1
|
Moen F, Pettersen SA, Mosleth EF. The effect of electro-magnetic-energy-regulation therapy on subjective sleep among elite players in Norwegian women's football. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1343841. [PMID: 39149571 PMCID: PMC11324490 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1343841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated if Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) therapy is affecting subjective sleep among a sample of 21 elite female football players in a Norwegian top series club. Subjective sleep was measured each day over a period of 273 consecutive days by using a smartphone application, PM Reporter Pro, which scheduled push messages to remind the participants to report sleep every morning. The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental design, with a control period before the introduction of BEMER therapy that lasted for 3 months, followed by an intervention period where BEMER therapy was used that lasted for 5 months. The collected data from the players in the control period served as their control compared to the data collected from the players in the intervention period. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) with False Discovery Rate adjusted p-values show that subjective sleep duration and subjective sleep quality are significantly reduced on game nights, both in the control period and in the experiment period. The results also show that subjective sleep duration and subjective sleep quality significantly increase in the experiment period compared to the control period. The findings indicate that BEMER therapy might serve as a tool to improve sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frode Moen
- Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Norwegian Olympic Sport Center, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hansen MT, Rømer T, Lange KK, Dela F, Helge JW. Accuracy of a non-exercise method using seismocardiography for the estimation of V̇O 2peak in sub-elite football players. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:889-898. [PMID: 38956783 PMCID: PMC11235662 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A non-exercise method equation using seismocardiography for estimating V̇O2peak (SCG V̇O2peak) has previously been validated in healthy subjects. However, the performance of the SCG V̇O2peak within a trained population is unknown, and the ability of the model to detect changes over time is not well elucidated. Forty-seven sub-elite football players were tested at the start of pre-season (SPS) and 36 players completed a test after eight weeks at the end of the pre-season (EPS). Testing included an SCG V̇O2peak estimation at rest and a graded cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill for determination of V̇O2peak. Agreement between SCG V̇O2peak and CPET V̇O2peak showed a large underestimation at SPS (bias ± 95% CI: -9.9 ± 1.8, 95% Limits of Agreement: 2.2 to -22.0 mL·min-1 kg-1). At EPS no interaction (p = 0.3590) but a main effect of time (p < 0.0001) and methods (p < 0.0001) was observed between SCG and CPET V̇O2peak. No correlation in V̇O2peak changes was observed between SCG and CPET (r = -20.0, p = 0.2484) but a fair agreement in classifying the correct directional change in V̇O2peak with the SCG method was found (Cohen's κ coefficient = 0.28 ± 0.25). Overall, the SCG V̇O2peak method lacks accuracy and despite being able to estimate group changes, it was incapable of detecting individual changes in V̇O2peak following a pre-season period in sub-elite football players. The SCG algorithm needs to be further adjusted and the accuracy and precision improved for the method to be applicable for use within a trained population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Thunestvedt Hansen
- XlabDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tue Rømer
- XlabDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kristine Kjær Lange
- XlabDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- XlabDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of GeriatricsBispebjerg University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Human Physiology and BiochemistryRiga Stradiņš UniversityRigaLatvia
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- XlabDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kardas M, Zydek G, Zając A, Chycki J. Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1332. [PMID: 38732581 PMCID: PMC11085159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pernigoni M, Calleja-González J, Lukonaitienė I, Tessitore A, Stanislovaitienė J, Kamarauskas P, Conte D. Comparative Effectiveness of Active Recovery and Static Stretching During Post-Exercise Recovery in Elite Youth Basketball. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:272-280. [PMID: 37039750 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2195457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of active recovery (AR) versus static stretching (SS) during post-exercise recovery in basketball. Methods: Using a counterbalanced crossover design, 17 elite youth male players completed two 90-min training sessions, followed by either AR or SS. Differences in jump height (CMJ), heart rate variability (Ln-rMSSD), muscle soreness (VAS), perceived recovery (TQR) and hormonal biomarkers (cortisol, testosterone, testosterone:cortisol ratio) between interventions were assessed at pre-session, post-session (except hormonal biomarkers), post-recovery and 24 h post-session. Differences in Ln-rMSSD were additionally assessed upon awakening on training day, and the following morning. Results: No significant differences were found between interventions at corresponding time points (p > .05). However, the within-intervention time course of recovery differed, as CMJ values were lower at post-recovery, compared with all other time points, in SS only (p < .05, effect size [ES] moderate-to-very large). Additionally, Ln-rMSSD values failed to return to baseline at post-recovery in AR only (p < .05, ES large-to-very large). Similarly, TQR scores were impaired at post-session and post-recovery in AR only (p < .05, ES moderate-to-large). No differences were reported for the remaining variables (p > .05). Conclusion: Differences between AR and SS were probably due to short-term phenomena, indicating that neither strategy was likely superior for improving recovery in the longer term. Overall, neither strategy seemed to significantly improve post-exercise recovery.
Collapse
|
5
|
Renaghan E, Wittels HL, Feigenbaum LA, Wishon MJ, Chong S, Wittels ED, Hendricks S, Hecocks D, Bellamy K, Girardi J, Lee S, Vo T, McDonald SM, Wittels SH. Exposures to Elevated Core Temperatures during Football Training: The Impact on Autonomic Nervous System Recovery and Function. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:8. [PMID: 38251282 PMCID: PMC10819443 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercising with elevated core temperatures may negatively affect autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Additionally, longer training duration under higher core temperatures may augment these negative effects. This study evaluated the relationship between exercise training duration and 24 h ANS recovery and function at ≥37 °C, ≥38 °C and ≥39 °C core temperature thresholds in a sample of male Division I (D1) collegiate American football athletes. Fifty athletes were followed over their 25-week season. Using armband monitors (Warfighter MonitorTM, Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL, USA), core temperature (°C) and 24 h post-exercise baseline heart rate (HR), HR recovery and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured. For HRV, two time-domain indices were measured: the root mean square of the standard deviation of the NN interval (rMSSD) and the standard deviation of the NN interval (SDNN). Linear regression models were performed to evaluate the associations between exercise training duration and ANS recovery (baseline HR and HRV) and function (HR recovery) at ≥37 °C, ≥38 °C and ≥39 °C core temperature thresholds. On average, the athletes were 21.3 (± 1.4) years old, weighed 103.0 (±20.2) kg and had a body fat percentage of 15.4% (±7.8%, 3.0% to 36.0%). The duration of training sessions was, on average, 161.1 (±40.6) min and they ranged from 90.1 to 339.6 min. Statistically significant associations between training duration and 24 h ANS recovery and function were observed at both the ≥38.0 °C (baseline HR: β = 0.10 ± 0.02, R2 = 0.26, p < 0.0000; HR recovery: β = -0.06 ± 0.02, R2 = 0.21, p = 0.0002; rMSSD: β = -0.11 ± 0.02, R2 = 0.24, p < 0.0000; and SDNN: β = -0.16 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.22, p < 0.0000) and ≥39.0 °C thresholds (β = 0.39 ± 0.05, R2 = 0.62, p < 0.0000; HR recovery: β = -0.26 ± 0.04, R2 = 0.52, p < 0.0000; rMSSD: β = -0.37 ± 0.05, R2 = 0.58, p < 0.0000; and SDNN: β = -0.67 ± 0.09, R2 = 0.59, p < 0.0000). With increasing core temperatures, increases in slope steepness and strengths of the associations were observed, indicating accelerated ANS deterioration. These findings demonstrate that exercise training under elevated core temperatures (≥38 °C) may negatively influence ANS recovery and function 24 h post exercise and progressively worsen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Renaghan
- Department of Athletics, Sports Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (E.R.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Harrison L. Wittels
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Luis A. Feigenbaum
- Department of Athletics, Sports Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (E.R.); (L.A.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Michael J. Wishon
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Stephanie Chong
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Eva D. Wittels
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Stephanie Hendricks
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Dustin Hecocks
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
| | - Kyle Bellamy
- Department of Athletics, Nutrition, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Joe Girardi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA;
| | - Stephen Lee
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA;
| | - Tri Vo
- Navy Medical Center—San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA;
| | - Samantha M. McDonald
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - S. Howard Wittels
