1
|
Santos IA, Lemos MP, Puggina EF, Mota GR. Innovative integration: optimizing performance through warm-up and photobiomodulation in high-intensity test. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1341106. [PMID: 38304418 PMCID: PMC10830741 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1341106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) immediately after a standardized warm-up (WU + PBMT) or traditional PBMT (no pre-warming) would influence performance in intermittent testing and intensity variables. In a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, twelve female futsal players (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.8 years) attended four sessions. Each session involved either a standardized warm-up or maintaining seated rest for five minutes. Subsequently, PBMT or placebo (with the PBMT device turned off) was applied, followed by the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1) during which we assessed heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate levels. The performance in YYIIR1 was superior (p = 0.02) in the WU + PBMT condition (440.0 ± 59.0 m) compared to the WU + Placebo (353.3 ± 94.7 m), and placebo alone (no warm-up) (325.0 ± 67.2 m). We conclude that a combination of a specific warm-up before PBMT application improves high-intensity intermittent performance in amateur female futsal players without affecting intensity variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela A. Santos
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology in Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marina Paiva Lemos
- Exercise Physiology in Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Enrico Fuini Puggina
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. Mota
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferrari A, Baquet G, Blazevich AJ, Ratel S. Influence of Recovery Time After Warm-up on Vertical Jump Performance in Trained Prepubertal and Postpubertal Male Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1985-1992. [PMID: 36930232 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ferrari, A, Baquet, G, Blazevich, AJ, and Ratel, S. Influence of recovery time after warm-up on vertical jump performance in trained prepubertal and postpubertal male athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 1985-1992, 2023-The aim of this study was to examine the concurrent effects of maturity status and recovery delay after a standardized dynamic warm-up on vertical jump performance. Thirteen prepubertal boys (9.4 ± 1.1 years) and 12 postpubertal boys (16.6 ± 0.8 years) were tested on squat jump (SJ) and drop jump from 30 cm (DJ 30 ) before and after a standardized, 8-minute, dynamic warm-up, including low-intensity, nonspecific dynamic exercises progressing to maximal, specific exercises, over 6 separate occasions. In each session, subjects jumped at 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, or 10 minutes after warm-up in a randomized order. Measurements included SJ height, DJ 30 height, ground contact time (GCT), and reactive strength index (RSI) from DJ 30 . The results revealed no significant recovery time × maturity group interaction effects for SJ height ( p = 0.36), DJ 30 height ( p = 0.45), GCT ( p = 0.75), or RSI ( p = 0.09), meaning that maturity status did not have a significant effect on changes in vertical jump performance after the warm-up. However, there were significant time effects for SJ height, DJ 30 height, and RSI ( p < 0.001 for all), with DJ 30 height and RSI increasing significantly by 16.9% at 1.5 minutes ( p < 0.001) and SJ height increasing significantly by 12.0% until 3 minutes after the warm-up ( p < 0.001). To conclude, the standardized dynamic warm-up had beneficial effects on vertical jump performance within the first 3 minutes after completion of the intervention. However, vertical jump performance after the warm-up was not dependent on the children's maturity status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Ferrari
- Lille University, Artois University, Littoral Côte d'Opale University, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Multidisciplinary Sport Health Society Research Unit, Lille, France
| | - Georges Baquet
- Lille University, Artois University, Littoral Côte d'Opale University, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Multidisciplinary Sport Health Society Research Unit, Lille, France
