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Abdelrahim DN, El Herrag SE, Khaled MB, Radwan H, Naja F, Alkurd R, Khan MAB, Zeb F, AbuShihab KH, Mahrous L, Obaideen K, Kalam F, Granata Iv F, Madkour M, Faris ME. Changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during Ramadan fasting: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad141. [PMID: 37986623 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Ramadan fasting (RF) is associated with various physiological and metabolic changes among fasting Muslims. However, it remains unclear whether these effects are attributable to changes in meal timing or changes in dietary energy and macronutrient intakes. Furthermore, the literature on the associations between RF, meal timing, and energy and macronutrient intakes is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to estimate the effect sizes of RF on energy and macronutrient intakes (carbohydrates, protein, fats, dietary fiber, and water) and determine the effect of different moderators on the examined outcomes. DATA SOURCES The Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to January 31, 2022. DATA EXTRACTION The studies that assessed energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, and water intakes pre- and post-fasting were extracted. DATA ANALYSIS Of the 4776 identified studies, 85 relevant studies (n = 4594 participants aged 9-85 y) were selected. The effect sizes for the studied variables were as follows: energy (number of studies [K] = 80, n = 3343 participants; mean difference [MD]: -142.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -215.19, -69.71), carbohydrates (K = 75, n = 3111; MD: -23.90; 95% CI: -36.42, -11.38), protein (K = 74, n = 3108; MD: -4.21; 95% CI: -7.34, -1.07), fats (K = 73, n = 3058; MD: -2.03; 95% CI: -5.73, 1.67), fiber (K = 16, n = 1198; MD: 0.47; 95% CI: -1.44, 2.39), and water (K = 17, n = 772; MD: -350.80; 95% CI: -618.09, 83.50). Subgroup analyses showed age significantly moderated the 6 dietary outcomes, and physical activity significantly moderated water intake. There were significant reductions in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes during RF. CONCLUSIONS The change in meal timing rather than quantitative dietary intake may explain various physiological and health effects associated with RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana N Abdelrahim
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salah Eddine El Herrag
- Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-biotechnologie & Santé (Lab-NuPABS), Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life and Natural Science, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Meghit Boumediene Khaled
- Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-biotechnologie & Santé (Lab-NuPABS), Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life and Natural Science, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Naja
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Refat Alkurd
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Moien A B Khan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Falak Zeb
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katia H AbuShihab
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lana Mahrous
- Department of Health Sciences/Track of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health and Rehabilitation, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Obaideen
- Sustainable Energy and Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faiza Kalam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Granata Iv
- Department of Medical Education, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - MoezAlIslam E Faris
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Hajji J, Sabah A, Aljaberi MA, Lin CY, Huang LY. The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on the Coping Strategies Used by Male Footballers Affiliated with the Tunisian First Professional League. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11071053. [PMID: 37046980 PMCID: PMC10094225 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to discover coping strategies among professional male Tunisian footballers during the Ramadan 2021 fast. One hundred and eighty footballers who belong to twelve Tunisian professional clubs (age: 25.54 ± 4.41 years, weight: 77.19 ± 5.99 kg; height: 180.54 ± 7.28 cm; BMI: 23.67 ± 0.58) were tested during three sessions: one week before Ramadan, during the last week of Ramadan, and one week after Ramadan 2021. The footballers completed the Arabic version of the Inventory of Coping Strategies for Competitive Sport (ICSCS) scale in each session. Responses were recorded retrospectively one hour after a competition. The analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of Ramadan fasting on the adaptation profile of footballers (F = 3.51; p-value = 0.0001). Before and after Ramadan fasting, active coping dominates the adaptation profile of Tunisian professional footballers. During Ramadan, footballers use an irregular and unbalanced coping profile. The lifestyle change induced by the Ramadan fast significantly and negatively affected the adaptation profile of Tunisian professional footballers. Under the effect of the month of Ramadan, footballers developed a different coping profile from that of normal months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Hajji
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, Gafsa University, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Tunis University, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
| | - Aiche Sabah
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Chlef 02076, Algeria
| | - Musheer A Aljaberi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz 6803, Yemen
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
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Is Ramadan fasting associated with low scores of Healthy Eating Index? NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:1058-1063. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Shatila H, Baroudi M, El Sayed Ahmad R, Chehab R, Forman MR, Abbas N, Faris M, Naja F. Impact of Ramadan Fasting on Dietary Intakes Among Healthy Adults: A Year-Round Comparative Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:689788. [PMID: 34422880 PMCID: PMC8375294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.689788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Religious rituals are considered among the principle factors that impact dietary behaviors and food selections. The main objective of this study is to characterize food intake among Lebanese adults observant of the fasting month of Ramadan and compare it to their intake of the rest of the year. During a year-round study, including the month of Ramadan, Lebanese adults (n = 62), completed multiple (9 to 13) 24-h dietary recalls. Information about sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics was also obtained. Dietary intake was examined using food groups as well as energy, macro, and micronutrient consumption. Significant differences in dietary intakes were observed for 12 of the 19 food groups (expressed as a percent of total energy) during Ramadan as compared to the rest of the year. More specifically, the intakes of cereals, cereal-based products, pasta, eggs, nuts and seeds, milk and dairy, and fats and oils were lower, while vegetables, dried fruit, Arabic sweets, cakes and pastries, and sugar-sweetened-beverages intakes were higher during Ramadan as compared to the remainder of the year (p < 0.05). Such differences in food groups' intakes were reflected in nutrients intakes, including carbohydrates, cholesterol, calcium, beta-carotene, vitamin C, folate, and magnesium. The findings of this study highlighted major differences in dietary intakes between the fasting month as compared to the rest of the year. With the large number of adults who observe fasting during Ramadan, the particularities of dietary intake during Ramadan ought to be considered in the development of context and culture-specific dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibeh Shatila
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Baroudi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raeda El Sayed Ahmad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Chehab
- Nutrition Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michele R. Forman
- Nutrition Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nada Abbas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - MoezAlIslam Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Graja A, Ghattassi K, Boudhina N, Bouzid MA, Chahed H, Ferchichi S, Driss T, Souissi N, Hammouda O. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive, physical and biochemical responses to strenuous short-term exercises in elite young female handball players. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113241. [PMID: 33157076 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RF) on cognitive and physical performance and biochemical responses to specific exercises in elite young female handball players. Twelve athletes participated in three experimental sessions: one week before Ramadan (BR), during the first week of Ramadan (FWR) and during the last week of Ramadan (LWR). The present crossover study was carried out in Tunisia during the 2013 Ramadan month lasting from 9 July to 7 august. During each session, a battery of tests was performed as follow: Hooper index, vigilance test (VT), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), five jump test (5-JT), modified agility T-test (MAT), maximal standing ball-throw velocity test (MSBVT) and Running-based Anaerobic Sprint (RAST) Test. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded immediately after the RAST. Blood samples were collected before and after exercises during each session. The results showed that ESS scores were higher during LWR than BR (p < 0.05). Moreover, MSBVT time decreased (p < 0.05) during LWR, therefore performance enhanced. The power of three final sprints from the RAST decreased significantly only during LWR compared to BR (p < 0.05). RAST fatigue index and RPE scores were higher during LWR more than BR (p < 0.05). The results showed also that hematological measures (i.e., red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit), plasma osmolarity and energetic markers were unaffected by RF. Biomarkers of muscle damage were higher after the RAST only during LWR compared to BR (p < 0.01 for all). In conclusion, RF increased ESS and decreased RAST performances associated with higher muscle damage and fatigue, especially at LWR. These previous alterations could be attributed to disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms rather than nutritional deficiency or dehydratation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Graja
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; High institute of sport and physical education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghattassi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nahla Boudhina
- High institute of sport and physical education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouzid
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Henda Chahed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and learning (LINP2), UPL, UFR STAPS, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
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Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boukhris O, M Glenn J, Bott N, Stannard SR, Engel FA, Sperlich B, Garbarino S, Bragazzi NL, Shephard RJ, Chtourou H. Effects of Ramadan Observance on Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Adolescent Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061574. [PMID: 32481549 PMCID: PMC7353054 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of Ramadan observance on dietary intake, body mass and body composition of adolescent athletes (design: systematic review and meta-analysis; data sources: PubMed and Web of Science; eligibility criteria for selecting studies: single-group, pre-post, with or without control-group studies, conducted in athletes aged <19 years, training at least 3 times/week, and published in any language before 12 February 2020). Studies assessing body mass and/or body composition and/or dietary intake were deemed eligible. The methodological quality was assessed using ‘QualSyst’. Of the twelve selected articles evaluating body mass and/or body composition, one was of strong quality and eleven were rated as moderate. Ten articles evaluated dietary intake; four were rated as strong and the remaining moderate in quality. Continuation of training during Ramadan did not change body mass from before to the first week (trivial effect size (ES) = −0.011, p = 0.899) or from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.277). Additionally, Ramadan observance did not change body fat content from before to the first week (trivial ES = −0.005, p = 0.947) and from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = -0.057, p = 0.947). Lean body mass remained unchanged from before to the fourth week of Ramadan (trivial ES = −0.025, p = 0.876). Dietary data showed the intake of energy (small ES = -0.272, p = 0.182), fat (trivial ES = 0.044, p = 0.842), protein (trivial ES = 0.069, p = 0.720), carbohydrate (trivial ES = 0.075, p = 0.606) and water (trivial ES = −0.115, p = 0.624) remained essentially unchanged during as compared to before Ramadan. Continued training of adolescent athletes at least three times/week during Ramadan observance has no effect on body mass, body composition or dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie; (K.T.); (O.B.); (H.C.)