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33156, USA; (H.L.W.); (M.J.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (S.H.W.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wertheim School of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Miami Beach Anesthesiology Associates, Miami, FL 33140, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Honceriu C, Roca M, Costache AD, Abălașei B, Popescu L, Puni AR, Maștaleru A, Oancea A, Drugescu A, Adam C, Mitu O, Costache II, Leon MM, Roca IC, Mocanu V, Mitu F. Blood and Salivary Cortisol Variations in Athletes in Relation to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1726. [PMID: 37893444 PMCID: PMC10608692 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cortisol is a valuable marker for assessing the body's response to any form of stress. We conducted this study in order to evaluate the variations of salivary and serum cortisol levels in professional football players in relation to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and their significance in potentially evaluating overtraining in athletes. Also, the question of whether salivary cortisol determination could fully substitute serum sampling was addressed. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 male professional football players were evaluated by measuring serum cortisol levels at rest (T0) and immediately after a CPET (T1) and salivary cortisol levels at rest (T0), 10 min after a CPET (T2), and 30 min after a CPET (T3). Results: T0 serum cortisol showed a statistically significant correlation with the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold divided by the body weight (VO2-AT/weight), as did the T2 salivary cortisol with the maximum oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT) and VO2-AT/weight. T0 salivary cortisol was significantly correlated with the subjects' height and the predicted O2 pulse. Conclusions: While some correlations were discovered, they are insufficient to recommend cortisol as a routine biomarker in athletes' evaluation. However, significant correlations were established between salivary and serum determinations, meaning that the non-invasive procedure could substitute venous blood sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (B.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Mihai Roca
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dan Costache
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Beatrice Abălașei
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (B.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucian Popescu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (B.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Alexandru Rareș Puni
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Human Motricity Science, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Maștaleru
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andra Oancea
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Drugescu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Adam
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iulia Cristina Roca
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania;
- Surgery II Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Florin Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lillquist T, Mahoney SJ, Kotarsky C, McGrath R, Jarajapu Y, Scholten SD, Hackney KJ. The Effect of Direct and Remote Postexercise Ischemic Conditioning on Muscle Soreness and Strength 24 Hours After Eccentric Drop Jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1870-1876. [PMID: 37015005 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lillquist, T, Mahoney, SJ, Kotarsky, C, McGrath, R, Jarajapu, Y, Scholten, SD, and Hackney, KJ. The effect of direct and remote postexercise ischemic conditioning on muscle soreness and strength 24 hours after eccentric drop jumps. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1870-1876, 2023-Strategic limb occlusion applied after exercise may facilitate recovery, not only in directly targeted tissue but also in remote areas of the body. The purpose of this study was to determine if postexercise ischemic conditioning (PEIC) applied directly to one leg facilitated recovery in the targeted leg and the contralateral leg that did not receive direct PEIC. Twenty active men participated in a single-blind, randomized, crossover design. Subjects completed 2 paired testing sessions (PEIC and control-SHAM) that included pre-assessments and 24-hour postassessments. Each paired testing session included an eccentric drop jump task, which has been shown to increase lower-body muscle soreness and decrease strength. After each drop jump task, occlusion cuffs were immediately applied. In the PEIC session, ∼198 mm Hg was applied directly to one leg (PEIC-Direct), whereas the contralateral leg received a nonphysiological stimuli of 20 mm Hg (PEIC-Remote). In the control-SHAM session, both legs directly and remotely received the 20 mm Hg pressure. Unilateral pre-assessments and 24-hour postassessments included muscle soreness using a visual analog scale and strength via peak torque assessment across the force-velocity spectrum (flexion/extension 60/60, 120/120, 180/180, 240/240, 300/300 °·s -1 ), and a maximal eccentric extension (30/30 °·s -1 ). Muscle soreness was significantly increased ( p < 0.05) at 24 hours compared with pretreatment except for PEIC-Direct (1.19 ± 0.78 vs. 2.32 ± 1.48, p = 0.096). Across the force-velocity spectrum, there were no significant differences observed between any associated pretest and posttest ( p > 0.05). PEIC applied directly to target leg after eccentric drop jumps attenuated perceived quadriceps muscle soreness 24 hours post; however, there was no effect on muscle strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lillquist
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Sean J Mahoney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Christopher Kotarsky
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Ryan McGrath
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Yagna Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota; and
| | - Shane D Scholten
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Kyle J Hackney
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moen F, Pettersen SA, Gjertsås K, Vatn M, Ravenhorst M, Kvålsvoll A, Liland KH, Mosleth EF. The effect of bio-electro-magnetic-energy-regulation therapy on sleep duration and sleep quality among elite players in Norwegian women's football. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1230281. [PMID: 37614490 PMCID: PMC10443099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1230281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated if physical loads peak on game days and if Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) therapy is affecting sleep duration and sleep quality on nights related to game nights among elite players in Norwegian women's elite football. The sample included 21 female football players from an elite top series club with a mean age of ~24 years (± 2.8). Sleep was measured every day over a period of 273 consecutive days with a Somnofy sleep monitor based on ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) pulse radar and Doppler technology. The current study was conducted as a quasi-experiment, where each player was their own control based on a control period that lasted for 3 months, and an experimental period that lasted for 5 months. Accordantly, the time each player spent with BEMER therapy was used as a control variable. Multivariate analyses of variance using FFMANOVA and univariate ANOVA with False Discovery Rate adjusted p-values show that physical performance (total distance, distance per minute, sprint meters >22.5 kmh, accelerations and decelerations) significantly peak on game day compared with ordinary training days and days related to game days. The results also show that sleep quantity and quality are significantly reduced on game night, which indicate disturbed sleep caused by the peak in physical load. Most sleep variables significantly increased in the experiment period, where BEMER therapy was used, compared to the control period before the introduction of BEMER therapy. Further, the analyses show that players who spent BEMER therapy >440 h had the most positive effects on their sleep, and that these effects were significantly compared to the players who used BEMER therapy <440 h. The findings are discussed based on the function of sleep and the different sleep stages have on recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frode Moen
- Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kine Gjertsås
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marte Vatn
- Department of Sociology and Political Science, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martijn Ravenhorst
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kristian Hovde Liland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ellen F. Mosleth
- Nofima AS - The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
E G, M I, N V, R V. The immediate effects of foam rolling of the hamstrings muscle group on the contractile properties of the knee muscles in football players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 35:326-331. [PMID: 37330788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive amounts of intense training, without adequate recovery time, can overload the musculoskeletal, immune, and metabolic systems, resulting in a potentially negative effects on later exercise performance. During the competitive period, the ability to recover after intense training and competition is an important factor of success in soccer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hamstring foam rolling on the knee muscle contractile properties in soccer players, after a sports-specific load. METHODS 20 male professional soccer players were included and contractile properties of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles were measured with tensiomyography, before and after a Yo-Yo interval test and after 5 × 45 s of hamstring foam rolling. Additionally, active and passive knee extensibility before and after the intervention were measured. A mixed linear model was performed to determine the differences between the mean values of the groups. The experimental group performed foam rolling, while the control was resting. RESULTS Five repetitions of 45 s of hamstring foam rolling had no statistically significant effect (p > 0.05) on any of the measured muscles following the Yo-Yo interval test or foam rolling intervention. There were no statistically significant differences in delay time, contraction time and maximum muscle amplitude between groups. Active and passive knee extensibility did not differ between groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION It seems that foam rolling does not affect mechanical properties of the knee muscles or hamstring extensibility in soccer players, after a sports-specific load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Globokar E
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Physiotherapy, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ipavec M
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Physiotherapy, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vreček N
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vauhnik R