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Clermont-Auvergne University, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Passive Heating Increases Bench-Pull Power Output in Highly Trained Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:11-17. [PMID: 36410337 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the effects of skin temperature change on bench-pull power following a passive warm-up intervention with highly trained swimmers using multiple heated clothing garments. METHODS Using a crossover design, 8 high-performance swimmers (mean [SD]; age, 22.4 [4.4] y; body mass, 74.9 [8.1] kg; height, 1.79 [0.09] m; world record ratio, 107.3% [5.1%]) completed a pool-based warm-up followed by a 35-minute transition phase before completing 3 repetitions at 50% of 1-repetition maximum of the bench-pull exercise. During transition, swimmers wore either a warm (control) or a heated (heat) clothing condition. RESULTS Following heating, mean skin temperature was 0.7 °C higher in heat (P = .011), though no change was seen in tympanic temperature. Bench-pull mean and peak power improved by 4.5% and 4.7% following heating, respectively. A large repeated-measures correlation was observed between skin temperature and mean (r [90% CI] = .94 [.65 to .99], P < .01) and peak (r [90% CI] = .89 [.45 to .98], P < .01) power output. Thermal sensation and comfort at all regions were higher with heating (P ≤ .02). CONCLUSION Combined upper- and lower-limb passive heating can increase whole-body skin temperature and improve short-duration upper-limb power output during the bench-pull exercise. Improvements in power output were directly related to the skin temperature increase facilitated by the heated clothing.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1468. [PMID: 31849713 PMCID: PMC6895680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of static stretching (StS) on subsequent strength and power activities has been one of the most debated topics in sport science literature over the past decades. The aim of this review is (1) to summarize previous and current findings on the acute effects of StS on muscle strength and power performances; (2) to update readers’ knowledge related to previous caveats; and (3) to discuss the underlying physiological mechanisms of short-duration StS when performed as single-mode treatment or when integrated into a full warm-up routine. Over the last two decades, StS has been considered harmful to subsequent strength and power performances. Accordingly, it has been recommended not to apply StS before strength- and power-related activities. More recent evidence suggests that when performed as a single-mode treatment or when integrated within a full warm-up routine including aerobic activity, dynamic-stretching, and sport-specific activities, short-duration StS (≤60 s per muscle group) trivially impairs subsequent strength and power activities (∆1–2%). Yet, longer StS durations (>60 s per muscle group) appear to induce substantial and practically relevant declines in strength and power performances (∆4.0–7.5%). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that when included in a full warm-up routine, short-duration StS may even contribute to lower the risk of sustaining musculotendinous injuries especially with high-intensity activities (e.g., sprint running and change of direction speed). It seems that during short-duration StS, neuromuscular activation and musculotendinous stiffness appear not to be affected compared with long-duration StS. Among other factors, this could be due to an elevated muscle temperature induced by a dynamic warm-up program. More specifically, elevated muscle temperature leads to increased muscle fiber conduction-velocity and improved binding of contractile proteins (actin, myosin). Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. In fact, short-duration StS should be included as an important warm-up component before the uptake of recreational sports activities due to its potential positive effect on flexibility and musculotendinous injury prevention. However, in high-performance athletes, short-duration StS has to be applied with caution due to its negligible but still prevalent negative effects on subsequent strength and power performances, which could have an impact on performance during competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01), Sport Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Edman S, Söderlund K, Moberg M, Apró W, Blomstrand E. mTORC1 Signaling in Individual Human Muscle Fibers Following Resistance Exercise in Combination With Intake of Essential Amino Acids. Front Nutr 2019; 6:96. [PMID: 31294029 PMCID: PMC6603157 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human muscles contain a mixture of type I and type II fibers with different contractile and metabolic properties. Little is presently known about the effect of anabolic stimuli, in particular nutrition, on the molecular responses of these different fiber types. Here, we examine the effect of resistance exercise in combination with intake of essential amino acids (EAA) on mTORC1 signaling in individual type I and type II human muscle fibers. Five strength-trained men performed two sessions of heavy leg press exercise. During exercise and recovery, the subjects ingested an aqueous solution of EAA (290 mg/kg) or flavored water (placebo). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and 90 min after exercise. The biopsies were freeze-dried and single fibers dissected out and weighed (range 0.95-8.1 μg). The fibers were homogenized individually and identified as type I or II by incubation with antibodies against the different isoforms of myosin. They were also analyzed for both the levels of protein as well as phosphorylation of proteins in the mTORC1 pathway using Western blotting. The levels of the S6K1 and eEF2 proteins were ~50% higher in type II than in type I fibers (P < 0.05), but no difference was found between fiber types with respect to the level of mTOR protein. Resistance exercise led to non-significant increases (2-3-fold) in mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation as well as a 50% decrease (P < 0.05) in eEF2 phosphorylation in both fiber types. Intake of EAA caused a 2 and 6-fold higher (P < 0.05) elevation of mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation, respectively, in both type I and type II fibers compared to placebo, with no effect on phosphorylation of eEF2. In conclusion, protein levels of S6K1 and eEF2 were significantly higher in type II than type I fibers suggesting higher capacity of the mTOR pathway in type II fibers. Ingestion of EAA enhanced the effect of resistance exercise on phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K1 in both fiber types, but with considerable variation between single fibers of both types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Edman
- The Åstrand Laboratory, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Söderlund
- The Åstrand Laboratory, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Moberg
- The Åstrand Laboratory, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- The Åstrand Laboratory, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- The Åstrand Laboratory, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Perturbed diurnal rhythms are becoming increasingly evident as deleterious events in the pathology of metabolic diseases. Exercise is well characterized as a crucial intervention in the prevention and treatment of individuals with metabolic diseases. Little is known, however, regarding optimizing the timing of exercise bouts in order to maximize their health benefits. Furthermore, exercise is a potent modulator of skeletal muscle metabolism, and it is clear that skeletal muscle has a strong circadian profile. In humans, mitochondrial function peaks in the late afternoon, and the circadian clock might be inherently impaired in myotubes from patients with metabolic disease. Timing exercise bouts to coordinate with an individual's circadian rhythms might be an efficacious strategy to optimize the health benefits of exercise. The role of exercise as a Zeitgeber can also be used as a tool in combating metabolic disease. Shift work is known to induce acute insulin resistance, and appropriately timed exercise might improve health markers in shift workers who are at risk of metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss the literature regarding diurnal skeletal muscle metabolism and the interaction with exercise bouts at different times of the day to combat metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Gabriel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An acute dose of inorganic dietary nitrate does not improve high-intensity, intermittent exercise performance in temperate or hot and humid conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:723-733. [PMID: 30617465 PMCID: PMC6394696 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-04063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Dietary nitrate (NO3−) has repeatedly been shown to improve endurance and intermittent, high-intensity events in temperate conditions. However, the ergogenic effects of dietary NO3− on intermittent exercise performance in hot conditions have yet to be investigated. Methods In a randomised, counterbalanced, double-blind crossover study, 12 recreationally trained males ingested a nitrate-rich beetroot juice shot (BRJ) (6.2 mmol NO3−) or a nitrate-depleted placebo (PLA) (< 0.004 mmol NO3−) 3 h prior to an intermittent sprint test (IST) in temperate (22 °C, 35% RH) and hot conditions (30 °C, 70% RH). The cycle ergometer IST consisted of twenty maximal 6 s sprints interspersed by 114 s of active recovery. Work done, power output, heart rate and RPE were measured throughout; tympanic temperature was measured prior to and upon completion. Results There were no significant effects of supplement on sprint performance in either temperate or hot, humid conditions (p > 0.05). There was a reduced peak (BRJ: 659 ± 100W vs. PLA: 693 ± 139W; p = 0.056) and mean power (BRJ: 543 ± 29W vs. PLA: 575 ± 38W; p = 0.081) following BRJ compared to PLA in the hot and humid condition, but this was not statistically significant. There was no effect of supplement on total work done irrespective of environmental condition. However, ~ 75% of participants experienced performance decreases following BRJ in the hot and humid environment. No differences were observed between trials for tympanic temperature measured at the conclusion of the exercise trial. Conclusion In conclusion, an acute dose of inorganic dietary NO3− does not improve repeated-sprint performance in either temperate, or hot and humid conditions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Domínguez R, Maté-Muñoz JL, Cuenca E, García-Fernández P, Mata-Ordoñez F, Lozano-Estevan MC, Veiga-Herreros P, da Silva SF, Garnacho-Castaño MV. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent high-intensity exercise efforts. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:2. [PMID: 29311764 PMCID: PMC5756374 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot juice contains high levels of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) and its intake has proved effective at increasing blood nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Given the effects of NO in promoting vasodilation and blood flow with beneficial impacts on muscle contraction, several studies have detected an ergogenic effect of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise efforts with high oxidative energy metabolism demands. However, only a scarce yet growing number of investigations have sought to assess the effects of this supplement on performance at high-intensity exercise. Here we review the few studies that have addressed this issue. The databases Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed and Web of Science were searched for articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish published from 2010 to March 31 to 2017 using the keywords: beet or beetroot or nitrate or nitrite and supplement or supplementation or nutrition or "sport nutrition" and exercise or sport or "physical activity" or effort or athlete. Nine articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. Results indicate that beetroot juice given as a single dose or over a few days may improve performance at intermittent, high-intensity efforts with short rest periods. The improvements observed were attributed to faster phosphocreatine resynthesis which could delay its depletion during repetitive exercise efforts. In addition, beetroot juice supplementation could improve muscle power output via a mechanism involving a faster muscle shortening velocity. The findings of some studies also suggested improved indicators of muscular fatigue, though the mechanism involved in this effect remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Domínguez
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- TecnoCampus. GRI-AFIRS, School of Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Carmen Lozano-Estevan
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandro Fernandes da Silva
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Physical Education Departament, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
It is widely accepted that warming-up prior to exercise is vital for the attainment of optimum performance. Both passive and active warm-up can evoke temperature, metabolic, neural and psychology-related effects, including increased anaerobic metabolism, elevated oxygen uptake kinetics and post-activation potentiation. Passive warm-up can increase body temperature without depleting energy substrate stores, as occurs during the physical activity associated with active warm-up. While the use of passive warm-up alone is not commonplace, the idea of utilizing passive warming techniques to maintain elevated core and muscle temperature throughout the transition phase (the period between completion of the warm-up and the start of the event) is gaining in popularity. Active warm-up induces greater metabolic changes, leading to increased preparedness for a subsequent exercise task. Until recently, only modest scientific evidence was available supporting the effectiveness of pre-competition warm-ups, with early studies often containing relatively few participants and focusing mostly on physiological rather than performance-related changes. External issues faced by athletes pre-competition, including access to equipment and the length of the transition/marshalling phase, have also frequently been overlooked. Consequently, warm-up strategies have continued to develop largely on a trial-and-error basis, utilizing coach and athlete experiences rather than scientific evidence. However, over the past decade or so, new research has emerged, providing greater insight into how and why warm-up influences subsequent performance. This review identifies potential physiological mechanisms underpinning warm-ups and how they can affect subsequent exercise performance, and provides recommendations for warm-up strategy design for specific individual and team sports.
