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Ayabe M, Sunami S, Kumahara H, Ishizaki S. Effects of substitute allowance on match activity characteristics in Japanese professional football across 2019, 2020, and 2021 seasons. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2654-2660. [PMID: 36841753 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2182878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of substitute player allowance per match on running performance in Japanese professional football over three consecutive seasons with different numbers of maximum substitutes. Match running performance was obtained from all outfield players in the official matches of the 1st Division of the Japan Professional Football League over three seasons (2019/2020/2021; 22291 player files) by a 4th generation TRACAB® system which provided the total distance covered (TD) and the number of sprinting runs (SP; ≥24.0 km/h for≥1.0 s). The players were divided according to play time: full match (STA), replaced during match (REP), and substitutes during match (SUB). The number of SUBs increased significantly from 2019 to 2021 (p < 0.05). SUB had a significantly higher average speed than STA and REP. The analysis of covariance with the number of recovery days, ambient temperature, and relative humidity as covariates revealed that the TD and SP significantly differed based on the number of SUBs (p < 0.05). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of SUBs significantly contributed to the TD and SP. These results suggest that the new law, which increased the maximum SUB allowance from three to five, improved the match running performance in Japanese professional football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ayabe
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sunami
- Faculty of Economics, Toyo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Hideaki Kumahara
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, JAPAN
| | - Satoshi Ishizaki
- College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, JAPAN
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2
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Ellens S, Middleton K, Gastin PB, Varley MC. Techniques to derive and clean acceleration and deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies in team sports: A scoping review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1772-1800. [PMID: 35446231 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2054535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of acceleration and deceleration data as a measure of an athlete's physical performance is common practice in team sports. Acceleration and deceleration are monitored with athlete tracking technologies during training and games to quantify training load, prevent injury and enhance performance. However, inconsistencies exist throughout the literature in the reported methodological procedures used to quantify acceleration and deceleration. The object of this review was to systematically map and provide a summary of the methodological procedures being used on acceleration and deceleration data obtained from athlete tracking technologies in team sports and describe the applications of the data. Systematic searches of multiple databases were undertaken. To be included, studies must have investigated full body acceleration and/or deceleration data of athlete tracking technologies. The search identified 276 eligible studies. Most studies (60%) did not provide information on how the data was derived and what sequence of steps were taken to clean the data. Acceleration and deceleration data were commonly applied to quantify and describe movement demands using effort metrics. This scoping review identified research gaps in the methodological procedures and deriving and cleaning techniques that warrant future research focussing on their effect on acceleration and deceleration data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ellens
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul B Gastin
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services & Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Miguel M, Oliveira R, Brito JP, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. External Match Load in Amateur Soccer: The Influence of Match Location and Championship Phase. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040594. [PMID: 35455772 PMCID: PMC9030506 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the physical dimension implicit in the soccer match is crucial for the improvement and individualization of training load management. This study aims to: (a) describe the external match load at the amateur level, (b) analyze the differences between playing positions, (c) verify whether the home/away matches and if (d) the phase (first or second) of the championship influence the external load. Twenty amateur soccer players (21.5 ± 1.9 years) were monitored using the global positioning system. The external load was assessed in 23 matches, where 13 were part of the first phase of the competition (seven home and six away matches) and the other 10 matches belonged to the second (and final) phase of the championship (five home and five away matches). A total of 173 individual match observations were analyzed. The results showed significant differences between playing positions for all the external load measures (p < 0.001). There were higher values observed in the total distance covered for central defenders (p = 0.037; ES = 0.70) and in high-intensity decelerations for forwards (p = 0.022; ES = 1.77) in home matches than in away matches. There were higher values observed in the total distance (p = 0.026; ES = 0.76), relative distance (p = 0.016; ES = 0.85), and moderate-intensity accelerations (p = 0.008; ES = 0.93) for central defenders, in very high-speed running distance for forwards (p = 0.011; ES = 1.97), and in high-intensity accelerations (p = 0.036; ES = 0.89) and moderate-intensity decelerations (p = 0.006; ES = 1.11) for wide midfielders in the first phase than in the second phase of the championship. Match location and championship phase do not appear to be major contributing factors to influence the external load while the playing position should be used as the major reference for planning the external training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio Jose Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