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Physiotherapy, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Arthron, Institute for Joint and Sports, Cesta na Dobrovo 39, 3000, Celje, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mihailescu L, Chiriac PB, Mihailescu LE, Manolachi V, Potop V. Determining the capacity for effort and recovery of the elite soccer players specialized in different playing positions. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15477. [PMID: 37273546 PMCID: PMC10234270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The capacity for effort and recovery in performance sports can be increased by means of modern methodological strategies. This capacity to recover after intense matches and training helps to determine the performance in soccer. Using the Yumeiho technique will accelerate the exercise capacity recovery of the soccer players specialized in central zone positions. Methods The research was conducted with the C.S. Internațional Bălești team, formed of 16 players, aged 19-37 years, divided into two groups: experimental group A, n = 8 with central area players and control group B, n = 8 with players from side zones. Measurement and assessment tests: determining lactic acid level (LAC) in blood; 60 m sprinting speed motor test (ST); anaerobic lactic exercise; Gacon Test for evaluating the aerobic power; VO2max test; Dorgo Test for determining the individual recovery capacity; Sleep Quality and Efficiency Index (PSQI) and sleep duration. Means used in the recovery strategy: easy running, static stretching, cryotherapy; Yumeiho therapy was applied only to group A to accelerate the recovery. Results The anaerobic lactic capacity was evaluated by 60 m sprint test at the beginning and the end of the research. The results highlight the increase of the sprinting speed by 0.08 s in group A (p < 0.001). The aerobic capacity evaluated by means of Gacon Test in both groups shows the value 23.7%, namely a well-prepared level (p < 0.001). VO2max value in the soccer players of group A shows 87.5% good aerobic power, while the players of group B have 50% good aerobic power (p < 0.001). The concentration of LAC after exercise has a higher value in group A (p > 0.05). The level of recovery after exercise is improved in both groups, with larger differences in group A (very good level, p < 0.001). The PSQI grew by 20.37% in group A and by 11% in group B. The sleep duration increased in both groups (p < 0.001). The results of the correlation analysis in the soccer players of group A highlight strong connections of 14.8% while in group B the value is 12.5%. Conclusion The assessment of effort capacity in soccer players specialized in different playing positions at the beginning and the end of the research highlights the increase of the anaerobic lactic effort and aerobic effort. This assessment also shows the improvement of the individual recovery capacity. A higher PSQI and the increase of sleep duration in both groups, with greater differences of group A were found, which determined their level of capacity for effort and recovery. The use of the Yumeiho technique in the program of post-exercise recovery accelerates the aerobic and anaerobic lactic effort capacity of the soccer players specialized in the central zone positions. It positively influences exercise capacity recovery in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Mihailescu
- Doctoral School of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
| | | | | | - Veaceslav Manolachi
- State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Vladimir Potop
- Doctoral School of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
- State University of Physical Education and Sport, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rydzik Ł, Pałka T, Sobiło-Rydzik E, Tota Ł, Ambroży D, Ambroży T, Ruzbarsky P, Czarny W, Kopańska M. An Attempt to Develop a Model of Brain Waves Using Quantitative Electroencephalography with Closed Eyes in K1 Kickboxing Athletes-Initial Concept. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4136. [PMID: 37112480 PMCID: PMC10145354 DOI: 10.3390/s23084136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain injuries are a common problem in combat sports, especially in disciplines such as kickboxing. Kickboxing is a combat sport that has several variations of competition, with the most contact-oriented fights being carried out under the format of K-1 rules. While these sports require a high level of skill and physical endurance, frequent micro-traumas to the brain can have serious consequences for the health and well-being of athletes. According to studies, combat sports are one of the riskiest sports in terms of brain injuries. Among the sports disciplines with the highest number of brain injuries, boxing, mixed martial arts (MMA), and kickboxing are mentioned. METHODS The study was conducted on a group of 18 K-1 kickboxing athletes who demonstrate a high level of sports performance. The subjects were between the ages 18 and 28. QEEG (quantitative electroencephalogram) is a numeric spectral analysis of the EEG record, where the data is digitally coded and statistically analysed using the Fourier transform algorithm. Each examination of one person lasts about 10 min with closed eyes. The wave amplitude and power for specific frequencies (Delta, Theta, Alpha, Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR), Beta 1, and Beta2) were analysed using 9 leads. RESULTS High values were shown in the Alpha frequency for central leads, SMR in the Frontal 4 (F4 lead), Beta 1 in leads F4 and Parietal 3 (P3), and Beta2 in all leads. CONCLUSIONS The high activity of brainwaves such as SMR, Beta and Alpha can have a negative effect on the athletic performance of kickboxing athletes by affecting focus, stress, anxiety, and concentration. Therefore, it is important for athletes to monitor their brainwave activity and use appropriate training strategies to achieve optimal results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Pavel Ruzbarsky
- Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports, Universtiy of Presov, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports, Universtiy of Presov, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marta Kopańska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Halappa NG. Integration of yoga within exercise and sports science as a preventive and management strategy for musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and mental disorders - A review of the literature. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 34:34-40. [PMID: 37301554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise-induced musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and associated mental disorders are prevalent among athletes. The main objective of this review is to analyze the prospects of Yoga practices as a preventive and management strategy for musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and associated mental disorders often encountered in exercise and sports activities. METHODS A review of the literature was performed using electronic databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed and google scholar published between January 1991 and December 2021 which yielded 88 research articles. The keywords used were yoga OR exercise AND musculoskeletal injuries OR disorders, yoga OR exercise AND mental disorders, yoga AND sports injuries, yoga AND stress, yoga OR exercise AND oxidative stress, yoga OR exercise AND inflammation, yoga OR exercise AND diet. RESULTS The moderate and regular exercises are beneficial to health. However, high intensity and overtraining physical activities lead to immune suppression, oxidative stress, muscle damage/fatigue, coronary risk, psychiatric disorders and so on due to enormous strain on various physiological functions. Yoga seems to undermine these adverse activities through up-regulating the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and down-regulating the activities of hypothalamohypophysial axis (HPA) which are conducive to healing, recovery, regeneration, reduction in stress, relaxation of mind, better cognitive functions, promotion of mental health, reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress, and so on. CONCLUSION Literature suggests that Yoga should be integrated within exercise and sports sciences mainly to prevent & manage musculoskeletal injuries/disorders and associated mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen G Halappa
- School of Public Health & School of Buddhist Studies, Philosophy and Comparative Religions, Nalanda University, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mahajon B, Ramamurthy A, Nath R, Gautam MK, Das N, Roy P. Safety and Anti-Fatigue Activity of Ayurvedic Formulation <i>Sramahara Mahaakaasaya</i> - A Pre-Clinical Study. Toxicol Int 2023. [DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An experimental evaluation of anti-fatigue activity of Shramahara Mahaakashaaya (SM) and its applicability in sports medicine has been systematically evaluated. Aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of SM granules (200mg/kg) were studies for light-dark model test for assessment anti-anxiety effect, rota-rod test for assessment of the effect on muscle tone and muscle balance, weight loaded forced swimming test for assessment of anti-fatigue activity. The acute toxicity study of SM granules has also been evaluated as per the OECD 423. SM granules showed significant anti-fatigue activity in different experimental models and found safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight dose. The results provide an important basis for considering Shramahara Mahaakashaaya (SM) as an alternative medicine having anti-fatigue effects which can be further included in the sports medicine.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pinheiro MHA, Fonseca LP, Oliveira JCGD, Castro GDCD, Santos-Rezende VH, Gouveia MDS, Viveiros BD, Martins EMF, Franco FSC, Ferreira-Júnior JB. Effect of a fruit and vegetable drink on muscle recovery after resistance exercise. REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE 2022. [DOI: 10.21876/rcshci.v12i4.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of fruit and vegetable drink supplementation on muscle recovery after resistance exercise. Methods: 11 men performed two experimental conditions 12 days apart, in a randomized and double-blind manner: 1) Supplementation with Smoothie - drink based on pineapple, mint, sage, ginger, and pomegranate; and 2) Placebo - drink based on artificial pineapple juice. Participants ingested 400 mL of Smoothie or Placebo drinks daily for 9 days, starting one week before performing the exercise (10 sets of 10 unilateral maximum repetitions in leg press 45º). The perceived subjective recovery (PSR), thickness (MT) and soreness (MS) in the anterior thigh muscles, and maximum isometric strength (MIS) were measured before, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after exercise. Results: There was a reduction in MIS and PSR and an increase in MS 24 h after exercise (p < 0.05). In both situations, MIS returned to baseline values at 72 h (p > 0.05), while PSR and MS returned to baseline values 96 h after exercise. There was no change in MT (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation with pineapple, mint, sage, ginger, and pomegranate drinks did not accelerate muscle recovery over 96 h after the 45º leg press exercise.