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Omar Boukhris
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie; (K.T.); (O.B.); (H.C.)
- Activité Physique: Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisie
| | - Jordan M Glenn
- Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Neurotrack Technologies, 399 Bradford St, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA;
| | - Nick Bott
- Neurotrack Technologies, 399 Bradford St, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA;
- Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R. Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Florian A. Engel
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Department of Movement and Training Science, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child, Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child, Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-353-8508
| | - Roy J. Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’éducation physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisie; (K.T.); (O.B.); (H.C.)
- Activité Physique: Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisie
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M. Correia J, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, V. Mendonca G. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Specific Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review Including Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051390. [PMID: 32408718 PMCID: PMC7284994 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has been studied in athletes during Ramadan and in those willing to decrease adiposity while maintaining or increasing lean body mass. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of IF on performance outcomes. We searched peer-reviewed articles in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Sport Discus (up to December 2019). Studies were selected if they included samples of adults (≥18 years), had an experimental or observational design, investigated IF (Ramadan and time-restricted feeding (TRF)), and included performance outcomes. Meta-analytical procedures were conducted when feasible. Twenty-eight articles met the eligibility criteria. Findings indicated that maximum oxygen uptake is significantly enhanced with TRF protocols (SMD = 1.32, p = 0.001), but reduced with Ramadan intermittent fasting (Ramadan IF; SMD = −2.20, p < 0.001). Additional effects of IF may be observed in body composition (body mass and fat mass). Non-significant effects were observed for muscle strength and anaerobic capacity. While Ramadan IF may lead to impairments in aerobic capacity, TRF may be effective for improving it. As there are few studies per performance outcome, more research is needed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (J.M.C.); (P.P.-C.)
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Inês Santos
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (J.M.C.); (P.P.-C.)
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Goncalo V. Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (J.M.C.); (P.P.-C.)