Collapse
|
10
|
Christensen PM, Jacobs RA, Bonne T, Flück D, Bangsbo J, Lundby C. A short period of high-intensity interval training improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1319-27. [PMID: 26846547 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether improvements in pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics following a short period of high-intensity training (HIT) would be associated with improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Ten untrained male volunteers (age 26 ± 2 yr; mean ± SD) performed six HIT sessions (8-12 × 60 s at incremental test peak power; 271 ± 52 W) over a 2-wk period. Before and after the HIT period, V̇o2 kinetics was modeled during moderate-intensity cycling (110 ± 19 W). Mitochondrial function was assessed with high-resolution respirometry (HRR), and maximal activities of oxidative enzymes citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) were accordingly determined. In response to HIT, V̇o2 kinetics became faster (τ: 20.4 ± 4.4 vs. 28.9 ± 6.1 s; P < 0.01) and fatty acid oxidation (ETFP) and leak respiration (LN) both became elevated (P < 0.05). Activity of CS and COX did not increase in response to training. Both before and after the HIT period, fast V̇o2 kinetics (low τ values) was associated with large values for ETFP, electron transport system capacity (ETS), and electron flow specific to complex II (CIIP) (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings support that selected measures of mitochondrial function obtained with HRR are important for fast V̇o2 kinetics and better markers than maximal oxidative enzyme activity in describing the speed of the V̇o2 response during moderate-intensity exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Team Danmark (Danish Elite Sport Organization), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert A Jacobs
- Health and Physical Education, School of Teaching and Learning, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina; Department of Physical Therapy, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina; and
| | - Thomas Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniela Flück
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrated Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wylie LJ, Bailey SJ, Kelly J, Blackwell JR, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Influence of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:415-25. [PMID: 26614506 PMCID: PMC4717163 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study tested the hypothesis that nitrate (NO3−) supplementation would improve performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise featuring different work and recovery intervals.
Method Ten male team-sport players completed high-intensity intermittent cycling tests during separate 5-day supplementation periods with NO3−-rich beetroot juice (BR; 8.2 mmol NO3− day−1) and NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.08 mmol NO3− day−1). Subjects completed: twenty-four 6-s all-out sprints interspersed with 24 s of recovery (24 × 6-s); seven 30-s all-out sprints interspersed with 240 s of recovery (7 × 30-s); and six 60-s self-paced maximal efforts interspersed with 60 s of recovery (6 × 60-s); on days 3, 4, and 5 of supplementation, respectively. Result Plasma [NO2−] was 237 % greater in the BR trials. Mean power output was significantly greater with BR relative to PL in the 24 × 6-s protocol (568 ± 136 vs. 539 ± 136 W; P < 0.05), but not during the 7 × 30-s (558 ± 95 vs. 562 ± 94 W) or 6 × 60-s (374 ± 57 vs. 375 ± 59 W) protocols (P > 0.05). The increase in blood [lactate] across the 24 × 6-s and 7 × 30-s protocols was greater with BR (P < 0.05), but was not different in the 6 × 60-s protocol (P > 0.05). Conclusion BR might be ergogenic during repeated bouts of short-duration maximal-intensity exercise interspersed with short recovery periods, but not necessarily during longer duration intervals or when a longer recovery duration is applied. These findings suggest that BR might have implications for performance enhancement during some types of intermittent exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - James Kelly
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - James R Blackwell
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peterson BJ, Fitzgerald JS, Dietz CC, Ziegler KS, Ingraham SJ, Baker SE, Snyder EM. Division I Hockey Players Generate More Power Than Division III Players During on- and Off-Ice Performance Tests. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1191-6. [PMID: 25436625 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current research has found anthropometric and physiological characteristics of hockey players that are correlated to performance. These characteristics, however, have never been examined to see whether significant differences exist between on- and off-ice performance markers at different levels of play; Division I, Elite Junior, and Division III. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences that may exist between these characteristics in Division I (24), Elite Junior (10), and Division III hockey (11) players. Forty-five (age: 18-24 years) hockey players completed anthropometric, on-ice, and off-ice tests to ascertain average measures for each division of play. On-ice testing was conducted in full hockey gear and consisted of acceleration, top-speed, and on-ice repeated shift test (RST). Off-ice tests included vertical jump, Wingate, grip strength, and a graded exercise test performed on a skating treadmill to ascertain their (Equation is included in full-text article.). Division I players had significantly lower body fat than their Division III peers (p = 0.004). Division I players also scored significantly better on measures of anaerobic power; vertical jump (p = 0.001), Wingate peak power (p = 0.05), grip strength (p = 0.008), top speed (p = 0.001), and fastest RST course time (p = 0.001) than their Division III counterparts. There was no significant difference between Division I and Elite Junior players for any on- or off-ice performance variable. The results of this study indicate that performance differences between Division I and Division III hockey players seem to be primarily because of the rate of force production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Peterson