Collapse
|
15
|
Staśkiewicz W, Grochowska-Niedworok E, Zydek G, Białek-Dratwa A, Grajek M, Jaruga-Sȩkowska S, Kowalski O, Kardas M. Changes in body composition during the macrocycle of professional football players in relation to sports nutrition knowledge. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981894. [PMID: 36523334 PMCID: PMC9745111 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional football players are obligated to meet the physical demands and maintain the best possible performance throughout the whole macrocycle. It is important to assess the players' nutrition knowledge, identify areas that require increased nutrition awareness and identify the impact of knowledge on changes in body composition as this can affect the players' health and performance. This study aimed to assess changes in the body composition of professional football players during the macrocycle of the spring round of the football championship and to identify the correlation between nutrition knowledge and maintaining body composition. The study included 38 football players. The players' body compositions were analyzed 6 times during the macrocycle consisting of preparatory, competitive, and transition periods using the Direct Segmental Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method. Athletes completed the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire to assess their nutrition knowledge. During the preparatory period, a statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the players' knowledge about the subsections of micronutrients in the diet and the dispersion of the adipose percentage tissue content (r = -0.36, p = 0.03). In the competitive period, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the players' knowledge of sports nutrition and the dispersion of lean body mass (r = -0.46, p = 0.004), and skeletal muscle mass (r = -0.36, p = 0.03). During the transition period, a statistically significant negative correlation between the players' knowledge of weight control and the dispersion of body mass (r = -0.47, p = 0.00) and BMI values (r = -0.48, p = 0.00) was identified. The player's knowledge about the subsection of macronutrients significantly negatively correlated with the dispersion of skeletal muscle mass content (r = -0.33, p = 0.05). Nutrition knowledge has an impact on the stability of body composition during all analyzed periods: preparatory, competitive, and transition periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz
- Department of Food Technology, Quality Evaluation, and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jaruga-Sȩkowska
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology, Quality Evaluation, and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Esen O, Rozwadowski K, Cepicka L, Gabrys T, Karayigit R. Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224909. [PMID: 36432595 PMCID: PMC9694551 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players' recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutritional strategies to support short-term basketball tournaments based on players' physiological needs and current sport nutrition guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silva JR. The soccer season: performance variations and evolutionary trends. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14082. [PMID: 36217385 PMCID: PMC9547588 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological demands of soccer challenge the entire spectrum of the response capacity of the biological systems and fitness requirements of the players. In this review we examined variations and evolutionary trends in body composition, neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters, as well as in game-related physical parameters of professional players. Further, we explore aspects relevant for training monitoring and we reference how different training stimulus and situational variables (e.g., competition exposure) affect the physiological and performance parameters of players. Generally, improvements of small magnitude in non- (non-CMJ) and countermovement-based jumps (CMJBased) and in the sprint acceleration (ACCPhase) and maximal velocity phase (MVPhase) are observed from start of preparation phase (PPS) to beginning of competition phase (BCP). A greater magnitude of increases is observed in physiological and endurance performance measures within this period; moderate magnitude in sub-maximal intensity exercise (velocity at fixed blood lactate concentrations; V2-4mmol/l) and large magnitude in VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and intense intermittent exercise performance (IE). In the middle of competition phase (MCP), small (CMJBased and ACCPhase), moderate (non-CMJ; MVPhase; VO2max; sub-maximal exercise) and large (MAS and IE) improvements were observed compared to PPS. In the end of competition period (ECP), CMJBased and MVPhase improve to a small extent with non-CMJ, and ACCPhase, VO2max, MAS, sub-maximal intensity exercise and IE revealing moderate increments compared to PPS. Although less investigated, there are generally observed alterations of trivial magnitude in neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters between in-season assessments; only substantial alterations are examined for IE and sub-maximal exercise performance (decrease and increase of small magnitude, respectively) from BCP to MCP and in VO2max and IE (decrements of small magnitude) from MCP to ECP. Match performance may vary during the season. Although, the variability between studies is clear for TD, VHSR and sprint, all the studies observed substantial increments in HSR between MCP and ECP. Finally, studies examining evolutionary trends by means of exercise and competition performance measures suggests of a heightened importance of neuromuscular factors. In conclusion, during the preseason players "recover" body composition profile and neuromuscular and endurance competitive capacity. Within in-season, and more robustly towards ECP, alterations in neuromuscular performance seem to be force-velocity dependent, and in some cases, physiological determinants and endurance performance may be compromised when considering other in-season moments. Importantly, there is a substantial variability in team responses that can be observed during in-season. Consequently, this informs on the need to both provide a regular training stimulus and adequate monitorization throughout the season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Renato Silva
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Papadopoulou SK, Mantzorou M, Kondyli-Sarika F, Alexandropoulou I, Papathanasiou J, Voulgaridou G, Nikolaidis PT. The Key Role of Nutritional Elements on Sport Rehabilitation and the Effects of Nutrients Intake. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060084. [PMID: 35736824 PMCID: PMC9227980 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is of utmost importance for athletes, especially during rehabilitation after injury in order to achieve fast healing and return to sports. The aim of this narrative review is to define the proper nutritional elements for athletes to meet their needs and facilitate their fast return to sports after surgery or injury, as well as determine the effects of specific nutrients intake. Studies on antioxidants, which are substances that protect against free radicals, for the injured athlete are few and unclear, yet poly-phenols and especially flavonoids might improve healing and inflammation following an injury. Benefits of vitamin C or E on muscle damage are disputable in relevant studies, while optimal levels of vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone healing. Minerals are also essential for athletes. Other supplements suggested for muscle damage treatment and protein synthesis include leucine, creatine, and hydroxymethylbutyrate. Diets that include high-quality products, rich in micronutrients (like vitamins, minerals, etc.) bio-active compounds and other nutritional elements (like creatine) are suggested, while an individualized nutrition program prescribed by a trained dietitian is important. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of these nutritional elements, especially regarding injury treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Maria Mantzorou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece;
| | - Foivi Kondyli-Sarika
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Ioanna Alexandropoulou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jannis Papathanasiou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Allergology& Physiotherapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Department of Kinesitherapy, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McFadden BA, Walker AJ, Bozzini BN, Hofacker M, Russell M, Arent SM. Psychological and Physiological Changes in Response to the Cumulative Demands of a Women's Division I Collegiate Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1373-1382. [PMID: 34100786 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McFadden, BA, Walker, AJ, Bozzini, BN, Hofacker, M, Russell, M, and Arent, SM. Psychological and physiological changes in response to the cumulative demands of a women's division I collegiate soccer season. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1373-1382, 2022-This study sought to determine the effects of a women's collegiate soccer season on psychological markers, biomarkers, sleep, and performance. Athletes participated in maximal countermovement vertical jump height (CMJ) assessments and biomarker monitoring in conjunction with subjective measures of psychological wellness and sleep questionnaires before preseason (S1) and every 4 weeks following (S2, S3, and S4). Training was monitored during practices and games using global positioning satellite systems and heart rate technology. Total training load was highest from S1 to S2, decreased from S2 to S3 (effect size [ES] = -2.5; p < 0.001), and remained stable from S3 to S4. CMJ declined at S2 (ES1-2 = -0.51; p = 0.001) and returned to baseline at S3. Increases from S1 to S2 were seen for creatine kinase (ES1-2 = 1.74), free testosterone (ES1-2 = 1.27), total testosterone (ES1-2 = 3.5), and free cortisol (ES1-2 = 0.88) (p < 0.03) before returning to baseline by S3 and S4 (free cortisol). Total cortisol was elevated throughout the season before declining at S4 (ES1-4 = -0.41; p = 0.03). Iron declined from S1 to S2 (ES1-2 = -0.73; p = 0.01) and returned to baseline values at S4, whereas growth hormone declined at S2 (ES1-2 = -0.50; p = 0.01) and remained depressed. Interleukin-6 increased at S4 (ES1-4 = 0.71; p = 0.02). Total training distress decreased from S1 to S2 (ES1-2 = -0.38; p = 0.02), returned to baseline by S3, and increased by S4 (ES1-4 = 0.57; p = 0.01). No changes were observed in markers of sleep (p > 0.05). Biomarkers showed notable changes after the highest workload period (S1-S2), which coincided with CMJ decrements. Biomarker perturbations preceded declines in subjective psychological wellness (S4) which occurred in the latter half of the season, indicating an accumulation of fatigue as the season progressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Alan J Walker
- Department of Exercise Science, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Morgan Hofacker
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, the University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (IFNH), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Den Hartigh RJR, Meerhoff LRA, Van Yperen NW, Neumann ND, Brauers JJ, Frencken WGP, Emerencia A, Hill Y, Platvoet S, Atzmueller M, Lemmink KAPM, Brink MS. Resilience in sports: a multidisciplinary, dynamic, and personalized perspective. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 17:564-586. [PMID: 38835409 PMCID: PMC11147456 DOI: 10.1080/1750984x.2022.2039749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Athletes are exposed to various psychological and physiological stressors, such as losing matches and high training loads. Understanding and improving the resilience of athletes is therefore crucial to prevent performance decrements and psychological or physical problems. In this review, resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic process of bouncing back to normal functioning following stressors. This process has been of wide interest in psychology, but also in the physiology and sports science literature (e.g. load and recovery). To improve our understanding of the process of resilience, we argue for a collaborative synthesis of knowledge from the domains of psychology, physiology, sports science, and data science. Accordingly, we propose a multidisciplinary, dynamic, and personalized research agenda on resilience. We explain how new technologies and data science applications are important future trends (1) to detect warning signals for resilience losses in (combinations of) psychological and physiological changes, and (2) to provide athletes and their coaches with personalized feedback about athletes' resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud. J. R. Den Hartigh
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - L. Rens A. Meerhoff
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Sciences (LIACS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W. Van Yperen
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niklas D. Neumann
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jur J. Brauers
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter G. P. Frencken
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Football Club Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ando Emerencia
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick Hill
- Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan Platvoet
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Atzmueller
- Semantic Information Systems Group, Institute of Computer Science, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Koen A. P. M. Lemmink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel S. Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martínez-Gómez R, Valenzuela PL, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D. Comparison of Different Recovery Strategies After High-Intensity Functional Training: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:819588. [PMID: 35185620 PMCID: PMC8850927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.819588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether voluntary exercise or surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) could enhance recovery after a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) session compared with total rest. The study followed a crossover design. Fifteen male recreational CrossFit athletes (29 ± 8 years) performed a HIFT session and were randomized to recover for 15 min with either low-intensity leg pedaling (“Exercise”), NMES to the lower limbs (“NMES”), or total rest (“Control”). Perceptual [rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the lower-limb muscles], physiological (heart rate, blood lactate and muscle oxygen saturation) and performance (jump ability) indicators of recovery were assessed at baseline and at different time points during recovery up to 24 h post-exercise. A significant interaction effect was found for RPE (p = 0.035), and although post hoc analyses revealed no significant differences across conditions, there was a quasi-significant (p = 0.061) trend toward a lower RPE with NMES compared with Control immediately after the 15-min recovery. No significant interaction effect was found for the remainder of outcomes (all p > 0.05). Except for a trend toward an improved perceived recovery with NMES compared with Control, low-intensity exercise, NMES, and total rest seem to promote a comparable recovery after a HIFT session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’ (‘imas12’), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pedro L. Valenzuela,
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’ (‘imas12’), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barranco-Gil
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of Light Pedaling Added to Contrast Water Immersion for Recovery after Exhaustive Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413068. [PMID: 34948678 PMCID: PMC8700944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For years, athletes and coaches have been looking for new strategies to optimize post-exercise recovery; it has recently been suggested that combining several methods might be a great option. This study therefore aimed to investigate the efficacy of contrast water therapy (CWT) used alone or associated with pedaling to recover from exhaustive exercise. After high-intensity intermittent exercise, 33 participants underwent 30 min of either (i) passive rest (PASSIVE), (ii) CWT with pedaling while in water (COMB) or (iii) classic CWT (CWT). Blood lactate concentration, countermovement jump height and perceived exhaustion were recorded before exercise, immediately after, after recovery interventions and after an additional 30 min of passive rest. Blood lactate concentration returned to initial values after 30 min of COMB (5.9 mmol/L), whereas in the other conditions even 60 min was not enough (10.2 and 9.6 mmol/L for PASSIVE and CWT, respectively, p < 0.05). Jump height was close to initial values after 30 min of CWT (37.3 cm), whereas values were still depressed after 60 min in the PASSIVE (36.0 cm) and COMB (35.7 cm) conditions (p < 0.05). Perceived exertion was still high for all conditions after 60 min. The present results are in favor of the utilization of CWT after exhaustive exercise, but the modality has to be chosen depending on what comes next (subsequent exercise scheduled in the following hours or further away).
