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He Z, Liu G, Zhang B, Ye B, Zhu H. Impact of specialized fatigue and backhand smash on the ankle biomechanics of female badminton players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10282. [PMID: 38704481 PMCID: PMC11069527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
During fatigued conditions, badminton players may experience adverse effects on their ankle joints during smash landings. In addition, the risk of ankle injury may vary with different landing strategies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of sport-specific fatigue factors and two backhand smash actions on ankle biomechanical indices. Thirteen female badminton players (age: 21.2 ± 1.9 years; height: 167.1 ± 4.1 cm; weight: 57.3 ± 5.1 kg; BMI: 20.54 ± 1.57 kg/m2) participated in this study. An 8-camera Vicon motion capture system and three Kistler force platforms were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data before and after fatigue for backhand rear-court jump smash (BRJS) and backhand lateral jump smash (BLJS). A 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance was employed to analyze the effects of these smash landing actions and fatigue factors on ankle biomechanical parameters. Fatigue significantly affected the ankle-joint plantarflexion and inversion angles at the initial contact (IC) phase (p < 0.05), with both angles increasing substantially post-fatigue. From a kinetic perspective, fatigue considerably influenced the peak plantarflexion and peak inversion moments at the ankle joint, which resulted in a decrease the former and an increase in the latter after fatigue. The two smash landing actions demonstrated different landing strategies, and significant main effects were observed on the ankle plantarflexion angle, inversion angle, peak dorsiflexion/plantarflexion moment, peak inversion/eversion moment, and peak internal rotation moment (p < 0.05). The BLJS landing had a much greater landing inversion angle, peak inversion moment, and peak internal rotation moment compared with BRJS landing. The interaction effects of fatigue and smash actions significantly affected the muscle force of the peroneus longus (PL), with a more pronounced decrease in the force of the PL muscle post-fatigue in the BLJS action(post-hoc < 0.05). This study demonstrated that fatigue and smash actions, specifically BRJS and BLJS, significantly affect ankle biomechanical parameters. After fatigue, both actions showed a notable increase in IC plantarflexion and inversion angles and peak inversion moments, which may elevate the risk of lateral ankle sprains. Compared with BRJS, BLJS poses a higher risk of lateral ankle sprains after fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang He
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Gongju Liu
- Scientific Research Center and Laboratory of Aquatic Sports Science of General Administration of Sports China, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Binyong Ye
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Houwei Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
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2
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Zhang C, Deng L, Zhang X, Wu K, Zhan J, Fu W, Jin J. Effects of 12-week gait retraining on plantar flexion torque, architecture, and behavior of the medial gastrocnemius in vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1352334. [PMID: 38572360 PMCID: PMC10987777 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1352334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore the effects of 12-week gait retraining (GR) on plantar flexion torque, architecture, and behavior of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Methods Thirty healthy male rearfoot strikers were randomly assigned to the GR group (n = 15) and the control (CON) group (n = 15). The GR group was instructed to wear minimalist shoes and run with a forefoot strike pattern for the 12-week GR (3 times per week), whereas the CON group wore their own running shoes and ran with their original foot strike pattern. Participants were required to share screenshots of running tracks each time to ensure training supervision. The architecture and behavior of MG, as well as ankle torque data, were collected before and after the intervention. The architecture of MG, including fascicle length (FL), pennation angle, and muscle thickness, was obtained by measuring muscle morphology at rest using an ultrasound device. Ankle torque data during plantar flexion MVIC were obtained using a dynamometer, from which peak torque and early rate of torque development (RTD50) were calculated. The fascicle behavior of MG was simultaneously captured using an ultrasound device to calculate fascicle shortening, fascicle rotation, and maximal fascicle shortening velocity (Vmax). Results After 12-week GR, 1) the RTD50 increased significantly in the GR group (p = 0.038), 2) normalized FL increased significantly in the GR group (p = 0.003), and 3) Vmax increased significantly in the GR group (p = 0.018). Conclusion Compared to running training, GR significantly enhanced the rapid strength development capacity and contraction velocity of the MG. This indicates the potential of GR as a strategy to improve muscle function and mechanical efficiency, particularly in enhancing the ability of MG to generate and transmit force as well as the rapid contraction capability. Further research is necessary to explore the effects of GR on MG behavior during running in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Deng
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kaicheng Wu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianglong Zhan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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3
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Hanley B, Tucker CB, Bissas A, Merlino S, Gruber AH. Footstrike patterns and race performance in the 2017 IAAF World Championship men's 10,000 m final. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:314-323. [PMID: 33563101 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1856916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Midfoot- (MFS) and forefoot-striking (FFS) runners usually switch to rearfoot-striking (RFS) during marathons. However, world-class runners might resist modifications during shorter races. The purpose of this study was to analyse footstrike patterns, ground contact times and running speeds in a World Championship men's 10,000 m final. Footstrike patterns and contact times of the top 12 finishing men (24 ± 5 years) were recorded (150 Hz) during laps 1, 5, 11, 15, 20 and 25. Split times for each 100-m segment were obtained. No RFS patterns were observed; there was no difference between the number of FFS and MFS athletes at any distance (p ≥ 0.581) and no change in the proportions of FFS and MFS occurred (p = 0.383). No link between race performance and footstrike pattern appeared given the similar number who used FFS or MFS and their similar finishing times. Despite slower running speeds and longer contact times in the middle of the race (p ≤ 0.024), no effect on footstrike patterns occurred. The prevalence of anterior footstrike patterns in this world-class race reflects the capability of maintaining fast paces (>22 km/h). Changes in footstrike pattern might accompany the physiological and neuromuscular effects of fatigue over longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Athanassios Bissas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Allison H Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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4
