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Ishida A, Ohta M, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto Y, Hori A, Ryu M, Ueda T. Influence of Chewing Gummy Jelly Containing Aroma Compound on Psychological Stress and Autonomic Nervous System Activity: A Randomized Crossover Trial. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2023; 64:97-104. [PMID: 37599088 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this randomized crossover trial was to clarify the effects of chewing gummy jelly containing a compound of decanoic acid, oligonol, methyl cellulose, and citral (DOMAC) on mental stress and autonomic nervous activity in facemask wearers. A placebo gummy jelly was used in conjunction with DOMAC. Eight healthy adults with no tooth loss (mean age: 35±5 yr) were included. The participants were required to chew one DOMAC or placebo gummy jelly for 5 min after wearing a facemask for 20 min in the laboratory, then the other gummy jelly after a washout period. Rate of change in salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a marker of stress was compared between before and after chewing. Additionally, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity was compared at both time points. A significant difference was observed in the percentage change in salivary IgA from that at before wearing a facemask: 127±34% (mean±standard deviation) while wearing a facemask; 46±20% while chewing DOMAC gummies; and 47±26% while chewing placebo gummies (p<0.05). Parasympathetic nervous system activity was 971.2±1040.7 ms2 at 20 min after facemask wearing; 295.0±253.0 ms2 after DOMAC gummy chewing; and 1956.1±2798.0 ms2 after chewing a placebo gummy jelly; with significant differences only being found between 20 min after facemask wearing and after DOMAC gummy chewing (p<0.05). Sympathetic nervous system activity was 1.80±1.83 at 20 min after facemask wearing; 4.06±3.33 after DOMAC gummy chewing; and 4.95±7.02 after chewing a placebo gummy jelly; with significant differences only being found between 20 min after facemask wearing and after DOMAC gummy chewing. These results suggest that chewing gummy jellies containing DOMAC relieves stress caused by facemask wearing and activates sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishida
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Midori Ohta
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Takafumi Kobayashi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Ayaka Hori
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Masahiro Ryu
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Takayuki Ueda
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Tokyo Dental College
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Tóth R, Turner MJ, Mannion J, Tóth L. The effectiveness of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on psychological, physiological and executive functions as a proxy for sports performance. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:442. [PMID: 38104142 PMCID: PMC10724889 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, we conducted a comparative analysis involving three distinct groups: one receiving group-based rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), another undergoing a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI), and a third group serving as the control. The aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of the two interventions on specific psychological (competitive anxiety, perfectionism, irrational beliefs), physiological (salivary cortisol levels), and neurocognitive (executive functions: working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility) functions in Hungarian junior ice hockey players. METHODS The participants consisted of 10 females and 36 males (NREBT=12, NMINDFULNESS=14, NCONTROL=20). We used questionnaires to assess competitive anxiety, perfectionism, and irrational beliefs. The components of executive functions were measured using a computerized testing system, while cortisol levels were examined through salivary samples. Prior to and after the interventions, each participant underwent all measurements, after which we conducted repeated measures ANOVA on our data. RESULTS We found REBT to be an effective intervention for the regulation of competitive anxiety, perfectionism, and irrational beliefs as well as for improving some components of executive functions (inhibition and cognitive flexibility). Mindfulness was found to improve athletes' processing speed and set-shifting abilities, which are related to cognitive flexibility and metacognitive processes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we explore implications of these findings regarding how each approach is posited to enhance sports performance, using neurocognitive functions as a proxy. These findings are useful for further research and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renátó Tóth
- School of Doctoral Studies, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Martin James Turner
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, England
| | - Joe Mannion
- Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - László Tóth
- Teacher Training Institute, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychology and Sport Psychology, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
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Aras D, Samil Onlu A, Durmus T, Cengiz C, Guler D, Guler Y, Ugurlu A, Aldhahi MI, Gülü M. A brief body scan mindfulness practice has no positive effect on the recovery of heart rate variability and cognitive tasks in female professional basketball players. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1196066. [PMID: 37325754 PMCID: PMC10266197 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we examined the acute effects of a short video-based body scan mindfulness practice on the heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance of professional female basketball players after the first half of a simulated basketball game. Methods In this crossover randomized controlled trial, nine professional athletes completed a physical loading protocol on two separate days. The protocol consisted of a 10-min Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 in the first quarter, followed by a 10-min basketball game in the second quarter. Immediately afterward, they were asked to engage in a 10-min mindfulness practice or watch a 10-min nature-based documentary as a type of mental intervention. Their HRV, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index 2 (NASA TLX-2), and Go/No-Go test scores were recorded immediately before and after the physical loading and after the mental intervention. Results The physical demand, effort, and frustration level subscales of the NASA TLX-2 and the RPE scores were found to be significantly higher after the physical loading, and they returned to the baseline level after both types of mental intervention. The Go/No-Go test scores did not differ depending on the measurement time. All time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability parameters, except the low-to-high frequency ratio, were found to be significantly high immediately after the physical loading protocol. However, these parameters returned to their initial levels after both types of mental intervention. Discussion Completing the tests involved in the study protocol successfully induced physical fatigue, as evidenced by consistent measurement tools, but the one-time and short-term mindfulness practice had no additional benefits for the recovery of heart rate variability, cognitive tasks, or subjective assessment methods, such as RPE and NASA TLX-2, in basketball players with no previous experience of mindfulness practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Aras
