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Hackett DA, Tran DL, Way KL, Sanders RH. Effects of Age and Playing Position on Field-Based Physical Fitness Measures in Adolescent Female Netball Players. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:77-87. [PMID: 38251317 PMCID: PMC10801501 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of age and playing position, controlling for maturity, on physical fitness indicators in 303 adolescent female netball players aged 12.0 to 15.9 years. Assessments included estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) via the 20 m shuttle run test, 10 m and 20 m sprints, change of direction speed (CODS) using the 505 test, and muscle power via the medicine ball chest throw (MBCT) and countermovement vertical jump (CMJ). Participants were grouped by age (12 to 15 years) and playing position (non-circle and circle players), with age at peak height velocity as a covariate for maturity. Results revealed that, at 15 years, CMJ height was greater than at 12 years and 13 years (p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.048). MBCT distance increased across age groups (p < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.323). Age had no impact on sprints, VO2max, or CODS. Non-circle players outperformed circle players in the 10 m sprint (p = 0.042, partial η2 = 0.016) and 20 m sprints (p = 0.010, partial η2 = 0.025) and displayed higher VO2max (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.036). Circle players were taller (p = 0.046, partial η2 = 0.014) and heavier (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.040) than non-circle players. Playing positions showed no differences in CMJ and MBCT. In adolescent female netball players, only muscle power is influenced by age, while non-circle players exhibit superior aerobic fitness and speed compared to circle players. Coaches may be able to utilize the distinct age and playing position traits of adolescent netballers to inform player selection and design targeted training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (D.L.T.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Derek L. Tran
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (D.L.T.); (R.H.S.)
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2006, Australia
| | - Kimberley L. Way
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3125, Australia;
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Ross H. Sanders
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (D.L.T.); (R.H.S.)
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Eijwoudt S, Andrews T, McErlain-Naylor SA, Stewart T, Spencer K. Internal and external workload in national and international netball competition. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1573-1579. [PMID: 38078436 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2283661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Differences in workload exist between netball playing positions and competition levels, but no research has compared workloads experienced by the same elite players during national and international competitions. This study collected internal (heart rate) and external (PlayerLoad·min-1) workload data per match quarter from 44 players during a national competition and 12 players during an international competition. Nine players played in both competitions. Linear mixed models compared percentage of match quarter in each heart rate zone and PlayerLoad·min-1 between competitions for each playing position. Workloads against low- and high-ranked international opponents were also compared. Internal workloads were greater in national compared to international competition for GD and WD positions. PlayerLoad·min-1 was significantly higher by 8-13% in the national competition for positions WD and C, and by 5-8% in the international competition for GD and GA. Positional differences may indicate a role of the team's tactical style of play. Workloads were generally greater against higher- rather than lower-ranked international opponents. These results indicate that tactical factors in combination with playing position and opposition characteristics should be considered when preparing physically for matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eijwoudt
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Andrews
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - T Stewart
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Human Potential Centre, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K Spencer
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Torres-Ronda L, Beanland E, Whitehead S, Sweeting A, Clubb J. Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35076796 PMCID: PMC8789973 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Seeking to obtain a competitive advantage and manage the risk of injury, team sport organisations are investing in tracking systems that can quantify training and competition characteristics. It is expected that such information can support objective decision-making for the prescription and manipulation of training load. This narrative review aims to summarise, and critically evaluate, different tracking systems and their use within team sports. The selection of systems should be dependent upon the context of the sport and needs careful consideration by practitioners. The selection of metrics requires a critical process to be able to describe, plan, monitor and evaluate training and competition characteristics of each sport. An emerging consideration for tracking systems data is the selection of suitable time analysis, such as temporal durations, peak demands or time series segmentation, whose best use depends on the temporal characteristics of the sport. Finally, examples of characteristics and the application of tracking data across seven popular team sports are presented. Practitioners working in specific team sports are advised to follow a critical thinking process, with a healthy dose of scepticism and awareness of appropriate theoretical frameworks, where possible, when creating new or selecting an existing metric to profile team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres-Ronda