Collapse
|
23
|
Yarar H, Gök Ü, Dağtekin A, Saçan Y, Eroğlu H. The effects of different recovery methods on anaerobic performance in combat sports athletes. ACTA GYMNICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2021.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
24
|
The Effects of Successive Soccer Matches on the Internal Match Load, Stress Tolerance, Salivary Cortisol and Jumping Performance in Youth Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:173-184. [PMID: 34868427 PMCID: PMC8607784 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to analyze the effects of successive matches on the internal match load, stress tolerance, salivary cortisol concentration and countermovement vertical jump height in twelve youth soccer players (16.6 ± 0.5 yr; 175 ± 8 cm; 65 ± 8 kg) who performed four official matches within a four day-period with a 24-h recovery interval between the matches. The internal match load, monotony index and competitive strain, as well as stress tolerance were examined. Saliva samples were collected and countermovement vertical jump height was assessed 60 min pre and 30 min post each match; delta of salivary cortisol and countermovement vertical jump height for each match were analyzed. Salivary cortisol was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed no differences between matches for the internal match load (p > 0.05). The scores of the monotony index and competitive strain were 4.3 (±2.3) and 8104 (±6795) arbitrary units, respectively. There was no difference for stress tolerance between matches (p > 0.05). Delta values of salivary cortisol were not different among the assessed matches (F(3,33) = 1.397, p = 0.351, η2: 0.09); however, delta of countermovement vertical jump height decreased from match 1 to match 4 (F(3,33) = 8.64, p < 0.001, η2: 0.44). The current findings suggest that participating in four successive matches, with 24-h of recovery in between, may not lead to changes in stress tolerance and salivary cortisol of youth players, but it may induce a decrease in players' jumping performance after the fourth match.
Collapse
|
25
|
Altarriba-Bartes A, Peña J, Vicens-Bordas J, Casals M, Peirau X, Calleja-González J. The use of recovery strategies by Spanish first division soccer teams: a cross-sectional survey. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:297-307. [PMID: 32882156 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1819150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES different active and passive post-exercise recovery techniques such as massage, foam rolling, stretching or ice baths among others, are used by elite athletes to promote effective physiological, physical, and mental restoration. However, limited research is available investigating the use of recovery strategies in professional soccer. As such, we aimed to explore and describe the use of strategies by professional teams throughout the season, describing competitive and preparatory phases. METHODS the present study collected data from all professional Spanish soccer teams who played in 'LaLiga' (The Spanish first division), during the season 2018-2019 (n = 20) and the ones promoted for the season 2019-2020 (n = 3). A six-section online survey was responded once. RESULTS teams used different recovery protocols and combinations, although natural and physical strategies such as sleep/nap, food/fluid replacement, cold/ice bath/shower/immersion, and massage were always present. However, there is no agreement in the protocols and timings employed. Three physical strategies showed a higher presence in the recovery protocols after competition: cold/ice bath/shower/immersion, massage and foam rolling; always used by seventeen teams (74%), sixteen (70%) and thirteen (57%) respectively. The design and supervision of recovery are multidisciplinary tasks in 87% of the teams. Our findings also demonstrate that although there is a body of scientific evidence on recovery, a gap between theory and practice exists with 13% of the teams acknowledging that insufficient logistics and economic resources limit the use of some strategies, and two teams (9%) not periodizing or individualizing recovery. CONCLUSION the investigation provided insight into the current use of recovery strategies by 'LaLiga' teams, highlighting that all clubs used them to one extent or another, but also that significant variability responding to individualized perceptions exists. Moreover, this study provides relevant contextual information that may be useful for professional soccer staff concerning the use of recovery strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Altarriba-Bartes
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences; and School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat De Girona, Salt, Spain
| | - Martí Casals
- UVic-UCC Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau
- Research Group Into Human Movement, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Lleida, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nowak R, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Buryta R. Analysis of Selected Lymphocyte (CD45+) Subset Distribution in Capillary Blood of Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2279-2286. [PMID: 34398078 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nowak, R, Kostrzerwa-Nowak, D, and Buryta, R. Analysis of selected lymphocyte (CD45+) subset distribution in capillary blood of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2279-2286, 2021-Mechanisms responsible for increasing athletes' physical capacity and induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression processes are not fully understood. The aim of the study was to monitor changes in percentages of lymphocyte subsets: T, Th, Tc, B, and NK cells in capillary blood of junior soccer players. Ten subjects median aged 18 years (range 17-19 years) were recruited form young soccer players. Capillary blood was collected 24 hours after each soccer match during the 8 weeks of the final phase of Central Junior League competition, and white blood cell (WBC) phenotyping was performed to determine the percentages of B lymphocytes, NK cells, and T-lymphocyte subsets. Cumulative match-time (a sum of time spend playing the game by each athlete during the observation period) was also calculated. Significant changes in the percentage of total lymphocytes (p = 0.00005) and T cells (p = 0.00006) were observed. The slight increases in lymphocytes' and Th cells' median percentages correlated with increasing cumulative match-time of studied subjects, although the correlation was not strong (R = 0.24; p = 0.0205 and R = 0.30; p = 0.0035, for lymphocytes and Th cells, respectively). It seems that the exercise bouts are among considerable factors influencing the changes in WBC subsets, especially in CD3+ cells, among young soccer players. Regarding the number of games played and training loads, they are more susceptible to immunosuppression and subsequent infections and thus should be monitored regarding WBC phenotype assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Department of Biological Bases of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland ; and
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Department of Biological Bases of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland ; and
| | - Rafał Buryta
- Department of Biological Bases of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland ; and
- Pogoń Szczecin S.A. Soccer Club, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schüttler D, Hamm W, Krammer S, Steffen J, Deuster E, Lauseker M, Egger F, Meyer T, Brunner S. Staying on the ball during COVID-19 pandemic: impact on training modalities in football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:595-601. [PMID: 33871243 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic has affected worldwide sports competitions and training in both amateur and professional leagues. We thus aimed to investigate changes in different training modalities in elite and amateur football players following COVID-19 lockdown in March 2020. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we applied a Likert scale-based questionnaire with 20 items to quantify and classify time spent at standard training methods in 47 professional and 54 amateur football players from 12 Austrian clubs before and during lockdown. Additionally, McLean score was calculated to assess perceived training fatigue. RESULTS Weekly amount of training time at endurance exercises (cycling) increased in both professional (37.5 [IQR 46.5] min/week vs. 187.5 [IQR 127.5] min/week, p<0.001), and amateur players (0.0 [IQR 45.0] min/week vs. 37.5 [IQR 112.5] min/week, p=0.015) during COVID-19 lockdown. Time on diverse muscle strengthening workouts was significantly elevated in both cohorts. Total training time at ball declined for professionals (from 472.5 [IQR 150] min/week to 15.0 [IQR 112.5] min/week, p<0.001) and amateurs (from 337.5 [IQR 285] min/week to 0.0 [IQR 37.5] min/week, p<0.001). Videoguided training was intensified in both groups (p<0.001 each). Location shifted from football fields and gyms to home and outdoors. Overall McLean score remained unchanged in amateurs (p=0.42) while elite players showed a trend towards an increase (p=0.056). CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 lockdown compromised football training, especially training concepts with ball. Consequently, resulting changes in exercise loads and muscular burden might impact susceptibility for injuries and impair performances especially in amateur players, especially as they lacked training supervision and professional training plans. Minimum effective dose of training workload in order to maintain endurance- and neuromuscular-related performance parameters should be prescribed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany - .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany - .,Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany -
| | - Wolfgang Hamm
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Krammer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Steffen
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Eileen Deuster
- Institute for Didactics and Medical Education in Medicine (DAM), University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lauseker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Egger
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ribeiro J, Sarmento H, Silva AF, Clemente FM. Practical Postexercise Recovery Strategies in Male Adult Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: very few works offer a practical solution to understand the nutritional requirements of current basketball. This work offers a theoretical-practical proposal. Objectives: to analyze the fatigue produced during a basketball game and offer a practical solution to accelerate recovery through nutrition. Methods: a search of the PubMed bibliographic database for reviews from the last 15 years and original articles from the last 5 years on basketball. Results: type of nutrient and food supplements are essential for a quicker recovery, in addition to their timing and dose. Conclusions: nutrition before, during and after a game or a high-intensity training session plays a fundamental role in the recovery of the basketball player.