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Aysberg Samil Onlu
- Ankara University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Movement and Training Sciences Master's Program, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Tugay Durmus
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Caner Cengiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Damla Guler
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yagmur Guler
- Department of Recreation, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yalova University, Yalova, Türkiye
| | - Alkan Ugurlu
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehmet Gülü
- Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Türkiye
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Recovery of Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137825. [PMID: 35805484 PMCID: PMC9265434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) can help one to recover from mental fatigue (MF). Although the strength model of self-control explains the processes underlying MF and the model of mindfulness and de-automatization explains how mindfulness training promotes adaptive self-regulation leading to the recovery of MF, a systematic overview detailing the effects of MBI on the recovery of MF is still lacking. Thus, this systematic review aims to discuss the influences of MBI on the recovery of MF. Methods: We used five databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for articles published up to 24 September 2021, using a combination of keywords related to MBI and MF. Results: Eight articles fulfilled all the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The MBI directly attenuated MF and positively affected the recovery of psychology (attention, aggression and mind-wandering) and sports performance (handgrip, plank exercise and basketball free throw) under MF. However, the interaction did not reach statistical significance for the plank exercise. Therefore, the experience and duration of mindfulness are necessary factors for the success of MBI. Conclusions: mindfulness appears to be most related to a reduction in MF. Future research should focus on improving the methodological rigor of MBI to confirm these results and on identifying facets of mindfulness that are most effective for attenuating MF.
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Coimbra DR, Bevilacqua GG, Pereira FS, Andrade A. Effect of Mindfulness Training on Fatigue and Recovery in Elite Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Follow-Up Study. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:1-8. [PMID: 33707980 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Volleyball is a team sport with high physical and perceptual-cognitive demand, hence, increasing the perception of physical and mental fatigue during a competition. To alleviate fatigue (physical and mental), mindfulness and music have been proposed. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of mindfulness-based mental versus music training on mental fatigue, physical fatigue, and recovery in elite competitive female volleyball athletes using a randomized two-controlled study with follow-up. Participants were 30 elite female Brazilian volleyball athletes. Athletes were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) mindfulness-based mental training group (MBMT); 2) music-based training group (MBT); or 3) control group (CG). Three variables were evaluated as follows: 1) recovery based on total quality recovery; 2) mental fatigue visual analog scale; and 3) physical fatigue visual analog scale. Regarding recovery, there was no difference between the MBMT, MBT, and CG groups (p > 0.05). A difference in mental fatigue was noted between MBT and CG at follow-up [F(2,26) = 5.71, p = 0.009; large]. Regarding physical fatigue, there was no difference between the MBMT, MBT, and CG groups (p > 0.05). The mindfulness intervention effectively attenuated the mental fatigue caused by competition in volleyball athletes. These results will assist coaches and staff in providing fatigue management and reinforce the applicability of mental training in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R Coimbra
- Life Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano S Pereira
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil
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Mindfulness Training Enhances Endurance Performance and Executive Functions in Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8213710. [PMID: 32908483 PMCID: PMC7474752 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8213710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness interventions have been linked to improved sport performance and executive functions; however, few studies have explored the effects of mindfulness on sport performance and executive functions simultaneously. This study sought to examine whether a mindfulness training program would affect both the endurance performance and executive functions of athletes. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with the Stroop task were assessed to investigate the potential electrophysiological activation associated with the mindfulness training. Applying a quasiexperimental design, forty-six university athletes were recruited and assigned into a five-week mindfulness training program or a waiting list control group. For each participant, the mindfulness level, endurance performance assessed by a graded exercise test, executive functions assessed via Stroop task, and N2 component of ERPs were measured prior to and following the 5-week intervention. After adjusting for the preintervention scores as a covariate, it was found that the postintervention mindfulness level, exhaustion time, and Stroop task accuracy scores, regardless of task condition, of the mindfulness group were higher than those of the control group. The mindfulness group also exhibited a smaller N2 amplitude than the control group. These results suggest that the five-week mindfulness program can enhance the mindfulness level, endurance performance, and multiple cognitive functions, including executive functions, of university athletes. Mindfulness training may also reduce conflict monitoring in neural processes.