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Chalitsios C, Nikodelis T, Mavrommatis G, Kollias I. Subject-specific sensitivity of several biomechanical features to fatigue during an exhaustive treadmill run. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1004. [PMID: 38200137 PMCID: PMC10781943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of several movement features during running to exhaustion in a subject-specific setup adopting a cross-sectional design and a machine learning approach. Thirteen recreational runners, that systematically trained and competed, performed an exhaustive running protocol on an instrumented treadmill. Respiratory data were collected to establish the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) in order to obtain a reference point regarding the gradual accumulation of fatigue. A machine learning approach was adopted to analyze kinetic and kinematic data recorded for each participant, using a random forest classifier for the region pre and post the second ventilatory threshold. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to explain the models' predictions and to provide insight about the most important variables. The classification accuracy value of the models adopted ranged from 0.853 to 0.962. The most important feature in six out of thirteen participants was the angular range in AP axis of upper trunk C7 (RTAPu) followed by maximum loading rate (RFDmaxD) and the angular range in the LT axis of the C7. SHAP dependence plots also showed an increased dispersion of predictions in stages around the second ventilatory threshold which is consistent with feature interactions. These results showed that each runner used the examined features differently to cope with the increase in fatigue and mitigate its effects in order to maintain a proper motor pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chalitsios
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Thomas Nikodelis
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Mavrommatis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iraklis Kollias
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hanley B, Thomas AL, Tucker CB. Kinematic and spatiotemporal differences between footstrike patterns in elite male and female 10,000 m runners in competition. Sports Biomech 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38193478 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2301995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine spatiotemporal and joint kinematic differences between footstrike patterns in 10,000 m running. Seventy-two men's and 42 women's footstrike patterns were analysed during laps 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 (of 25) using 2D video recordings. Approximately 47% of men were FFS throughout the race, 30% were MFS and 24% RFS; the respective frequencies in women were approximately 30%, 38% and 32%. Overall, 83% of men and 88% of women retained their footstrike pattern throughout the race. Amongst the 53 men and 33 women with symmetrical footstrike patterns, there were no differences in speed, step length or cadence between footstrike groups in either sex. Most lower limb joint angles did not change in these athletes during the event, with few differences between footstrike patterns apart from ankle and foot angles. A greater hip-ankle distance was found in RFS than in FFS (both sexes) and in RFS than in MFS (men only), although these differences were never more than 0.03 m. Coaches should note that habitual footstrike patterns were maintained during this long-distance track race despite changes in running speed and possible fatigue, and there were few performance differences between footstrike patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron L Thomas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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6
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Hazzaa WA, Hottenrott L, Kamal MA, Mattes K. The Influence of General and Local Muscle Fatigue on Kinematics and Plantar Pressure Distribution during Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:241. [PMID: 38133108 PMCID: PMC10747919 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue has the potential to alter how impact forces are absorbed during running, heightening the risk of injury. Conflicting findings exist regarding alterations in both kinematics and plantar pressure. Thus, this systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the impact of general and localized muscle fatigue on kinematics and plantar pressure distribution during running. Initial searches were executed on 30 November 2021 and updated on 29 April 2023, encompassing PubMed, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science without imposing any restrictions on publication dates or employing additional filters. Our PECOS criteria included cross-sectional studies on healthy adults during their treadmill running to mainly evaluate local muscle fatigue, plantar pressure distribution, biomechanics of running (kinematics, kinetics, and EMG results), and temporospatial parameters. The literature search identified 6626 records, with 4626 studies removed for titles and abstract screening. Two hundred and one articles were selected for full-text screening, and 20 studies were included in qualitative data synthesis. The pooled analysis showed a non-significant decrease in maximum pressure under the right forefoot's metatarsus, which was more than the left rearfoot after local muscle fatigue at a velocity of 15 km/h (p-values = 0.48 and 0.62). The results were homogeneous and showed that local muscle fatigue did not significantly affect the right forefoot's stride frequency and length (p-values = 0.75 and 0.38). Strength training for the foot muscles, mainly focusing on the dorsiflexors, is recommended to prevent running-related injuries. Utilizing a standardized knee and ankle joint muscle fatigue assessment protocol is advised. Future experiments should focus on various shoes for running and varying foot strike patterns for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaaeldin Aly Hazzaa
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Training Science, Helwan University, Giza 11795, Egypt
| | - Laura Hottenrott
- Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
| | | | - Klaus Mattes
- Department of Movement Science, Hamburg University, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
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7
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Brancati RJ, Hamill J, Jewell C, Boyer KA. A data mining approach for determining biomechanical adaptations in runners who experienced and recovered from patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1971-1982. [PMID: 38303115 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common musculoskeletal pain disorder experienced by runners. While biomechanics of those with PFP have been extensively studied, methodological considerations may omit important adaptations exhibited by those experiencing and recovered from pain. Instead of a priori selection of discrete biomechanical variables, a data mining approach was leveraged to account for the high dimensionality of running gait data. Biomechanical data of runners symptomatic for, recovered from, and who had never experienced PFP were collected at the 1st (M1) and 21st (M21) minutes of a treadmill run. Principal component analysis and a logistic regression model were used to classify healthy and symptomatic runners, and a feature ranking process determined the important features. The M1 model achieved an accuracy of 82.76% with features related to knee flexion angle, hip abduction moment and gluteus maximus activation, while the M21 model required an additional nine features to achieve an accuracy of 79.31%. Data for recovered runners were projected onto the models, resulting in five and seven out of twelve symptomatic classifications at M1 and M21, respectively. Following the onset of pain, a greater number of features were required to classify runners with PFP, suggesting they may experience individual pain adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Brancati
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Carl Jewell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Biomechanics, ARCCA, Inc, Penns Park, PA, USA