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; (I.S.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351933206691
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Bernal-Orozco MF, Posada-Falomir M, Quiñónez-Gastélum CM, Plascencia-Aguilera LP, Arana-Nuño JR, Badillo-Camacho N, Márquez-Sandoval F, Holway FE, Vizmanos-Lamotte B. Anthropometric and Body Composition Profile of Young Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1911-1923. [PMID: 32058363 PMCID: PMC7310300 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Bernal-Orozco, MF, Posada-Falomir, M, Quiñónez-Gastélum, CM, Plascencia-Aguilera, LP, Arana-Nuño, JR, Badillo-Camacho, N, Márquez-Sandoval, F, Holway, FE, and Vizmanos-Lamotte, B. Anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1911–1923, 2020—The purpose was to describe the anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players and to compare the players profiles between different competitive divisions and playing positions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with anthropometric data obtained from the records of soccer players of Club Deportivo Guadalajara, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico) in the under-17, under-20, second, third, and fourth division categories. Body mass, height, sitting-height, skinfolds, girths, and bone breadths were measured by certified anthropometrists from September 2011 to March 2015, following the procedures recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body composition was determined using the 5-way fractionation method. Comparisons between playing positions in each division and between divisions were performed using analysis of variance, and Bonferroni's post-hoc analyses (SPSS version 22 for Windows, p < 0.05 considered as significant). Data from 755 subjects were analyzed. The mean age was 18.1 ± 1.7 years old (minimum 14.8, maximum 23.2). The under-20 division registered higher anthropometric and body composition values than all other competitive divisions. In addition, goalkeepers were taller, heavier, and obtained the highest values for adipose mass, whereas forwards presented higher percentages of muscle mass. These tables can be used during nutritional assessment and nutritional monitoring of players to establish body composition goals. In addition, the strength and conditioning practitioner may also use these data to design effective and specific training programs most suitable to the anthropometric and body composition profile of each player, taking into consideration his competitive division and playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Bernal-Orozco
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Juan R Arana-Nuño
- Nutrition Department, Guadalajara Sports Club, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; and
| | - Nayeli Badillo-Camacho
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francis E Holway
- International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (Level 4 anthropometrist), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Vizmanos-Lamotte
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Nutritional profile and oxidative stress in adolescent soccer players. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.4-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Religion, Food Choices, and Demand Seasonality: Evidence from the Ethiopian Milk Market. Foods 2019; 8:foods8050167. [PMID: 31100898 PMCID: PMC6560392 DOI: 10.3390/foods8050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of religious behavior on food systems in developing economies has been understated in scholarly studies. With its different Christian, Islamic, and traditional faiths, Ethiopia emerges as a suitable country to investigate the impact of religious practices on demand. The inclusion of livestock products in Ethiopian diets is extremely low, even by African standards, a phenomenon often explained by supply and marketing problems combined with low income levels. We deviate from this dominant narrative and single out the impact of religion. We show how fasting practices of Orthodox Christians, the largest religious group, affect milk intake decisions and channels through which consumed milk is sourced. Employing country-wide data collected by the Living Standards Measurement Studies, we find, as expected, that Orthodox fasting adversely affects milk consumption and decreases the share of milk sourced from own production in Orthodox households, an effect we quantify in this paper. Moreover, we observe spillover effects of Orthodox fasting on other religious groups in dominant Orthodox localities. Our findings improve understanding of the broader societal implication of religiously inspired consumption rituals and underscore the challenges resulting from religion-induced demand cycles to design policies that aim at developing the livestock sector.
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Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:594-600. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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The effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in healthy men. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:1023-1030. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study aimed to examine the effects of diurnal Ramadan fasting (RF) on substrate oxidation, energy production, blood lipids and glucose as well as body composition. Nine healthy Muslim men (fasting (FAST) group) and eight healthy non-practicing men (control (CNT) group) were assessed pre- and post-RF. FAST were additionally assessed at days 10, 20 and 30 of RF in the morning and evening. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry, substrate oxidation and energy production by indirect calorimetry, blood metabolic profile by biochemical analyses and energy balance by activity tracker recordings and food log analyses. A significant group×time interaction revealed that chronic RF reduced body mass and adiposity in FAST, without changing lean mass, whereas CNT subjects remained unchanged. In parallel to these findings, a significant main diurnal effect (morning v. evening) of RF on substrate oxidation (a shift towards lipid oxidation) and blood metabolic profile (a decrease in glucose and an increase in total cholesterol and TAG levels, respectively) was observed, which did not vary over the course of the Ramadan. In conclusion, although RF induces diurnal metabolic adjustments (morning v. evening), no carryover effect was observed throughout RF despite the extended daily fasting period (18·0 (sd 0·3) h) and changes in body composition.