Collapse
|
30
|
Póvoas S, Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Silva P, Wiig H, Raastad T, Castagna C, Andersson H. Technical match actions and plasma stress markers in elite female football players during an official FIFA Tournament. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 32 Suppl 1:127-139. [PMID: 33373070 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the impact of performing four consecutive football matches separated by 48-72 hours during a FIFA tournament on physical load, technical performance and plasma markers of redox state, muscle damage and inflammation in elite female players. Forty-eight players from three national teams were evaluated at seven time points: before (baseline) and throughout the tournament (after each match and before two training sessions). Only data from players who played all matches were included in the analyses (N = 13). The players were divided into high-rank (N = 6) and low-rank (N = 7) team players according to FIFA standards. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant status (TAS), and uric acid (UA) were analyzed at the selected time points. Technical performance and physical load were also quantified according to team rank. Players from low-rank teams played significantly more time than high-rank players (85 ± 10 vs 67 ± 15 minutes; P = .02; d = 1.51). Low-rank team players presented higher values in technical performance actions than the high-rank team players, but most of the differences were explained by the longer match time played. UA content differed across the matches, increasing from baseline (F(4,40) = 3.90; P = .01) and more in the high-rank team players (F(1,10) = 20.46; P = .001), while CRP only differed across the matches (F(4,36) = 2.66; P = .05), also increasing from baseline. A large time effect was shown for UA only in the high-rank players (η2 p = 0.50; P = .02). Four consecutive matches did not result in considerable alterations in plasma stress markers, physical load, and technical performance in elite female football players from distinct rank levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Póvoas
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, LaMetEx, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Department of Sports Biology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Josė Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, LaMetEx, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, Department of Sports Biology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.,Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, CIAFEL Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Håvard Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlo Castagna
- Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy.,University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Helena Andersson
- The Swedish School of Health and Sport Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Boeira D, Doyernart R, Sombrio F, Medeiros JS, Milhomens IP, Souza GBD, Silva LAD. EFFECT OF AQUATIC EXERCISE AFTER ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION-INDUCED MUSCLE INJURY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026052019_0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle microlesions produced by eccentric contractions (EC) cause changes in strength, endurance, power and neuromuscular activity parameters for an extended period of time. Objectives: To investigate the effect of aquatic exercise after EC-induced muscle injury on strength, endurance, power and neuromuscular activity parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional experimental study with six subjects (age 25 ± 4 years, weight 77 ± 4kg and height of 162 ± 2 cm) with EC-induced muscle injury followed up during a recovery period (48h, 72h and 96h) without intervention (Group 1A) and involving aquatic exercises (Group 1B). Dynamic and isometric strength, muscular endurance, and vertical/horizontal power tests as well as vastus lateralis neuromuscular activity measurements were performed before, immediately after, and during the recovery period. Results: Our results indicate that the intervention in Group 1B, when compared to Group 1A, accelerated the recovery of dynamic (p <0.01) and isometric (p <0.03) strength at 48h and 72h, increased vertical power at 48h (p <0.05) and horizontal power at 48h and 72h (p <0.05), and reduced neuromuscular activity (p <0.05) at 48h and 72h after EC. Conclusions: According to our findings, performing aquatic exercises during the recovery period improves muscle efficiency and accelerates strength, power and neuromuscular activity recovery. Level of evidence l; Randomized clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boeira
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Doyernart
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sombrio
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| | - Julia Santos Medeiros
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| | - Iuri Pinheiro Milhomens
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Brina de Souza
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| | - Luciano Acordi da Silva
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil; Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alves RR, Vieira CA, Bottaro M, de Araújo MAS, Souza DC, Gomes BC, Gentil P. "NO LOAD" Resistance Training Promotes High Levels of Knee Extensor Muscles Activation-A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080526. [PMID: 32751122 PMCID: PMC7459905 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article aims to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity of the knee extensors during traditional resistance training (TRT) and no load resistance training with or without visual feedback (NL-VF and NL-NF). Sixteen healthy men (age: 25.2 ± 3.6) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants visited the laboratory on three occasions involving: (1) a 10 repetition maximum test (10 RM test), (2) familiarization and (3) performance of knee extensions using TRT, NL-VF and NL-NF in a random order, with 10 min of rest between them. TRT involved the performance of a set to momentary muscle failure using the 10 RM load. NL-NF involved the performance of 10 repetitions with no external load, but with the intention to maximally contract the muscles during the whole set. NL-VF involved the same procedure as NL-NF, but a monitor was positioned in front of the participants to provide visual feedback on the EMG activity. Peak and mean EMG activity were evaluated on the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF). Results: there were no significant differences in VM and VL peak EMG activity among different situations. There was a significant difference for peak EMG activity for RF, where TRT resulted in higher values than NL-VF and NL-NF (p < 0.05). Higher values of mean EMG activity were found for VM, VL and RF during TRT in comparison with both NL-VF and NL-NF. Conclusions: resistance training with no external load produced high levels of peak muscle activation, independent of visual feedback, but mean activation was higher during TRT. These results suggest that training with no external load might be used as a strategy for stimulating the knee extensors when there is limited access to specialized equipment. Although the clinical applications of no load resistance training are promising, it is important to perform long-term studies to test if these acute results will reflect in muscle morphological and functional changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ribeiro Alves
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (R.R.A.); (C.A.V.); (M.A.S.d.A.); (D.C.S.); (B.C.G.)
| | - Carlos Alexandre Vieira
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (R.R.A.); (C.A.V.); (M.A.S.d.A.); (D.C.S.); (B.C.G.)
| | - Martim Bottaro
- Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Murilo Augusto Soares de Araújo
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (R.R.A.); (C.A.V.); (M.A.S.d.A.); (D.C.S.); (B.C.G.)
| | - Daniel Costa Souza
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (R.R.A.); (C.A.V.); (M.A.S.d.A.); (D.C.S.); (B.C.G.)
| | - Bruno Cavalcante Gomes
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (R.R.A.); (C.A.V.); (M.A.S.d.A.); (D.C.S.); (B.C.G.)
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil; (R.R.A.); (C.A.V.); (M.A.S.d.A.); (D.C.S.); (B.C.G.)
- Liga de Hipertensão Arterial, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania 74605-020, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-062-3521-1105
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sánchez-Cuesta A, Cortés-Rodríguez AB, Navas-Enamorado I, Lekue JA, Viar T, Axpe M, Navas P, López-Lluch G. High coenzyme Q10 plasma levels improve stress and damage markers in professional soccer players during competition. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:192-203. [PMID: 32639220 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquinol, the reduced form of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), is a key factor in bioenergetics and antioxidant protection. During competition, professional soccer players suffer from considerable physical stress causing high risk of muscle damage. For athletes, supplementation with several antioxidants, including CoQ10, is widely recommended to avoid oxidative stress and muscle damage. We performed an observational study of plasma parameters associated with CoQ10 levels in professional soccer players of the Spanish First League team Athletic Club de Bilbao over two consecutive seasons (n = 24-25) in order determine their relationship with damage, stress and performance during competition. We analyzed three different moments of the competition: preterm, initial phase and mid phase. Metabolites and factors related with stress (testosterone/cortisol) and muscle damage (creatine kinase) were determined. Physical activity during matches was analyzed over the 2015/16 season in those players participating in complete matches. In the mid phase of competition, CoQ10 levels were higher in 2015/16 (906.8 ± 307.9 vs. 584.3 ± 196.3 pmol/mL, p = 0.0006) High levels of CoQ10 in the hardest phase of competition were associated with a reduction in the levels of the muscle-damage marker creatine kinase (Pearsons' correlation coefficient (r) = - 0.460, p = 0.00168) and a trend for the stress marker cortisol (r = -0.252, p = 0.150). Plasma ubiquinol was also associated with better kidney function (r = -0.287, p = 0.0443 for uric acid). Furthermore, high CoQ10 levels were associated with higher muscle performance during matches. Our results suggest that high levels of plasma CoQ10 can prevent muscle damage, improve kidney function and are associated with higher performance in professional soccer players during competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-Cuesta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cortés-Rodríguez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Intermittent Pneumatic Compression and Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological and Perceptual Recovery during Multi-Sports International Championship. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5030045. [PMID: 33467261 PMCID: PMC7739238 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congested-fixture championships are common during the selection of the athletes and teams participating in the Olympic Games. Throughout these tournaments, it is fundamental to perform optimally, rest well, and recover between competitions. This study aimed to (a) explore the effectiveness of the use of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and cold water immersion (CWI) to recover muscle mechanical function (MuscleMechFx), hydration status (HydS), pain perception (PainPercep), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep hours, and sleep quality (SleepQual) during a regional multi-sports international championship and (b) compare these results by sex. METHODS A total of 52 basketball and handball players were exposed to a recovery protocol after the competition as follows: IPC, sequential 20 min at 200 mmHg, and CWI, continuous 12 min at 12 °C. RESULTS MuscleMechFx presented differences by match and sex (p = 0.058) in time of contraction of biceps femoris; SleepQual and sleep hours were different between matches (<0.01). CONCLUSIONS IPC + CWI seems to be effective to maintain some MuscleMechFx, HydS, and recovery and pain perception during a congested multi-sport tournament.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cold-water immersion combined with active recovery is equally as effective as active recovery during 10 weeks of high-intensity combined strength and endurance training in men. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2019-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) vs. active recovery performed after each individual strength and endurance training session over a 10-week period of high-intensity combined strength and endurance training.