| | - Katherine A Boyer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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8
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Encarnación-Martínez A, Sanchis-Sanchis R, Pérez-Soriano P, García-Gallart A. Relationship between muscular extensibility, strength and stability and the transmission of impacts during fatigued running. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1364-1380. [PMID: 32835623 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1797863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to analyse the relationship between isokinetic strength, dynamic stability, muscular extensibility and impacts transmission during fatigued running. Low- and high-frequency impacts-related to body movements and the severity of impacts, respectively-were assessed in 17 male recreational runners, before and after a treadmill running fatigue protocol, using a triaxial accelerometry system. High-frequency impacts in the tibia were negatively correlated to the knee angle at which the quadriceps peak torque was reached (p = 0.014), and also to the extensibility of the hamstrings and soleus (p = 0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively). The increases of high-frequency impacts in tibia caused by fatigue were positively related to the knee angle at which the hamstrings peak torque was reached (p = 0.001) and to stability after landing (p = 0.007). The attenuation of high-frequency impacts was positively related to hamstrings/quadriceps ratio of strength (p = 0.010) and to stability (p = 0.006). Limiting possible deficits in hamstring and soleus range of motion, improving stability after landing, developing hamstring and quadriceps strength in elongated muscle range, and maintaining a balanced ratio of hamstring/quadriceps strength could help to reduce the injury risk in running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanchis-Sanchis
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Weart AN, Miller EM, Brindle RA, Ford KR, Goss DL. Wearable technology assessing running biomechanics and prospective running-related injuries in Active Duty Soldiers. Sports Biomech 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37144627 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2208568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if running biomechanical variables measured by wearable technology were prospectively associated with running injuries in Active Duty Soldiers. A total of 171 Soldiers wore a shoe pod that collected data on running foot strike pattern, step rate, step length and contact time for 6 weeks. Running-related injuries were determined by medical record review 12 months post-study enrollment. Differences in running biomechanics between injured and non-injured runners were compared using independent t-tests or ANCOVA for continuous variables and chi-square analyses for the association of categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate the time to a running-related injury. Risk factors were carried forward to estimate hazard ratios using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Forty-one participants (24%) sustained a running-related injury. Injured participants had a lower step rate than non-injured participants, but step rate did not have a significant effect on time to injury. Participants with the longest contact time were at a 2.25 times greater risk for a running-related injury; they were also relatively slower, heavier, and older. Concomitant with known demographic risk factors for injury, contact time may be an additional indicator of a running-related injury risk in Active Duty Soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Weart
- Department of Physical Therapy, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Erin M Miller
- Department of Physical Therapy, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY, USA
- Keller Army Community Hospital Division 1 Sports Physical Therapy Fellowship, Keller Army Community Hospital, Baylor University, West Point, NY, USA
| | | | - Kevin R Ford
- Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Donald L Goss
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
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10
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Sudlow A, Galantine P, Vercruyssen F, Peyrot N, Raymond JJ, Duché P. Which Factors Influence Running Gait in Children and Adolescents? A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054621. [PMID: 36901631 PMCID: PMC10001902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, running has dramatically increased in children and adolescents, creating a need for a better understanding of running gait in this population; however, research on this topic is still limited. During childhood and adolescence multiple factors exist that likely influence and shape a child's running mechanics and contribute to the high variability in running patterns. The aim of this narrative review was to gather together and assess the current evidence on the different factors that influence running gait throughout youth development. Factors were classified as organismic, environmental, or task-related. Age, body mass and composition, and leg length were the most researched factors, and all evidence was in favour of an impact on running gait. Sex, training, and footwear were also extensively researched; however, whereas the findings concerning footwear were all in support of an impact on running gait, those concerning sex and training were inconsistent. The remaining factors were moderately researched with the exception of strength, perceived exertion, and running history for which evidence was particularly limited. Nevertheless, all were in support of an impact on running gait. Running gait is multifactorial and many of the factors discussed are likely interdependent. Caution should therefore be taken when interpreting the effects of different factors in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sudlow
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Paul Galantine
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Mouvement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Le Mans University, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Raymond
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
- Unité de Médecine et de traumatologie du Sport, CHITS Hôpital Sainte Musse, 83100 Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
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Zandbergen MA, Buurke JH, Veltink PH, Reenalda J. Quantifying and correcting for speed and stride frequency effects on running mechanics in fatiguing outdoor running. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1085513. [PMID: 37139307 PMCID: PMC10150107 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1085513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring impact-related quantities in running is of interest to improve the running technique. Many quantities are typically measured in a controlled laboratory setting, even though most runners run in uncontrolled outdoor environments. While monitoring running mechanics in an uncontrolled environment, a decrease in speed or stride frequency can mask fatigue-related changes in running mechanics. Hence, this study aimed to quantify and correct the subject-specific effects of running speed and stride frequency on changes in impact-related running mechanics during a fatiguing outdoor run. Seven runners ran a competitive marathon while peak tibial acceleration and knee angles were measured with inertial measurement units. Running speed was measured through sports watches. Median values over segments of 25 strides throughout the marathon were computed and used to create subject-specific multiple linear regression models. These models predicted peak tibial acceleration, knee angles at initial contact, and maximum stance phase knee flexion based on running speed and stride frequency. Data were corrected for individual speed and stride frequency effects during the marathon. The speed and stride frequency corrected and uncorrected data were divided into ten stages to investigate the effect of marathon stage on mechanical quantities. This study showed that running speed and stride frequency explained, on average, 20%-30% of the variance in peak tibial acceleration, knee angles at initial contact, and maximum stance phase knee angles while running in an uncontrolled setting. Regression coefficients for speed and stride frequency varied strongly between subjects. Speed and stride frequency corrected peak tibial acceleration, and maximum stance phase knee flexion increased throughout the marathon. At the same time, uncorrected maximum stance phase knee angles showed no significant differences between marathon stages due to a decrease in running speed. Hence, subject-specific effects of changes in speed and stride frequency influence the interpretation of running mechanics and are relevant when monitoring, or comparing the gait pattern between runs in uncontrolled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit A. Zandbergen