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Ghayour Najafabadi M, Rahbar Nikoukar L, Memari A, Ekhtiari H, Beygi S. Does Ramadan Fasting Adversely Affect Cognitive Function in Young Females? SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:432428. [PMID: 26697263 PMCID: PMC4677254 DOI: 10.1155/2015/432428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of Ramadan fasting on cognitive function in 17 female athletes. Data were obtained from participants of two fasting (n = 9) and nonfasting (n = 8) groups at three periods of the study (before Ramadan, at the third week in Ramadan, and after Ramadan). Digit span test (DST) and Stroop color test were employed to assess short-term memory and inhibition/cognitive flexibility at each time point. There were no significant changes for DST and Stroop task 1 in both groups, whereas Stroop task 2 and task 3 showed significant improvements in Ramadan condition (p < 0.05). Interference indices did not change significantly across the study except in post-Ramadan period of fasting group (p < 0.05). Group × week interaction was significant only for error numbers (p < 0.05). Athletes in nonfasting showed a significant decrease in number of errors in Ramadan compared to baseline (p < 0.05). The results suggest that Ramadan fasting may not adversely affect cognitive function in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Ghayour Najafabadi
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya Rahbar Nikoukar
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Memari
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Beygi
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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McNeil J, Mamlouk MM, Duval K, Schwartz A, Nardo Junior N, Doucet É. Alterations in metabolic profile occur in normal-weight and obese men during the Ramadan fast despite no changes in anthropometry. J Obes 2014; 2014:482547. [PMID: 25177497 PMCID: PMC4142169 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the variations in eating behavior, appetite ratings, satiety efficiency, energy expenditure, anthropometric and metabolic profile markers prior to, during as well as 1 and 4 months after Ramadan in normal-weight and obese men. Anthropometric, energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry and accelerometry), metabolic (fasting blood sample), appetite (visual analogue scales), and eating behavior (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) measurements were performed in 10 normal-weight (age: 25.2 ± 4.7 years; BMI: 24.4 ± 1.9 kg/m(2)) and 10 obese (age: 27.0 ± 4.5 years; BMI: 34.8 ± 3.7 kg/m(2)) men. The satiety quotient (SQ) was calculated 180 minutes after breakfast consumption. All anthropometric variables, as well as resting and total energy expenditure, were greater in obese compared to normal-weight participants (P = 0.02-0.0001). Similarly, obese participants had greater triglycerides, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance concentrations (P = 0.02-0.002). Greater apolipoprotein B, glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were noted during Ramadan (P = 0.04-0.0001). Dietary restraint scores were also greater during Ramadan (P = 0.0001). No differences in anthropometry, other metabolic profile markers, energy expenditure, appetite ratings, and SQ were noted across sessions. Lastly, changes in anthropometric measurements correlated with delta metabolic profile markers, as well as changes in disinhibition eating behavior trait and dietary restraint scores. The Ramadan fast led to increases in certain metabolic profile markers despite no changes in appetite and anthropometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McNeil
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Mohamed M. Mamlouk
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Karine Duval
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Nelson Nardo Junior
- Multiprofessional Nucleus of Obesity Study, Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Éric Doucet
- Behavioural and Metabolic Research Unit (BMRU), School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- *Éric Doucet:
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Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Sardar MA, Hejazi K, Farahati S. The effect of ramadan fasting and physical activity on body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes in females. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11:88-94. [PMID: 23825979 PMCID: PMC3693661 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.9602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, there have been a few and incoherent results about the effects of physical activities. Fasting in Ramadan has an effect on the level of osmolarity and the concentration of serum electrolytes both in active and inactive females. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to observe the changes of serum electrolytes and osmolarity levels according to regular exercise during fasting. PATIENTS AND METHODS TWENTY TWO HEALTHY FEMALES WHO WERE ELECTED BY CONVENIENCE SAMPLING METHOD WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: 1) fasting + exercise (FE; n = 11) and 2) fasting + non exercise (FNE; n = 15). The FE group participated in aerobic training for four sessions per week during the fasting. All measurements were done once before the first day, on the second week, on the fourth week and two weeks after fasting month and these measures were used to analyze test results. RESULTS THE MEAN DIFFERENCES WERE AS FOLLOWS: significant weight loss, BMI, WHR, in two groups at the end of Ramadan (P < 0.05). The mean of weight, BMI, WHR, body fat, protein, mineral and total water showed no difference between groups (P > 0.05). Potassium, creatinine, urea and uric acid had been decreased significantly in both groups (P < 0.05). Variance between groups was significant only in variable urea (P < 0.05). Variations within group had been changed in FBS; sodium, phosphorus and osmolarity levels were not changed significantly. CONCLUSIONS According to this result, regular exercise in case of fasting in Ramadan led to some changes in serum osmolarity index, electrolytes and water. Therefore, it is important for female athletes to consider applying a suitable nutritious diet and sufficient water consumption during Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ali Sardar
