017-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goulet EDB, Asselin A, Gosselin J, Baker LB. Measurement of sodium concentration in sweat samples: comparison of 5 analytical techniques. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:861-868. [PMID: 28407476 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweat sodium concentration (SSC) can be determined using different analytical techniques (ATs), which may have implications for athletes and scientists. This study compared the SSC measured with 5 ATs: ion chromatography (IChr), flame photometry (FP), direct (DISE) and indirect (IISE) ion-selective electrode, and ion conductivity (IC). Seventy sweat samples collected from 14 athletes were analyzed with 5 instruments: the 883 Basic IC Plus (IChr, reference instrument), AAnalyst 200 (FP), Cobas 6000 (IISE), Sweat-Chek (IC), and B-722 Laqua Twin (DISE). Instruments showed excellent relative (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ≥ 0.999) and absolute (coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 2.6%) reliability. Relative validity was also excellent between ATs (ICC ≥ 0.961). In regards to the inter-AT absolute validity, compared with IChr, standard error of the estimates were similar among ATs (2.8-3.8 mmol/L), but CV was lowest with DISE (3.9%), intermediate with IISE (7.6%), and FP (6.9%) and highest with IC (12.3%). In conclusion, SSC varies depending on the AT used to analyze samples. Therefore, results obtained from different ATs are scarcely comparable and should not be used interchangeably. Nevertheless, taking into account the normal variability in SSC (∼±12%), the imprecision of the recommendations deriving from FP, IISE, IC, and DISE should have trivial health and physiological consequences under most exercise circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D B Goulet
- a Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,b Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Audrey Asselin
- a Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,b Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gosselin
- a Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.,b Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- c Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL 60010, USA
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Martinez S, Aguilo A, Rodas L, Lozano L, Moreno C, Tauler P. Energy, macronutrient and water intake during a mountain ultramarathon event: The influence of distance. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:333-339. [PMID: 28322630 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1306092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adequate dietary strategies are essential for the successful participation in ultra-endurance races. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the energy and water intakes of participants during three different mountain ultra-endurance runs. The study took place at the "Ultra Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana" (Mallorca, Spain), an ultra-endurance mountain event with runners participating either in a 44-km (Marathon, n = 51), a 67-km (Trail, n = 109) or a 112-km (Ultra, n = 53) run competition. Participants in the study answered a questionnaire focused on the nutritional intake within an hour after finishing the competition. Mean energy intake during the competitions was 183 kcal · h¯1, with an average carbohydrate intake of 31 g · h¯1 (52.1% of participants consumed less than 30 g · h¯1). No significant differences between competitions were found in these parameters. However, a higher percentage of energy from lipids in participants in the Trail and the Ultra was found (P = 0.034). Furthermore, significant differences were observed in water intake per hour of competition (P = 0.039), with the lowest value for the intake during the Ultra competition. In conclusion, the majority of the participants in the study present low carbohydrate intakes. However, fluid intake seems to be adequate. Different distances did not significantly influence the participants' nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martinez
- a Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
| | - Antoni Aguilo
- a Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
| | - Lluis Rodas
- b Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
| | - Leticia Lozano
- a Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
| | - Carlos Moreno
- a Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
| | - Pedro Tauler
- b Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences , University of the Balearic Islands , Palma de Mallorca , Spain
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Abstract
Nutritional needs for peak athletic performance include sufficient calorie intake, adequate hydration, and attention to timing of meals. Student athletes and their advisors often are misinformed or have misconceptions about sports nutrition. This paper identifies nutritional needs of young athletes, reviews common misconceptions, and examines the nutrition knowledge of athletes and their sources of nutrition information. Topics covered include energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat and micronutrient needs, hydration requirements, timing of meals, and issues related to age, gender, and specific sports. Other issues addressed include “making weight” and ergogenic aids. Proper nutrition for young athletes is critical not only to their athletic success, but more importantly to their growth, development, and overall health. Nutritional recommendations should be based on the most current scientific data; we provide information about appropriate resources for the school nurse when advising student athletes and their coaches and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Cotunga
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences at the University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Opoku-Okrah C, Sam DK, Nkum B, Dogbe EE, Antwi-Boateng L, Sackey B, Gyamfi D, Danquah KO. Sports anaemia and anthropometric evaluation of footballers at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). Pan Afr Med J 2016; 24:25. [PMID: 27583089 PMCID: PMC4992372 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.25.7244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sports anaemia is a physiological activity that occurs amongst footballers and may be due to poor diet, over-training, as well as an increase in plasma volume in endurance training activities. High plasma volume leads to changes in haematological parameters that may impact on endurance of footballers. The objective of the study was to determine the correlation between haematological and an-thropometric indices and their role in sports anaemia in a tropical setting. METHODS Venous blood was taken into EDTA for 12 soccer players of KNUST soccer team before training and after training for the first (W1) and fifth (W5) weeks of training sessions. Complete blood count analysis was done for each blood sample and anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, body mass index, body fat percent and lean body mass were also measured. Cross-tabulations with mean and standard deviation or median and range were computed. Paired t-test & and Mann-Whitney test for parametric and non-parametric data computations were carried out and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was taken to rep-resent significant difference between data groups. RESULTS There was significant reduction in haemoglobin (p = 0.003), haematocrit (p = 0.002), mean cell volume (MCV) (p = 0.034) and red blood cell (RBC) count (p = 0.011) as a result of a significant expansion of plasma volume (p= 0.006). Neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were reduced significantly (p= 0.043, 0.001 and 0.007, respectively) after the training at W5. Lean body mass (LBM) inversely correlated with haemoglobin (r = -0.787, p = 0.002) and haematocrit (r = -0.588, p = 0.044). Body fat percentage (BFP) also negatively correlated with lymphocyte count (r = -0.700, p = 0.011). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between body mass index (BMI) and plasma volume change after the training programme (r = 0.689, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION The results suggest that sports anaemia was induced by an increase in plasma volume that resulted in changes in haematological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Opoku-Okrah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Kwasi Sam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bernard Nkum
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elliot Eli Dogbe
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Lilian Antwi-Boateng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Benedict Sackey
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Gyamfi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Owusu Danquah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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50
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Parrilla M, Cánovas R, Jeerapan I, Andrade FJ, Wang J. A Textile-Based Stretchable Multi-Ion Potentiometric Sensor. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:996-1001. [PMID: 26959998 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A textile-based wearable multi-ion potentiometric sensor array is described. The printed flexible sensors operate favorably under extreme mechanical strains (that reflect daily activity) while offering attractive real-time noninvasive monitoring of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Parrilla
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Rocío Cánovas
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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