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands
- Correspondence: Marit A. Zandbergen
| | - Jaap H. Buurke
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Veltink
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jasper Reenalda
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands
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12
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Zandbergen MA, Marotta L, Bulthuis R, Buurke JH, Veltink PH, Reenalda J. Effects of level running-induced fatigue on running kinematics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 99:60-75. [PMID: 36332318 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runners have a high risk of acquiring a running-related injury. Understanding the mechanisms of impact force attenuation into the body when a runner fatigues might give insight into the role of running kinematics on the aetiology of overuse injuries. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How do running kinematics change due to running-induced fatigue? And what is the influence of experience level on changes in running kinematics due to fatigue? METHODS Three electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. This resulted in 33 articles and 19 kinematic quantities being included in this review. A quality assessment was performed on all included articles and meta-analyses were performed for 18 kinematic quantities. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE Main findings included an increase in peak acceleration at the tibia and a decrease in leg stiffness after a fatiguing protocol. Additionally, level running-induced fatigue increased knee flexion at initial contact and maximum knee flexion during swing. An increase in vertical centre of mass displacement was found in novice but not in experienced runners with fatigue. Overall, runners changed their gait pattern due to fatigue by moving to a smoother gait pattern (i.e. more knee flexion at initial contact and during swing, decreased leg stiffness). However, these changes were not sufficient to prevent an increase in peak accelerations at the tibia after a fatigue protocol. Large inter-individual differences in responses to fatigue were reported. Hence, it is recommended to investigate changes in running kinematics as a result of fatigue on a subject-specific level since group-level analysis might mask individual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit A Zandbergen
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Luca Marotta
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Roos Bulthuis
- Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap H Buurke
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Peter H Veltink
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Reenalda
- Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands
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13
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Plesek J, Hamill J, Freedman Silvernail J, Skypala J, Jandacka D. Age differences in running biomechanics during footstrike between preschool children and adults. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2401-2411. [PMID: 36588173 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2162237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare impact loading between two age groups of preschool children (3-4 and 5-6 years old) and one group of young adults representing mature level of running skill (n = 15 per group). Three-dimensional biomechanical data were collected during running barefoot, in minimalist and running shoes. A two-way mixed ANOVA was performed to assess age and footwear differences in vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR). An interaction was found in VILR. Older (5-6) preschoolers had 30-31% lower VILR than younger (3-4) (p = 0.012, d = 1.02; p = 0.001, d = 1.18) and adults had 51-77% lower VILR than younger preschoolers (p = 0.001, d = 1.85; p = 0.001, d = 2.82) in minimalist and running shoes, respectively. Additionally, adults had lower VILR than older preschoolers in running shoes (p = 0.001, d = 2.68). No differences were found between older children and adults in barefoot and minimalist shoes. Loading decreased with increasing age, particularly in minimalist and running shoes. Unchanged cadence and running speed did not explain the decrease of VILR during preschool age. The explanation likely underlies in lower limb alignment during footstrike and developmental ontogenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plesek
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratories, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jiri Skypala
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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14
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Encarnación-Martínez A, Wikstrom E, García-Gallart A, Sanchis-Sanchis R, Pérez-Soriano P. Seven-Weeks Gait-Retraining in Minimalist Footwear Has No Effect on Dynamic Stability Compared With Conventional Footwear. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:640-649. [PMID: 34665996 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1892021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of two different running footwear conditions (transition to minimalist footwear and conventional running footwear) on dynamic postural stability before and after 7 weeks of gait retraining program, and to evaluate the effect of fatigue on dynamic stability. Method: This randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out by 42 recreational male runners, who were randomly divided into two groups; Conventional Footwear Group (CFG) (n = 22) and Minimalist Footwear Group (MFG) (n = 20). Dynamic Postural Stability Index (DPSI), in a fatigued and non-fatigued state, were assessed before and after a gait retraining program. The gait retraining program consisted of three guided training sessions per week for 7 weeks. Training program was mainly focused on running technique and submaximal aerobic training with step-frequency exercises. Minimalist footwear was progressively introduced in the MFG. The CFG and MFG performed the same training exercises and a full body conditioning program. Fatigue was induced using a 30-minute running test at individual 85% of the maximal aerobic speed. Results: No differences in dynamic stability variables were found between MFG and CFG in any of the study condition. MFG and CFG showed better dynamic stability after the intervention program (CFG: 13.1% of change, DPSIpre = 0.3221 ± 0.04, DPSIpost = 0.2799 ± 0.04; p < .05; MFG: 6.7% of change, DPSIpre = 0.3117 ± 0.04, DPSIpost = 0.2907 ± 0.05). Finally, dynamic stability was significatively lower in both groups after fatigue protocol (p < .05). Conclusions: Following a 7-week gait retraining program, footwear did not affect the results, being the gait retraining program more relevant on improving dynamic stability.