Materials and methods: Seventeen healthy men completed 10 weeks of high-intensity combined strength and endurance training. One group (AR, n = 10) completed active recovery that included 15 minutes of running at 30–40% VO2max after every strength training session while the other group (CWI, n = 7) completed 5 minutes of active recovery (at the same intensity as the AR group) followed by 10 minutes of cold-water (12 ± 1°C) immersion. During CWI, the subjects were seated passively during the 10 minutes of cold-water immersion and the water level remained just below the pectoral muscles. Muscle strength and power were measured by isometric bilateral, 1 repetition maximum, leg press (ISOM LP) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Endurance performance was measured by a 3000 m running time trial. Serum testosterone, cortisol, and IGF-1 were assessed from venous blood samples.
Results: ISOM LP and CMJ increased significantly over the training period, but 3000 m running time increased only marginally. Serum testosterone, cortisol, and IGF-1 remained unchanged over the intervention period. No differences between the groups were observed.
Conclusions: AR and CWI were equally effective during 10 weeks of high-intensity combined strength and endurance training. Thus, physically active individuals participating in high-intensity combined strength and endurance training should use the recovery method they prefer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Pooley S, Spendiff O, Allen M, Moir HJ. Comparative efficacy of active recovery and cold water immersion as post-match recovery interventions in elite youth soccer. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1423-1431. [PMID: 31456474 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1660448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study compared cold-water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (AR) to static stretching (SS) on muscle recovery post-competitive soccer matches in elite youth players (n = 15). In a controlled crossover design, participants played a total of nine competitive soccer games, comprising three 80 minute games for each intervention (SS, CWI and AR). Muscle oedema, creatine kinase (CK), countermovement jump performance (CMJA) and perceived muscle soreness (PMS) were assessed pre-, immediately post-, and 48 hours post-match and compared across time-intervals and between interventions. Following SS, all markers of muscle damage remained significantly elevated (P < 0.05) compared to baseline at 48 hours post-match. Following AR and CWI, CMJA returned to baseline at 48 hours post-match, whilst CK returned to baseline following CWI at 48 hours post-match only. Analysis between recovery interventions revealed a significant improvement in PMS (P < 0.05) at 48 hours post-match when comparing AR and CWI to SS, with no significant differences between AR and CWI observed (P > 0.05). Analysis of %change for CK and CMJA revealed significant improvements for AR and CWI compared to SS. The present study indicated both AR and CWI are beneficial recovery interventions for elite young soccer players following competitive soccer matches, of which were superior to SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Pooley
- Medical & Sports Science Department, Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , London, UK.,Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University , London, UK
| | - Owen Spendiff
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University , London, UK
| | - Matt Allen
- Medical & Sports Science Department, Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , London, UK
| | - Hannah Jayne Moir
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University , London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moreno-Pérez V, Soler A, Ansa A, López-Samanes Á, Madruga-Parera M, Beato M, Romero-Rodríguez D. Acute and chronic effects of competition on ankle dorsiflexion ROM in professional football players. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:51-60. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1611930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotheraphy Area, Miguel Hernandez University of San Joan d´Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Madruga-Parera
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Rovira Virgili, Amposta, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Buckthorpe M. Optimising the Late-Stage Rehabilitation and Return-to-Sport Training and Testing Process After ACL Reconstruction. Sports Med 2019; 49:1043-1058. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
39
|
Vassilis S, Yiannis M, Athanasios M, Dimitrios M, Ioannis G, Thomas M. Effect of a 4-week detraining period followed by a 4-week strength program on isokinetic strength in elite youth soccer players. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:67-73. [PMID: 30899739 PMCID: PMC6416502 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836538.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if 4 weeks of training cessation (detraining) followed by a 4-week strength training program can affect the isokinetic strength of elite youth soccer players. There were 13 players who participated in the study. The players performed anthropometric measurements and lower limb isokinetic strength measurements 3 times, before the training cessation, after the training cessation and after the 4-week strength training program. No significant differences were observed in the anthropometric and strength measurements (P>0.05) after the detraining period and after the training program (P>0.05). These results indicate that 4 weeks of detraining in elite youth soccer players does not have any significant effects according to their anthropometric characteristics and isokinetic strength of their lower limbs. Furthermore, neither the 4-week training program affected the parameters above. Perhaps, youth players can maintain the benefits of training better than adults due to their neural adaptations. The duration of the strength training program could be the reason of the lack of adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samolis Vassilis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michailidis Yiannis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Mikikis Dimitrios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gissis Ioannis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Metaxas Thomas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM, Orizio C, Fairweather MM, Ditroilo M. Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties by Radial Displacement: The Case for Tensiomyography. Sports Med 2019; 48:1607-1620. [PMID: 29605838 PMCID: PMC5999145 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle operates as a near-constant volume system; as such muscle shortening during contraction is transversely linked to radial deformation. Therefore, to assess contractile properties of skeletal muscle, radial displacement can be evoked and measured. Mechanomyography measures muscle radial displacement and during the last 20 years, tensiomyography has become the most commonly used and widely reported technique among the various methodologies of mechanomyography. Tensiomyography has been demonstrated to reliably measure peak radial displacement during evoked muscle twitch, as well as muscle twitch speed. A number of parameters can be extracted from the tensiomyography displacement/time curve and the most commonly used and reliable appear to be peak radial displacement and contraction time. The latter has been described as a valid non-invasive means of characterising skeletal muscle, based on fibre-type composition. Over recent years, applications of tensiomyography measurement within sport and exercise have appeared, with applications relating to injury, recovery and performance. Within the present review, we evaluate the perceived strengths and weaknesses of tensiomyography with regard to its efficacy within applied sports medicine settings. We also highlight future tensiomyography areas that require further investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to critically examine the existing evidence surrounding tensiomyography as a tool within the field of sports medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
| | - Claudio Orizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding soccer players' match-related fatigue and recovery profiles likely helps with developing conditioning programs that increase team performance and reduce injuries and illnesses. In order to improve match recovery (the return-to-play process and ergogenic interventions) it is also pivotal to determine if match simulation protocols and actual match-play lead to similar responses. OBJECTIVES (1) To thoroughly describe the development of fatigue during actual soccer match play and its recovery time course in terms of physiological, neuromuscular, technical, biochemical and perceptual responses, and (2) to determine similarities of recovery responses between actual competition (11 vs. 11) and match simulations. METHODS A first screening phase consisted of a systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus databases until March 2016. Inclusion criteria were: longitudinal study with soccer players; match or validated protocol; duration > 45 min; and published in English. RESULTS A total of 77 eligible studies (n = 1105) were used to compute 1196 effect sizes (ES). Half-time assessments revealed small to large alterations in immunological parameters (e.g. leukocytes, ES = 1.9), a moderate decrement in insulin concentration (ES = - 0.9) and a small to moderate impairment in lower-limb muscle function (ES = - 0.5 to - 0.7) and physical performance measures (e.g. linear sprint, ES = - 0.3 to - 1.0). All the systematically analyzed fatigue-related markers were substantially altered at post-match. Hamstrings force production capacity (ES = - 0.7), physical performance (2-4%, ES = 0.3-0.5), creatine kinase (CK, ES = 0.4), well-being (ES = 0.2-0.4) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, ES = 0.6-1.3) remained substantially impaired at G + 72 h. Compared to simulation protocols, 11 vs. 11 match format (CK, ES = 1.8) induced a greater magnitude of change in muscle damage (i.e. CK, ES = 1.8 vs. 0.7), inflammatory (IL-6, ES = 2.6 vs. 1.1) and immunological markers and DOMS (ES = 1.5 vs. 0.7) than simulation protocols at post-assessments. Neuromuscular performances at post-match did not differ between protocols. CONCLUSION While some parameters are fully recovered (e.g. hormonal and technical), our systematic review shows that a period of 72 h post-match play is not long enough to completely restore homeostatic balance (e.g. muscle damage, physical and well-being status). The extent of the recovery period post-soccer game cannot consist of a 'one size fits all approach'. Additionally, the 'real match' (11 vs. 11 format) likely induces greater magnitudes of perceptual (DOMS) and biochemical alterations (e.g. muscle damage), while neuromuscular alterations were essentially similar. Overall, coaches must adjust the structure and content of the training sessions during the 72-h post-match intervention to effectively manage the training load within this time-frame.