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Díaz-Silveira C, Alcover CM, Burgos F, Marcos A, Santed MA. Mindfulness versus Physical Exercise: Effects of Two Recovery Strategies on Mental Health, Stress and Immunoglobulin A during Lunch Breaks. A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082839. [PMID: 32326082 PMCID: PMC7215846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research analyses the effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) and physical exercise (PE), practised as daily recovery activities during lunch breaks, on perceived stress, general mental health, and immunoglobin A (IgA). A three-armed randomized controlled trial with 94 employees was conducted for five weeks including two follow-up sessions after one and six months. Daily practice lasted 30 min maximum. Perceived stress and general mental health questionnaires and saliva samples were used. There were significant differences in time factor comparing pre- and post-test of Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) both for PE [Mdiff = 0.10, SE = 0.03, p = 0.03], and for MM [Mdiff = 0.09, SE = 0.03, p = 0.03]. Moreover, there were significant differences of interaction factor when comparing MM vs. PE in total score at pre-post [F = −2.62 (6, 168.84), p = 0.02, ω2 = 0.09], favoring PE with medium and high effect sizes. Regarding General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) variable, practicing MM showed significant effects in time factor compared to pre-Fup2. No significant differences were found for IgA. Thus, practicing both MM and PE as recovery strategies during lunch breaks could reduce perceived stress after five weeks of practice, with better results for PE. Moreover, practicing MM could improve mental health with effects for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Díaz-Silveira
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain; (C.D.-S.); (C.-M.A.)
| | - Carlos-María Alcover
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain; (C.D.-S.); (C.-M.A.)
| | - Francisco Burgos
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, c/Juan del Rosal 10, 29040 Madrid, Spain; (F.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alberto Marcos
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, c/Juan del Rosal 10, 29040 Madrid, Spain; (F.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Miguel A. Santed
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, c/Juan del Rosal 10, 29040 Madrid, Spain; (F.B.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-646-51-75-77
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Keaney LC, Kilding AE, Merien F, Dulson DK. Keeping Athletes Healthy at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Games: Considerations and Illness Prevention Strategies. Front Physiol 2019; 10:426. [PMID: 31057419 PMCID: PMC6479135 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Keeping athletes healthy will be important for optimal athletic performance at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. Athletes will be exposed to several stressors during the preparatory and competition phases of the Summer Games that have the potential to depress immunity and increase illness risk. This mini-review provides an overview on effective and practical stressor-specific illness prevention strategies that can be implemented to maintain and protect the health of Olympic and Paralympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Keaney
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,AUT Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deborah K Dulson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Crandall A, Cheung A, Young A, Hooper AP. Theory-Based Predictors of Mindfulness Meditation Mobile App Usage: A Survey and Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e10794. [PMID: 30900992 PMCID: PMC6450472 DOI: 10.2196/10794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mindfulness meditation has become increasingly popular over the last few years, due in part to the increase in mobile apps incorporating the practice. Although studies have demonstrated the potential of mindfulness meditation to positively impact health, little has been uncovered about what predicts engagement in mindfulness meditation. Understanding the predictors of mindfulness meditation may help practitioners and phone app developers improve intervention strategies and app experience. Objective The purpose of this study was to use the Theory of Planned Behavior and Temporal Self-Regulation Theory to determine factors predicting mindfulness meditation mobile app use. Methods The sample consisted of 85 undergraduate students with no prior mindfulness meditation experience. During their first laboratory visit, participants completed tasks to measure their executive functioning and a survey to measure Theory of Planned Behavior constructs about mindfulness meditation. Over the following 2 weeks, participants logged the days and minutes that they practiced mindfulness meditation using a phone app. Hierarchical regression modeling was used to analyze the data. Results After controlling for demographic factors, participant subjective norms (beta=14.51, P=.001) and intentions (beta=36.12, P=.001) were predictive of the number of minutes practicing mindfulness. Participant executive functioning did not predict mindfulness meditation practice, nor did it moderate the link between intentions and mindfulness meditation practice. Participant attitudes (beta=0.44, P<.001) and perceived control (beta=0.42, P=.002) were positively associated with intentions to practice mindfulness. Conclusions These results suggest that among college student populations, the Theory of Planned Behavior may be useful in predicting the use of mindfulness meditation phone apps. However, participant executive functioning was not a predictor or moderator of mindfulness practice, and Temporal Self-Regulation Theory may be less useful for explaining mindfulness meditation behaviors using phone apps over a short period of time among college students. The results have implications for public health professionals, suggesting that a focus on subjective norms and intentions may promote mindfulness meditation practice using phone apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliceAnn Crandall
- Brigham Young University, Department of Public Health, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Aaron Cheung
- Brigham Young University, Department of Public Health, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ashley Young
- Brigham Young University, Department of Public Health, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Audrey P Hooper
- Brigham Young University, Department of Public Health, Provo, UT, United States
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