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15
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Does the Achilles Tendon Influence Foot Strike Patterns During an Exhaustive Run? J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:263-270. [PMID: 35894909 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2021-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study purpose was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the Achilles tendon (AT) length, moment arm length, and the foot strike pattern (FP) change during an exhaustive run (EXR) in nonrearfoot FP runners. Twenty-eight runners were recruited and divided into 2 groups (highly trained/moderately trained) according to their weekly training volume. Participants underwent the graded exercise test, the EXR with biomechanical analysis at the beginning, and at the end, and the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the AT. Correlations were used to assess associations between FP change (value of the difference between end and beginning) and the selected performance and AT variables. AT length significantly correlated with the FP change according to foot strike angle (r = -.265, P = .049). The AT moment arm length significantly correlated with the FP change according to strike index during EXR (r = -.536, P = .003). Multiple regression showed that AT length was a significant predictor for the FP change according to foot strike angle if the second predictor was the graded exercise test duration and the third predictor was training group association. These results suggest that a runner's training volume, along with a longer AT and AT moment arm appear to be associated with the ability to maintain a consistent FP during EXR by nonrearfoot FP runners.
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16
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Bovalino SP, Kingsley MIC. Foot Strike Patterns During Overground Distance Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:82. [PMID: 34757569 PMCID: PMC8581084 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Investigations of foot strike patterns during overground distance running have foci on prevalence, performance and change in foot strike pattern with increased distance. To date, synthesised analyses of these findings are scarce.
Objective The key objectives of this review were to quantify the prevalence of foot strike patterns, assess the impact of increased running distance on foot strike pattern change and investigate the potential impact of foot strike pattern on performance.
Methods Relevant peer-reviewed literature was obtained by searching EBSCOhost CINAHL, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SPORTDiscus (inception-2021) for studies investigating foot strike patterns in overground distance running settings (> 10 km). Random effects meta-analyses of prevalence data were performed where possible. Results The initial search identified 2210 unique articles. After removal of duplicates and excluded articles, 12 articles were included in the review. Meta-analysis of prevalence data revealed that 79% of long-distance overground runners rearfoot strike early, with prevalence rising to 86% with increased distance. In total, 11% of runners changed foot strike pattern with increased distance and of those, the vast majority (84%) do so in one direction, being non-rearfoot strike to rearfoot strike. Analysis of the relationship between foot strike pattern and performance revealed that 5 studies reported a performance benefit to non-rearfoot strike, 1 study reported a performance benefit to non-rearfoot strike in women but not men, 4 studies reported no benefit to non-rearfoot strike or rearfoot strike, and no studies reported a performance benefit of rearfoot strike over non-rearfoot strike. Conclusion Most overground distance runners rearfoot strike early, and the prevalence of this pattern increases with distance. Of those that do change foot strike pattern, the majority transition from non-rearfoot to rearfoot. The current literature provides inconclusive evidence of a competitive advantage being associated with long-distance runners who use a non-rearfoot strike pattern in favour of a rearfoot strike pattern. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00369-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Bovalino
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael I C Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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17
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Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Continuous Tracking of Foot Strike Pattern during a Maximal 800-Meter Run. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175782. [PMID: 34502672 PMCID: PMC8434103 DOI: 10.3390/s21175782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Research into foot strike patterns (FSP) has increased due to its potential influence on performance and injury reduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in FSP throughout a maximal 800-m run using a conformable inertial measurement unit attached to the foot; (2) Methods: Twenty-one subjects (14 female, 7 male; 23.86 ± 4.25 y) completed a maximal 800-m run while foot strike characteristics were continually assessed. Two measures were assessed across 100-m intervals: the percentage of rearfoot strikes (FSP%RF), and foot strike angle (FSA). The level of significance was set to p ≤ 0.05; (3) Results: There were no differences in FSP%RF throughout the run. Significant differences were seen between curve and straight intervals for FSAAVE (F [1, 20] = 18.663, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.483); (4) Conclusions: Participants displayed decreased FSA, likely indicating increased plantarflexion, on the curve compared to straight intervals. The analyses of continuous variables, such as FSA, allow for the detection of subtle changes in foot strike characteristics, which is not possible with discrete classifiers, such as FSP%RF.