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Spanish Basketball Federation, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK
| | - Alice Sweeting
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo Clubb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Whitehead S, Weakley J, Cormack S, Alfano H, Kerss J, Mooney M, Jones B. The Applied Sports Science and Medicine of Netball: A Systematic Scoping Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1715-1731. [PMID: 34086257 PMCID: PMC8310515 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netball is the one of the most popular women's sports in the world. Since gaining professional status in 2008 there has been a rapid growth in research in the applied sports science and medicine of the sport. A scoping review of the area would provide practitioners and researchers with an overview of the current scientific literature to support on-court performance, player welfare and reduce injury. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to identify the current research on the applied sports science and medicine of netball. Additionally, the article provides a brief summary of the research in each topic of sports science and medicine in netball and identifies gaps in the current research. METHODS Systematic searches of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and CINAHL were undertaken from earliest record to Dec 2020 and reference lists were manually searched. The PRISMA-ScR protocol was followed. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated netball as a sport or the applied sport science and medicine of netball athletes. RESULTS 962 studies were identified in the initial search, 150 of which met the inclusion criteria. Injury was the most highly investigated sport science and medicine topic (n = 45), followed by physical qualities (n = 37), match characteristics (n = 24), biomechanics (n = 15), psychology (n = 13), fatigue and recovery (n = 9), training load (n = 4) and nutrition (n = 3). A range of cohorts were used from school to elite and international standards. All cohorts were female netballers, except for one study. A rapid growth in studies over recent years was demonstrated with 65% of studies published in the last decade. There still remains gaps in the literature, with a low evidence base for nutrition, training load and fatigue and recovery. CONCLUSION This scoping review summarises the current evidence base and key findings that can be used in practice to enhance the applied sport science and medical support to netball athletes across a range of playing standards, and support the growth of the sport. It is evident that netball as a sport is still under-researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitehead
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos Netball, Leeds, UK.
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stuart Cormack
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jim Kerss
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Mitch Mooney
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- High Performance Pillar, Netball Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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Hogarth L, Farley A, McKenzie M, Burkett B, McKean M. Body composition in professional female netball players within and between seasons: a cohort study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:63. [PMID: 34088361 PMCID: PMC8176725 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background There is limited information on the physique attributes of female netball players from the highest playing standards and the typical body composition changes that occur with training and competition in these athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the body composition of professional female netball players and changes that occur within and between national premier netball seasons. Methods Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments were conducted in 20 female netball players (age = 26.5 [4.7] years, body mass = 77.3 [9.7] kg, stature = 182.7 [9.5] cm) contracted to a Suncorp Super Netball team. Total body lean mass, fat mass, bone mass and bone mineral density were derived for 127 assessments collected over three seasons. Linear mixed effects modelling was used to examine changes in body composition measures within and between seasons. Results Goal circle players were heavier (12.3 [3.5] kg, p < 0.001, g = 1.51) and taller (15.0 [2.7] cm, p < 0.001, g = 2.30) than midcourt players, and midcourt players had greater lean mass (3.1 [1.6] %, p = 0.07, g = 0.85) and less fat mass (-3.3 [1.7] %, p = 0.06, g = -0.84) than goal circle players when values were normalised to body mass. Players achieved increases in lean mass (2,191 [263] g, p < 0.01, g = 0.45) and decreases in fat mass (-835 [351] g, p = 0.09, g = -0.16) following a preseason preparation period. There were no changes in lean mass (-394 [295] g, p = 0.54, g = 0.07) or fat mass (102 [389] g, p = 0.99, g = 0.04) from the start to the end of the 14-week competition period. Conclusions Professional female netball players achieve small changes in lean mass and fat mass during preseason preparation and maintain their physique over the competitive season. The results of this study can inform practitioners on the training content necessary to promote or maintain desired body composition changes in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hogarth
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Sippy Downs, Australia.