- Department of General Courses, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Ali Sardar, Department of General Courses, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9153176845, Fax: +98-5118830207, E-mail:
| | - Keyvan Hejazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Samaneh Farahati
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IR Iran
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Maughan RJ, Zerguini Y, Chalabi H, Dvorak J. Achieving optimum sports performance during Ramadan: some practical recommendations. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S109-17. [PMID: 22769241 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.696205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Muslim athletes should fast from sunrise to sunset each day throughout the 30 days of Ramadan. Most athletes will continue to train throughout Ramadan, and they may also be required to compete at this time, but they will also engage in the religious, cultural, and social activities that Ramadan represents. The available evidence indicates that high-level athletes can maintain performance during Ramadan if physical training, food and fluid intake, and sleep are appropriate and well controlled. Individualized monitoring of athletes may help to prevent fatigue and overtraining and to reduce the risk of consequent illness and injury. The timing and intensity of training may require adjustment to optimize the training response, and training close to or after sunset may have advantages, but this will vary between individual and team sports and between environments that are predominantly Muslim and those that are predominantly non-Muslim. Training late in the day allows nutrition interventions after training to promote adaptations to the training stimulus, to promote recovery, and might help to reduce muscle damage. Sleep deficits have a number of adverse effects on well-being and performance, and athletes should ensure adequate sleep throughout Ramadan. In non-Muslim majority environments, especially in team sports, coaches and athletes should be sensitive to the needs of their team-mates who may be fasting. Event organizers should take account of the needs of Muslim athletes when scheduling the dates and timings of sports competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Maughan
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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Memari AH, Kordi R, Panahi N, Nikookar LR, Abdollahi M, Akbarnejad A. Effect of ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:161-6. [PMID: 22375235 PMCID: PMC3289211 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition, calorie intake and physical performance in young female athletes undertaking training sessions during Ramadan. Methods Twelve voluntary female athletes (15-27 years old) were assigned to the research. A prospective study was conducted to investigate the athletes on four different occasions: one week before Ramadan (T1), the second (T2) and fourth (T3) weeks of Ramadan, and two weeks after the end of Ramadan (T4). Food intake, body composition and physical performance (agility, balance and explosive leg power) were investigated on each occasion. Further, Physical performance was assessed by agility, vertical jump and balance tests. Results There was a significant main effect for time for body composition indices. A significant decrease was observed in weight (P=0.01) and body mass index (BMI) (P=0.01) in T2 compared with T1, further decrease in weight (P<0.001) and BMI (P<0.001) was observed in T3 compared to T1. Calorie intake decreased significantly in T3 compared with T1 (P=0.008), and increased significantly in T4 compared with T3 (P=0.04). There was a significant main effect for time for agility performance (P=0.03), but no significant main effect for time was observed for vertical jumping (P=0.1) and balance performance (P=0.3). Conclusions This study has found that Ramadan fasting could affect the body composition, but not physical performance in female athletes during Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hossein Memari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Address: Sports Medicine Research Center, No 7, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, P.O Box: 14395-578 Iran. E-mail:
| | - Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nekoo Panahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya R. Nikookar
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbarnejad
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Kordi R, Abdollahi M, Memari AH, Najafabadi MG. Investigating Two Different Training Time Frames during Ramadan Fasting. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:205-10. [PMID: 22375240 PMCID: PMC3289215 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Muslim athletes may continue training and competing while they are fasting. There is a concern about negative effects of fasting on sports performance. This study aimed to investigate the influence of two training time frames on athletes’ body composition and performance during Ramadan fasting. Methods An observational study was conducted and thirty four male volunteer athletes from different sports including volleyball, karate, taekwondo and football were assigned in two groups. The first group included 14 elite athletes who during Ramadan voluntarily participated in training sessions at 1 hour before Iftar (BI) and the second group of 20 elite athletes who during Ramadan participated in training sessions at 3 hours after Iftar (AI). Testing was performed one week before; in the first and fourth weeks of Ramadan and one week after Ramadan. Weights, heights and skinfold thickness were assessed at each time point and body mass index was calculated. Each player was assessed for agility and explosive strength as well. Results The mean weight and body mass index of both groups decreased significantly during Ramadan (P<0.001). Performance variables were not negatively affected by fasting in BI or AI group athletes. Conclusions Weight reduction might come with either BI or AI training schedules in Ramadan. Daytime or evening training did not inversely affect the agility and power performances in a group of elite athletes during Ramadan fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Kordi
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir-Hossein Memari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Address: Sports Medicine Research Center, No 7, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, P.O Box: 14395-578, Iran. E-mail:
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Kirkendall DT, Chaouachi A, Aziz AR, Chamari K. Strategies for maintaining fitness and performance during Ramadan. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S103-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.687114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shephard RJ. The impact of Ramadan observance upon athletic performance. Nutrients 2012; 4:491-505. [PMID: 22822448 PMCID: PMC3397348 DOI: 10.3390/nu4060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramadan observance requires a total abstention from food and drink from sunrise to sunset for a period of one month. Such intermittent fasting has only minor effects upon the overall nutrition and physiological responses of the general sedentary population. Larger meals are consumed at night and in the early morning. Body mass usually remains unchanged, the total energy intake remains roughly constant, and there is little alteration in the relative consumption of protein, fats and carbohydrates. However, Ramadan observance may be of greater consequence for the training and performance of the competitive athlete, particularly when the festival is celebrated in the hotter part of the year and daylight hours are long, as is the case for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London, England. The normal sleeping time then tends to be shortened, and blood sugar and tissue hydration decrease progressively throughout the hours of daylight. Some limitation of anaerobic effort, endurance performance and muscle strength might be anticipated from the decrease in muscle glycogen and body fluid reserves, and a reduced blood glucose may cause a depressed mood state, an increased perception of effort, and poorer team work. This review considers empirical data on the extent of such changes, and their likely effect upon anaerobic, aerobic and muscular performance, suggesting potential nutritional and behavioral tactics for minimizing such effects in the Muslim competitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zerguini Y, Ahmed QA, Dvorak J. The Muslim football player and Ramadan: current challenges. J Sports Sci 2012; 30 Suppl 1:S3-7. [PMID: 22594952 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.690074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic faith characterised by devotional orthopraxy. The actions expected of followers of Islam are closely prescribed in the Qur'an. Muslims understand Ramadan as a mandatory requirement, excused only in the event of illness, infirmity or extremes of age. Due to the increasing popularity of football among Muslims, more and more Muslim football players of all levels make the decision to follow the Ramadan fast while they need to practise and compete. Sports medicine clinicians and scientists have the responsibility to provide them with the knowledge and evidence on how exactly Ramadan fasting impacts on their performance and how to optimise their eating, drinking and sleeping in order to minimise negative effects of their religious practice, should any have been demonstrated. The first International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) study concluded that biochemical, nutritional, subjective well-being and performance variables were not adversely affected in young male national level players who followed Ramadan fasting in a controlled environment. Match performance was however not measured and the study did not include elite level players, leading to the Ramadan consensus meeting in order to answer the remaining questions. The conclusions and recommendations published in this supplement suggest that the best coping strategies will remain individual - as is the choice to fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Zerguini
- Clinique Chahrazed, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Cheraga, Alger, Algeria.
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22
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Effects of Ramadan fasting on training induced adaptations to a seven-week high-intensity interval exercise programme. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effects of ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic performance and lactate, heart rate and perceptual responses in young soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29:79-91. [PMID: 23486092 PMCID: PMC3588618 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion in regularly trained young soccer players. Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. Mean age, stature, body mass and training age of the players were 17.4±1.2 years, 175.4±3.6 cm, 69.6±4.3 kg and 5.1±1.3 years, respectively. During the Ramadan period, all subjects voluntarily chose to follow the fasting guidelines and abstained from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. Body composition, hydration status, dietary intake and sleep duration were assessed on four occasions: before Ramadan, at the beginning of Ramadan, at the end of Ramadan and 2 weeks after the end of Ramadan. On each occasion, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion responses of players were also determined during an incremental running test. Repeated measures of ANOVA revealed that body mass, percentage of body fat, fat-free mass, hydration status, daily sleeping time and daily energy and macronutrient intake of players did not vary significantly throughout the study period (p>0.05). However, players experienced a small but significant decrease in skinfold thicknesses over the course of the study (p<0.05). Although ratings of perceived exertion at submaximal workloads increased during Ramadan (p<0.05), blood lactate and heart rate responses had decreased by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). In line with these changes, peak running performance and running velocity at anaerobic threshold also improved by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). Improvements in aerobic exercise performance with time were probably due to the effects of pre-season training program that was performed after the break of the fast (Iftar) during the month of Ramadan. The results of the present study suggest that if regular training regimen, body fluid balance, daily energy intake and sleep duration are maintained as before Ramadan, Ramadan fasting does not have detrimental effects on aerobic exercise performance or body composition in young soccer players.