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19
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Modification of Angular Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters during Running after Central and Peripheral Fatigue. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue causes kinematics modifications during running, and it could be related to injuries. The aim was to identify and compare the effects of central and peripheral fatigue on angular kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters during running. Angular kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters were evaluated using an infrared motion capture system and were registered during 2 min treadmill running in pre- and post-fatigue states in eighteen male recreational runners. Central fatigue was induced by a 30 min running fatigue protocol on a treadmill, while peripheral fatigue in quadriceps and hamstrings muscles was induced by an isokinetic dynamometer fatigue protocol. Central fatigue increased the anterior shank oscillation during the initial contact, knee flexion during the maximum absorption, posterior shank oscillation during propulsion, and stance time (p < 0.05). Peripheral fatigue decreased ankle dorsiflexion during initial contact and increased knee flexion and posterior shank oscillation during propulsion (p < 0.05). Moreover, central fatigue increased to a greater extent the hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion during initial contact and maximum absorption as well as stance time and propulsion time (p < 0.05). These results suggested that central fatigue causes greater increases in the range of movements during the midstance than peripheral fatigue.
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20
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Melaro JA, Gruber AH, Paquette MR. Joint work is not shifted proximally after a long run in rearfoot strike runners. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:78-83. [PMID: 32787647 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1804807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint work occurs following exhaustive running in recreational but not competitive runners but the influence of a submaximal run on joint work is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess if a long submaximal run produces a distal-to-proximal redistribution of positive joint work in well-trained runners. Thirteen rearfoot striking male runners (weekly distance: 72.6 ± 21.2 km) completed five running trials while three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected before and after a long submaximal treadmill run (19 ± 6 km). Joint kinetics were calculated from these data and percent contributions of joint work relative to total lower limb joint work were computed. Moderate reductions in absolute negative ankle work (p = 0.045, Cohen's d = 0.31), peak plantarflexor torque (p = 0.004, d = 0.34) and, peak negative ankle power (p = 0.005, d = 0.32) were observed following the long run. Positive ankle, knee and hip joint work were unchanged (p < 0.05) following the long run. These findings suggest no proximal shift in positive joint work in well-trained runners after a prolonged run. Runner population, running pace, distance, and relative intensity should be considered when examining changes in joint work following prolonged running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Melaro
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allison H Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Max R Paquette
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Hébert-Losier K, Patoz A, Gindre C, Lussiana T. Footstrike pattern at the 10 km and 39 km points of the Singapore marathon in recreational runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2020.1803993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Department of Sports Science, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aurélien Patoz
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss SportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss SportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss SportLab, Chavéria, France
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22
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Herbaut A, Delannoy J. Fatigue increases ankle sprain risk in badminton players: A biomechanical study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1560-1565. [PMID: 32238017 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1748337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ankle sprains are the most common injury in regular badminton players and usually occur at the end of a match or training. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of fatigue produced by badminton practice on the lower limb biomechanics of badminton players. It was hypothesized that fatigue induces ankle kinematic and lower leg muscle activity changes which may increase the risk of ankle sprain. Ankle kinematics, ankle kinetics and muscles activities of 17 regular badminton players were recorded during lateral jumps before and after an intense badminton practice session. Post-fatigue, ankle inversion at foot strike and peak ankle inversion increased (+2.6°, p = 0.003 and +2.5°, p = 0.005, respectively). EMG pre-activation within 100 ms before foot landing significantly decreased after fatigue for soleus (-23.4%, p = 0.031), gastrocnemius lateralis (-12.2%, p = 0.035), gastrocnemius medialis (-23.3%, p = 0.047) and peroneus brevis (-17.4%, p = 0.036). These results demonstrate impaired biomechanics of badminton players when fatigue increases, which may cause a greater risk of experiencing an ankle sprain injury.
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23
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Bovalino SP, Cunningham NJ, Zordan RD, Harkin SM, Thies HHG, Graham CJ, Kingsley MIC. Change in foot strike patterns and performance in recreational runners during a road race: A cross-sectional study. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:621-624. [PMID: 32008910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise foot strike and observe change in foot strike patterns with increasing distance during a 15km recreational running road race. To assess the impact of foot strike on running performance. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS Foot strike patterns were determined at the 3km and 13km checkpoints for 459 participants during the 2017 Melbourne City to Sea recreational running event. Foot strike patterns were categorised as either rearfoot strike (RFS) or non-rearfoot strike (NRFS) at both checkpoints and analyses were conducted on intra-individual change in foot strike as well as relationship to finishing time. RESULTS The most prevalent foot strike pattern at 3km and 13km was RFS with 76.9% (95% CI: 73.2%-80.5%) and 91.0% (95% CI: 88.7%-93.1%) using this pattern, respectively. Of the 105 participants who ran with a NRFS at 3km, 61% changed to RFS at 13km. Race completion time differed by foot strike pattern, where mean time for consistent NRFS (62.64±11.20min) was significantly faster than consistent RFS (72.58±10.84min; p<0.001) and those who changed from NRFS to RFS between checkpoints (67.93±10.60min; p=0.040). CONCLUSIONS While the majority of recreational distance runners RFS within race settings, the fastest runners were those who consistently ran with a NRFS. In runners that use a NRFS early, a large proportion change to RFS as distance increases. Further research is warranted to determine whether interventions aimed at reducing muscular fatigue can attenuate this change and enhance running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Bovalino
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | | | - Rachel D Zordan
- Education and Learning, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Michael I C Kingsley
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia.