- 1School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and 2Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Girard O, Brocherie F, Bishop DJ. Sprint performance under heat stress: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:79-89. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Girard
- ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - F. Brocherie
- ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - D. J. Bishop
- Institute of Sport; Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); College of Sport and Exercise Science; Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bailey SJ, Wilkerson DP, Fulford J, Jones AM. Influence of passive lower-body heating on muscle metabolic perturbation and high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3569-76. [PMID: 22323297 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of heat stress on the dynamics of muscle metabolic perturbation during high-intensity exercise. Seven healthy males completed single-legged knee-extensor exercise until the limit of tolerance on two separate occasions. In a randomized order the subjects underwent 40 min of lower-body immersion in warm water at 42°C prior to exercise (HOT) or received no prior thermal manipulation (CON). Following the intervention, muscle metabolism was measured at rest and throughout exercise using (31)P-MRS. The tolerable duration of high-intensity exercise was reduced by 36% after passive heating (CON: 474 ± 146 vs. HOT: 303 ± 76 s; P = 0.005). Intramuscular pH was lower over the first 60 s of exercise (CON: 7.05 ± 0.02 vs. HOT: 7.00 ± 0.03; P = 0.019) in HOT compared to CON. The rate of muscle [PCr] degradation during exercise was greater in the HOT condition (CON: -0.17 ± 0.08 vs. HOT: -0.25 ± 0.10% s(-1); P = 0.006) and pH also tended to change more rapidly in HOT (P = 0.09). Muscle [PCr] (CON: 26 ± 14 vs. HOT: 29 ± 10%), [Pi] (CON: 504 ± 236 vs. HOT: 486 ± 186%) and pH (CON: 6.84 ± 0.13 vs. HOT: 6.80 ± 0.14; P > 0.05) were not statistically different at the limit of tolerance (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). These results suggest that the reduced time-to-exhaustion during high-intensity knee-extensor exercise following lower-body heating might be related, in part, to accelerated rates of change of intramuscular [PCr] and pH towards 'critical' values that limit muscle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Skeletal muscle ATP turnover and single fibre ATP and PCr content during intense exercise at different muscle temperatures in humans. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462:885-93. [PMID: 21947579 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on skeletal muscle ATP turnover, pulmonary oxygen uptake and single fibre ATP and PCr content was studied during intense cycling exercise. Six healthy male subjects performed 6-min intense (Δ50%LT-VO(2peak)) cycling, at 60 rpm, under conditions of normal (N) and elevated muscle temperature (ET). Muscle biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest, 2 and 6 min were analysed for homogenate ATP, PCr, lactate and glycogen, allowing estimation of anaerobic ATP turnover. Freeze-dried single fibres from biopsies were characterised according to their myosin heavy chain composition (type I, IIA or IIAX) and analysed for ATP and PCr content. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured throughout. There was no difference in pulmonary oxygen uptake between the trials. The elevation of muscle temperature resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) PCr content, higher (P < 0.05) lactate content and greater (P < 0.05) anaerobic ATP turnover after 2 min of exercise. There was no effect of temperature on these measures at 6 min. In single fibres it was observed that in ET, there was a lower (P < 0.05) PCr content in type I fibres after 2 min with no differences between conditions after 6 min. The present study demonstrates that elevation of muscle temperature results in a greater anaerobic ATP turnover and type I fibre PCr degradation during the initial 2 min of intense exercise.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Moir GL, Dale JR, Dietrich WW. The Acute Effects of Heavy Back Squats on Mechanical Variables During a Series of Bilateral Hops. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:1118-24. [PMID: 19528867 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31819166c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin L Moir
- Exercise Science Department and 2Athletic Training, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Influence of prior sprint exercise on the parameters of the ‘all-out critical power test’ in men. Exp Physiol 2009; 94:255-63. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.045229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|