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Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J 2010; 9:57. [PMID: 21092212 PMCID: PMC2995774 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a rise in the number of investigations examining the health-related effects of religiously motivated fasts. Islamic Ramadan is a 28 - 30 day fast in which food and drink are prohibited during the daylight hours. The majority of health-specific findings related to Ramadan fasting are mixed. The likely causes for these heterogeneous findings are the differences between studies in the following: 1) the amount of daily fasting time; 2) the percentage of subjects who smoke, take oral medications, and/or receive intravenous fluids; and 3) the subjects' typical food choices and eating habits. Greek Orthodox Christians fast for a total of 180 - 200 days each year, and their main fasting periods are the Nativity Fast (40 days prior to Christmas), Lent (48 days prior to Easter), and the Assumption (15 days in August). The fasting periods are more similar than dissimilar, and they can each be described as a variant of vegetarianism. Some of the more favorable effects of these fasts include the lowering of body mass, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. The Biblical-based Daniel Fast prohibits the consumption of animal products, refined carbohydrates, food additives, preservatives, sweeteners, flavorings, caffeine, and alcohol. It is most commonly partaken for 21 days, although fasts of 10 and 40 days have been observed. Our initial investigation of the Daniel Fast noted favorable effects on several health-related outcomes, including: blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin sensitivity, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the health-specific effects of these fasts and provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Trepanowski
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on sports performance and training: a review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2010; 4:419-34. [PMID: 20029094 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.4.4.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The month-long diurnal Ramadan fast imposes a major challenge to Islamic athletes. Sporting events are programmed throughout the year, with the result that training and competition are often scheduled during Ramadan. The small numbers of well-controlled studies that have examined the effects of Ramadan on athletic performance suggest that few aspects of physical fitness are negatively affected, and only modest decrements are observed. Whereas subjective feelings of fatigue and other mood indicators are often cited as implying additional stress on the athlete throughout Ramadan, most studies show these measures may not be reflected in decreases in performance. The development and early implementation of sensible eating and sleeping strategies can greatly alleviate the disruptions to training and competitiveness, thus allowing the athlete to perform at a high level while undertaking the religious intermittent fast. Nevertheless, further research is required to understand the mechanisms and energy pathways that allow athletes to maintain their performance capacities during Ramadan, and which factors are responsible for the observed decrements in performance of some individuals.
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Leiper JB, Watson P, Evans G, Dvorak J. Intensity of a training session during Ramadan in fasting and non-fasting Tunisian youth football players. J Sports Sci 2008; 26 Suppl 3:S71-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802526924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Water and salt balance in young male football players in training during the holy month of Ramadan. J Sports Sci 2008; 26 Suppl 3:S47-54. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802428097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zerguini Y, Dvorak J, Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Bartagi Z, Kirkendall DT, Al-Riyami M, Junge A. Influence of Ramadan fasting on physiological and performance variables in football players: Summary of the F-MARC 2006 Ramadan fasting study. J Sports Sci 2008; 26 Suppl 3:S3-6. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802614944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leiper JB, Junge A, Maughan RJ, Zerguini Y, Dvorak J. Alteration of subjective feelings in football players undertaking their usual training and match schedule during the Ramadan fast. J Sports Sci 2008; 26 Suppl 3:S55-69. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802538176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kirkendall DT, Leiper JB, Bartagi Z, Dvorak J, Zerguini Y. The influence of Ramadan on physical performance measures in young Muslim footballers. J Sports Sci 2008; 26 Suppl 3:S15-27. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802422199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Bartagi Z, Zrifi R, Zerguini Y, Dvorak J. Effect of Ramadan fasting on some biochemical and haematological parameters in Tunisian youth soccer players undertaking their usual training and competition schedule. J Sports Sci 2008; 26 Suppl 3:S39-46. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410802491368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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