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Hanley B, Bissas A, Merlino S, Gruber AH. Most marathon runners at the 2017 IAAF World Championships were rearfoot strikers, and most did not change footstrike pattern. J Biomech 2019; 92:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Weart AN, Szymanek EB, Miller EM, Goss DL. The stability of step rate throughout a 3200 meter run. Gait Posture 2019; 71:284-288. [PMID: 31125836 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Step rate has been studied in controlled laboratory settings due to its association with biomechanical parameters related to running injuries. However, the stability of step rate in a run over ground when speed is not controlled remains unclear. In this observational cohort study, 30 subjects were asked to run 3200 meters (m) over ground at their self-selected pace during an Army Physical Fitness Test. Stationary cameras were placed along the paved course to capture step rate at 800 m, 1200 m, 1800 m, and 2200 m. For analysis of step rate at four different time points, a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Bonferroni-Holm correction was utilized to determine statistical difference with a significance level set at p < 0.05 (95% confidence intervals). There was a statistically significant (p = 0.04) difference between step rate at two different time points; however, the mean group difference in step rate was approximately 1-2 steps per minute, which is not likely clinically meaningful. There was no difference in average weekly miles trained or performance time in those who demonstrated a change in step rate versus those who maintained a steady step rate. Clinicians and researchers may be able to expect step rate to be consistent from 800 m-2200 m during a 3200 m timed run regardless of the runner's training mileage or performance time. This may be valuable for observing over ground running characteristics when the full course of a run cannot be viewed as it could within a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Weart
- Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY, USA.
| | - Eliza B Szymanek
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Tacoma, WA, USA.
| | - Erin M Miller
- Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY, USA.
| | - Donald L Goss
- Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, NY, USA.
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26
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Jewell C, Hamill J, von Tscharner V, Boyer KA. Altered multi-muscle coordination patterns in habitual forefoot runners during a prolonged, exhaustive run. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1062-1071. [PMID: 30732537 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1575912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In response to fatigue during an exhaustive treadmill run, forefoot runner's muscles must adapt to maintain their pace. From a neuromuscular control perspective, certain muscles may not be able to sustain the force to meet the run's demands; thus, there may be alternative muscle coordination in the lower extremity that allows for continued running for an extended period of time. The aim of this study was to quantify the change in muscle coordination during a prolonged run in forefoot runners. Methods: Thirteen forefoot runners performed exhaustive treadmill runs (mean duration: 15.4 ± 2.2 min). The muscle coordination of seven lower extremity muscles was quantified using a high-resolution time-frequency analysis together with a pattern recognition algorithm. Results: The mean EMG intensity for the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscles decreased with the run (p = 0.02; 0.06). The weight factors of the second principal pattern decrease by 128.01% by the end of run (p = 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.42) representing a relatively greater biceps femoris activation in midstance but smaller midstance rectus femoris, vastus medialis, triceps surae, and tibialis anterior activation. Discussion: These results suggest that forefoot runners cannot sustain plantar flexor activation throughout an exhaustive run and change their muscle coordination strategy as a compensation. Understanding the underlying compensation mechanisms humans use to cope with fatigue will help to inform training modalities to enhance these late stage muscle activation strategies for athletes with the goal of improving performance and reducing injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jewell
- a Departments of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- a Departments of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | | | - Katherine A Boyer
- a Departments of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA.,c Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA.,d Medical School Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation , University of Massachusetts , Worcester , USA
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27
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Weir G, Jewell C, Wyatt H, Trudeau MB, Rohr E, Brüggemann GP, Hamill J. The influence of prolonged running and footwear on lower extremity biomechanics. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1539127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Weir
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Carl Jewell
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Wyatt
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Eric Rohr
- Human Performance Laboratory, Brooks Running Company, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Gurchiek RD, McGinnis RS, Needle AR, McBride JM, van Werkhoven H. The use of a single inertial sensor to estimate 3-dimensional ground reaction force during accelerative running tasks. J Biomech 2017; 61:263-268. [PMID: 28830590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of using a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the sacrum to estimate 3-dimensional ground reaction force (F) during linear acceleration and change of direction tasks. Force plate measurements of F and estimates from the proposed IMU method were collected while subjects (n=15) performed a standing sprint start (SS) and a 45° change of direction task (COD). Error in the IMU estimate of step-averaged component and resultant F was quantified by comparison to estimates from the force plate using Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement (LOA), root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r), and the effect size (ES) of the differences between the two systems. RMSE of the IMU estimate of step-average F ranged from 37.70 N to 77.05 N with ES between 0.04 and 0.47 for SS while for COD, RMSE was between 54.19 N to 182.92 N with ES between 0.08 and 1.69. Correlation coefficients between the IMU and force plate measurements were significant (p≤0.05) for all values (r=0.53 to 0.95) except the medio-lateral component of step-average F. The average angular error in the IMU estimate of the orientation of step-average F was ≤10° for all tasks. The results of this study suggest the proposed IMU method may be used to estimate sagittal plane components and magnitude of step-average F during a linear standing sprint start as well as the vertical component and magnitude of step-average F during a 45° change of direction task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed D Gurchiek
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Ryan S McGinnis
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Alan R Needle
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Jeffrey M McBride
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Herman van Werkhoven