Collapse
|
42
|
Arriel RA, de Souza HLR, da Mota GR, Marocolo M. Declines in exercise performance are prevented 24 hours after post-exercise ischemic conditioning in amateur cyclists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207053. [PMID: 30412606 PMCID: PMC6226188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brief moments of blood flow occlusion followed by reperfusion may promote enhancements in exercise performance. Thus, this study assessed the 24-h effect of post-exercise ischemic conditioning (PEIC) on exercise performance and physiological variables in trained cyclists. In a randomized, single-blind study, 28 trained cyclists (27.1 ± 1.4 years) performed a maximal incremental cycling test (MICT). The outcome measures were creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness and perceived recovery status, heart rate, perceived exertion and power output. Immediately after the MICT, the cyclists performed 1 of the following 4 interventions: 2 sessions of 5-min occlusion/5-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 2 x 5) or 5 sessions of 2-min occlusion/2-min reperfusion (PEIC or SHAM, 5 x 2). The PEIC (50 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) treatment was applied unilaterally on alternating thighs. At 24 h after the interventions, a second MICT was performed. In all the groups, the CK levels were increased compared with the baseline (p < 0.05) after the 24-h MICT. The PEIC groups (2 x 5 and 5 x 2) felt more tired at 24 h post intervention (p < 0.05). However, both PEIC groups maintained their performance (2 x 5: p = 0.819; 5 x 2: p = 0.790), while the SHAM groups exhibited decreased performance at 24 h post intervention compared to baseline (2 x 5: p = 0.015; 5 x 2: p = 0.045). A decrease in the maximal heart rate (HR) was found only in the SHAM 2 x 5 group (p = 0.015). There were no other significant differences in the heart rate, power output or perceived exertion after 24 h compared with the baseline values for any of the interventions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, PEIC led to maintained exercise performance 24 h post intervention in trained cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhaí André Arriel
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Béliard S, Cassirame J, Ennequin G, Coratella G, Tordi N. The effects of a calf pump device on second half performance of a simulated soccer match in competitive youth players. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:708-716. [PMID: 30286704 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1522947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During soccer matches, performance decrements have been reported that relate to both physical abilities and technical skills. To investigate the effects of low-frequency electrical stimulation LFES (VeinoplusSport®, Ad Rem Technology, France) administered during half-time recovery on performance alterations during the second half. Twenty-two highly trained young players undertook a soccer-match simulation (SAFT90). During half-time, they were randomly assigned to LFES group or Placebo group. Each half was split into 3 bouts of 12 minutes. Following each bout, maximal strike speed (MSS), sprint test (ST), maximal sprint accelerations (MA) and metabolic power (MP) were determined in both groups. Arterial (AF) and venous flows (VF) were measured at rest and at the end of half-time. LEFS group exhibited beneficial effects on performance compared to the Placebo group with a likely effect for MSS, ST, MA, and a possible effect for MP. AF and VF increased statistically more in LEFS group compared to Placebo group. The use of specific calf-pump LFES during half-time of a youth simulated soccer match attenuated the decrease in performance during the second half compared to Placebo group. This effect is most marked at the beginning of the second half with regards to explosive parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Béliard
- a PEPITE EA4267, Exercise Performance Hearth Innovation (EPHI) , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France.,b Service de Cardiologie, Angiologie , Centre Hospitalier Louis-Pasteur , Dole , France
| | - J Cassirame
- c EA4660, Laboratory Culture, Sport, Health, Society , University Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - G Ennequin
- a PEPITE EA4267, Exercise Performance Hearth Innovation (EPHI) , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - G Coratella
- c EA4660, Laboratory Culture, Sport, Health, Society , University Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - N Tordi
- a PEPITE EA4267, Exercise Performance Hearth Innovation (EPHI) , Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Viana-Gomes D, Rosa F, Mello R, Paz G, Miranda H, Salerno V. Oxidative stress, muscle and liver cell damage in professional soccer players during a 2-game week schedule. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Enhanced External Counterpulsation and Short-Term Recovery From High-Intensity Interval Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1100-1106. [PMID: 29466090 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a recovery strategy whose use has increased in recent years owing to the benefits observed in the clinical setting in some cardiovascular diseases (ie, improvement of cardiovascular function). However, its claimed effectiveness for the enhancement of exercise recovery has not been analyzed in athletes. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of EECP on short-term recovery after a fatiguing exercise bout. METHODS Twelve elite junior triathletes (16 [2] y) participated in this crossover counterbalanced study. After a high-intensity interval training session (6 bouts of 3-min duration at maximal intensity interspersed with 3-min rest periods), participants were assigned to recover during 30 min with EECP (80 mm Hg) or sham (0 mm Hg). Measures of recovery included performance (jump height and mean power during an 8-min time trial), metabolic (blood lactate concentration at several time points), autonomic (heart-rate variability at several time points), and subjective (rating of perceived exertion [RPE] and readiness to compete) outcomes. RESULTS There were no differences between EECP and sham in mean RPE or power output during the high-intensity interval training session, which elicited a significant performance impairment, vagal withdrawal, and increased blood lactate and RPE in both EECP and sham conditions (all P < .05). No significant differences were found in performance, metabolic, or subjective outcomes between conditions at any time point. A significantly lower high-frequency power (P < .05, effect size = 1.06), a marker of parasympathetic activity, was observed with EECP at the end of the recovery phase. CONCLUSION EECP did not enhance short-term recovery after a high-intensity interval training session in healthy, highly trained individuals.
Collapse
|
46
|
Diurnal Variations in Physical Performance: Are there Morning-to-Evening Differences in Elite Male Handball Players? J Hum Kinet 2018; 63:117-126. [PMID: 30279947 PMCID: PMC6162981 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to determine: 1) morning-to-evening differences in physical performance with and without a ball; and 2) associations between sleep outcomes (duration and quality) and physical performance in handball players. Sixteen elite, male handball players (25.4 ± 5.8 yr, 94.0 ± 7.4 kg, 193.5 ± 7.5 cm) completed physical performance tests without a ball (a zig-zag test assessing closed-skill agility, linear sprints, and countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps) and with a ball (a zig-zag test and linear sprints) in the morning and evening. In addition, sleep quality and quantity during the night before testing were obtained using self-reported measures. Superior physical performance was evident in all tests during the evening compared to the morning hours (p < 0.003). Specifically, jump height was moderately (effect size (ES) = 0.73 to 1.02) higher during the evening. Similarly, moderate (ES = 1.17) and large (ES = 1.67) improvements in zig-zag test performance were apparent during the evening with and without the ball, respectively. Also, large to very large (ES = 1.29 to 2.09) increases in sprint performance with and without the ball were evident in the evening. No significant correlations (p > 0.05) were apparent between sleep duration and quality and physical performance in both the morning and evening sessions. Diurnal variations in physical performance were apparent in elite male handball players with enhanced performance with and without the ball in the evening compared to morning hours. These findings indicate that morning-to-evening differences in physical performance should be considered when developing conditioning plans or preparing for competition in handball.
Collapse
|
47
|
Jones CM, Griffiths PC, Mellalieu SD. Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Med 2018; 47:943-974. [PMID: 27677917 PMCID: PMC5394138 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Coaches, sport scientists, clinicians and medical personnel face a constant challenge to prescribe sufficient training load to produce training adaption while minimising fatigue, performance inhibition and risk of injury/illness. Objective The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship between injury and illness and longitudinal training load and fatigue markers in sporting populations. Methods Systematic searches of the Web of Science and PubMed online databases to August 2015 were conducted for articles reporting relationships between training load/fatigue measures and injury/illness in athlete populations. Results From the initial 5943 articles identified, 2863 duplicates were removed, followed by a further 2833 articles from title and abstract selection. Manual searching of the reference lists of the remaining 247 articles, together with use of the Google Scholar ‘cited by’ tool, yielded 205 extra articles deemed worthy of assessment. Sixty-eight studies were subsequently selected for inclusion in this study, of which 45 investigated injury only, 17 investigated illness only, and 6 investigated both injury and illness. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings, including disparity within the literature regarding the use of various terminologies such as training load, fatigue, injury and illness. Athletes are at an increased risk of injury/illness at key stages in their training and competition, including periods of training load intensification and periods of accumulated training loads. Conclusions Further investigation of individual athlete characteristics is required due to their impact on internal training load and, therefore, susceptibility to injury/illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jones
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Peter C Griffiths
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen D Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rey E, Padrón-Cabo A, Barcala-Furelos R, Casamichana D, Romo-Pérez V. Practical Active and Passive Recovery Strategies for Soccer Players. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020253. [PMID: 29473893 PMCID: PMC5852829 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years, leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and so the replenishment of glycogen stores may be important for recovery of functional capacity. Nevertheless, nutritional considerations for optimal short-term (3–6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated, particularly surrounding the precise amount of specific types of nutrients required. Current nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e., muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout. Indeed, recent data support the notion that muscle glycogen availability is a determinant of subsequent endurance capacity following limited recovery. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass−1·h−1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass−1·h−1) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity.
Collapse
|
50
|
|