| | - Ava Farley
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Max McKenzie
- High Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Brendan Burkett
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Mark McKean
- High Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Sippy Downs, Australia
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Physiological and Perceptual Recovery-Stress Responses to an Elite Netball Tournament. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1462-1471. [PMID: 33771943 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate and explore the relationships between physiological and perceptual recovery and stress responses to elite netball tournament workloads. METHODS Nine elite female netballers were observed across a 3-day (T1-3), 4-match tournament. Participants provided salivary samples for cortisol and alpha-amylase analysis, completed the Short Recovery Stress Scale (SRSS), and reported session ratings of perceived exertion. Inertial measurement units and heart-rate monitors determined player load, changes of direction (COD), summated heart-rate zones, and jumps. RESULTS Analysis revealed 6 significant SRSS time effects: (1) decreased recovery markers of physical performance (P = .042), emotional balance (P = .034), and overall recovery (P = .001) and (2) increased perceptual stress markers of muscular stress (P = .001), negative emotional state (P = .026), and overall stress (P = .010). Salivary cortisol decreased over the tournament (T1-3) before progressively increasing posttournament with greater salivary samples for cortisol on T+2 compared with T3 (P = .014, ES = -1.29; -2.24 to -0.22]) and T+1 (P = .031, ES = -1.54; -2.51 to -0.42). SRSS overall recovery moderately negatively correlated with COD (r = -.41, P = .028) and session ratings of perceived exertion (r = -.40, P = .034). Cumulative workload did not relate to posttournament perceptual or salivary responses. Percentage change in salivary variables related (P < .05) to total player load, total COD, and overall recovery across specific cumulative time periods. CONCLUSIONS During and after an elite netball tournament, athletes indicated increased perceptual stress and lack of recovery. The SRSS is a valuable tool for recovery-stress monitoring in elite tournament netball. It is recommended that practitioners monitor COD due to its negative influence on perceived overall recovery.
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Birdsey LP, Weston M, Russell M, Johnston M, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. The neuromuscular, physiological, endocrine and perceptual responses to different training session orders in international female netball players. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:314-325. [PMID: 33393427 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1869837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe 20 h responses of International female netball players to training days requiring two sessions (netball and strength, separated by two hours) ordered alternatively were examined. Eleven players completed strength followed by netball training two hours later (STR-NET), with the order reversed (NET-STR) on a separate day. Well-being, neuromuscular performance (jump height [JH], peak power output [PPO], peak velocity [PV]) and endocrine function (testosterone, cortisol concentrations) were measured before sessions one (PreS1) and two (PreS2), immediately after sessions one (IPS1) and two (IPS2), and 20 h post session one (20P). Session and differential ratings of perceived exertion (upper-body, cognitive/technical [RPE-T], lower-body, breathlessness) were collected, and accelerometry and heart rate measured netball load. Identification of clear between-order differences was based on the nonoverlap of the 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for mean differences relative to baseline. Compared to PreS1, greater increases in JH (percentage difference between trials; 95%CI: 9%; 4-14%), PPO (5%; 2-8%), PV (3%; 1-5%) and cortisol concentration (45%; 1-88%), and a greater decrease for testosterone/cortisol ratio (-35%; -72 to -2%) occurred at PreS2 in NET-STR. At 20P, greater decreases in JH (10%; 5-15%), PPO (4%; 1-8%) and PV (4%; 2-6%) were observed following STR-NET. No differences existed for well-being, whilst RPE-T was greater (15 AU; 3-26 AU) for strength training during NET-STR. Session order influenced neuromuscular and endocrine responses in International female netball players, highlighting session ordering as a key consideration when planning training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence P Birdsey
- A-STEM College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesborough, UK
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Rojas-Valverde D, Gutiérrez-Vargas JC, Sánchez-Ureña B. Sport Readaptation: Where Do We Draw the Lines Between Professionals? Front Sports Act Living 2020; 1:62. [PMID: 33344985 PMCID: PMC7739741 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico, Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo y Rehabilitación en Salud, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Ibáñez SJ, Pino-Ortega J. Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236643. [PMID: 32841239 PMCID: PMC7447012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry is a recent method used to quantify workload in team sports. A rapidly increasing number of studies supports the practical implementation of accelerometry monitoring to regulate and optimize training schemes. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about accelerometry as a method of workload monitoring in invasion team sports according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and (2) to conclude recommendations for application and scientific investigations. The Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant published studies according to the following keywords: "accelerometry" or "accelerometer" or "microtechnology" or "inertial devices", and "load" or "workload", and "sport". Of the 1383 studies initially identified, 118 were selected for a full review. The main results indicate that the most frequent findings were (i) devices' body location: scapulae; (b) devices brand: Catapult Sports; (iii) variables: PlayerLoadTM and its variations; (iv) sports: rugby, Australian football, soccer and basketball; (v) sex: male; (vi) competition level: professional and elite; and (vii) context: separate training or competition. A great number of variables and devices from various companies make the comparability between findings difficult; unification is required. Although the most common location is at scapulae because of its optimal signal reception for time-motion analysis, new methods for multi-location skills and locomotion assessment without losing tracking accuracy should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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