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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Hamill J, Gruber AH. Is changing footstrike pattern beneficial to runners? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:146-153. [PMID: 30356626 PMCID: PMC6189005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some researchers, running instructors, and coaches have suggested that the "optimal" footstrike pattern to improve performance and reduce running injuries is to land using a mid- or forefoot strike. Thus, it has been recommended that runners who use a rearfoot strike would benefit by changing their footstrike although there is little scientific evidence for suggesting such a change. The rearfoot strike is clearly more prevalent. The major reasons often given for changing to a mid- or forefoot strike are (1) it is more economical; (2) there is a reduction in the impact peak and loading rate of the vertical component of the ground reaction force; and (3) there is a reduction in the risk of a running-related injuries. In this paper, we critique these 3 suggestions and provide alternate explanations that may provide contradictory evidence for altering one's footstrike pattern. We have concluded, based on examining the research literature, that changing to a mid- or forefoot strike does not improve running economy, does not eliminate an impact at the foot-ground contact, and does not reduce the risk of running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Allison H. Gruber
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Fuller JT, Thewlis D, Tsiros MD, Brown NAT, Buckley JD. Six-week transition to minimalist shoes improves running economy and time-trial performance. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:1117-1122. [PMID: 28483557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated if gradually introducing runners to minimalist shoes during training improved running economy and time-trial performance compared to training in conventional shoes. Changes in stride rate, stride length, footfall pattern and ankle plantar-flexor strength were also investigated. DESIGN Randomised parallel intervention trial. METHODS 61 trained runners gradually increased the amount of running performed in either minimalist (n=31) or conventional (n=30) shoes during a six-week standardised training program. 5-km time-trial performance, running economy, ankle plantar-flexor strength, footfall pattern, stride rate and length were assessed in the allocated shoes at baseline and after training. Footfall pattern was determined from the time differential between rearfoot and forefoot (TDR-F) pressure sensors. RESULTS The minimalist shoe group improved time-trial performance (effect size (ES): 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.48; p=0.046) and running economy (ES 0.48; 95%CI: 0.22, 0.74; p<0.001) more than the conventional shoe group. There were no minimalist shoe training effects on ankle plantar-flexor concentric (ES: 0.11; 95%CI: -0.18, 0.41; p=0.45), isometric (ES: 0.23; 95%CI: -0.17, 0.64; p=0.25), or eccentric strength (ES: 0.24; 95%CI: -0.17, 0.65; p=0.24). Minimalist shoes caused large reductions in TDR-F (ES: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.65, 1.40; p<0.001) but only two runners changed to a forefoot footfall. Minimalist shoes had no effect on stride rate (ES: 0.04; 95%CI: -0.08, 0.16; p=0.53) or length (ES: 0.06; 95%CI: -0.06, 0.18; p=0.35). CONCLUSIONS Gradually introducing minimalist shoes over a six-week training block is an effective method for improving running economy and performance in trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
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Melcher DA, Paquette MR, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Joint stiffness and running economy during imposed forefoot strike before and after a long run in rearfoot strike runners. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2297-2303. [PMID: 27935426 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1266016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research has focused on the effects of acute strike pattern modifications on lower extremity joint stiffness and running economy (RE). Strike pattern modifications on running biomechanics have mostly been studied while runners complete short running bouts. This study examined the effects of an imposed forefoot strike (FFS) on RE and ankle and knee joint stiffness before and after a long run in habitual rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Joint kinetics and RE were collected before and after a long run. Sagittal joint kinetics were computed from kinematic and ground reaction force data that were collected during over-ground running trials in 13 male runners. RE was measured during treadmill running. Knee flexion range of motion, knee extensor moment and ankle joint stiffness were lower while plantarflexor moment and knee joint stiffness were greater during imposed FFS compared with RFS. The long run did not influence the difference in ankle and knee joint stiffness between strike patterns. Runners were more economical during RFS than imposed FFS and RE was not influenced by the long run. These findings suggest that using a FFS pattern towards the end of a long run may not be mechanically or metabolically beneficial for well-trained male RFS runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Melcher
- a McConnell Heart Health Center , Riverside Methodist Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Max R Paquette
- b School of Health Studies , University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Brian K Schilling
- c Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- b School of Health Studies , University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA
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Cheung RTH, Wong RYL, Chung TKW, Choi RT, Leung WWY, Shek DHY. Relationship between foot strike pattern, running speed, and footwear condition in recreational distance runners. Sports Biomech 2016; 16:238-247. [PMID: 27593384 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1226381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared to competitive runners, recreational runners appear to be more prone to injuries, which have been associated with foot strike patterns. Surprisingly, only few studies had examined the foot strike patterns outside laboratories. Therefore, this study compared the foot strike patterns in recreational runners at outdoor tracks with previously reported data. We also investigated the relationship between foot strike pattern, speed, and footwear in this cohort. Among 434 recreational runners analysed, 89.6% of them landed with rearfoot strike (RFS). Only 6.9 and 3.5% landed with midfoot and forefoot, respectively. A significant shift towards non-RFS was observed in our cohort, when compared with previously reported data. When speed increased by 1 m/s, the odds of having forefoot strike and midfoot strike relative to RFS increased by 2.3 times and 2.6 times, respectively. Runners were 9.2 times more likely to run with a forefoot strike in minimalists compared to regular running shoes, although 70% of runners in minimalists continued to use a RFS. These findings suggest that foot strike pattern may differ across running conditions and runners should consider these factors in order to mitigate potential injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy T H Cheung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Rodney Y L Wong
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tim K W Chung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - R T Choi
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wendy W Y Leung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Diana H Y Shek
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
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