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Staunton CA, Abt G, Weaving D, Wundersitz DWT. Misuse of the term 'load' in sport and exercise science. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:439-444. [PMID: 34489176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the International System of Units (SI), as well as several publications guiding researchers on correct use of terminology, there continues to be widespread misuse of mechanical terms such as 'work' in sport and exercise science. A growing concern is the misuse of the term 'load'. Terms such as 'training load' and 'PlayerLoad' are popular in sport and exercise science vernacular. However, a 'load' is a mechanical variable which, when used appropriately, describes a force and therefore should be accompanied with the SI-derived unit of the newton (N). It is tempting to accept popular terms and nomenclature as scientific. However, scientists are obliged to abide by the SI and must pay close attention to scientific constructs. This communication presents a critical reflection on the use of the term 'load' in sport and exercise science. We present ways in which the use of this term breaches principles of science and provide practical solutions for ongoing use in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Staunton
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
| | - Grant Abt
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, The University of Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel W T Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
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Neeld KL, Peterson BJ, Dietz CC, Cappaert TA, Alvar BA. Impact of Preceding Workload on Team Performance in Collegiate Men's Ice Hockey. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2272-2278. [PMID: 34127608 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neeld, KL, Peterson, BJ, Dietz, CC, Cappaert, TA, and Alvar, BA. Impact of preceding workload on team performance in collegiate men's ice hockey. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2272-2278, 2021-Although the workload-injury relationship has received ample research attention, the relationship between prior workload and performance in team sport remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if preceding workloads influence competition performance in men's ice hockey. On-ice workload data were collected from all players on a NCAA Division I men's ice hockey team for 2 consecutive seasons. Training and match workloads were characterized using 7 variables (player load, skating load, explosive efforts, high force strides, player load·min-1, skating load·min-1, and average stride force·lb-1). Team performance was calculated as the difference between the subject and opposing teams' shots on goal. Nine separate ANCOVAs were performed to assess the effect of workload across quartiles of 5 different time spans (1,3,5,7 and 28 days), and low, typical, and high zones of 4 time ratios (1/28, 3/28, 5/28, and 7/28) days) on team shot differential, accounting for season quarter and rank differential between the subject and opposing team. Alpha was set a priori to 0.05. Of all workload measures included in each analysis, only 7-day high force strides (p < 0.01, eta2 = 0.72), and 7-day player load·min-1 (p < 0.05, eta2 = 0.50) had a significant effect on shot differential. Measures of skating intensity in the week preceding competition have the largest impact on team performance. These results can be used by performance coaches to examine tests of speed, power, strength, and conditioning to identify potential limiting factors to high-intensity skating, design training programs with specific need-based emphases, and make recommendations for weekly management of high-intensity skating loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Neeld
- Health Sciences, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Calvin C Dietz
- Athletics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Thomas A Cappaert
- Health Sciences, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah
| | - Brent A Alvar
- Kinesiology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California
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Santos FJ, Figueiredo TP, Filho DMP, Verardi CEL, Macedo AG, Ferreira CC, Espada MC. Training Load in Different Age Category Soccer Players and Relationship to Different Pitch Size Small-Sided Games. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21155220. [PMID: 34372457 PMCID: PMC8348483 DOI: 10.3390/s21155220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the training load in different age category soccer players associated with distinct pitch size small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-four soccer players (eight in each age category: U-12, U-15, and U-23) performed three consecutive 4 vs. 4 ball possession SSGs (SSG1: 16 × 24 m; SSG2: 20 × 30 m; and SSG3: 24 × 36 m) all with 3 min duration and 3 min rest. Subjects carried ultra-wideband-based position-tracking system devices (WIMU PRO, RealTrack System). Total distance covered increased from SSG1 to SSG3 in all age categories and predominantly in running speeds below 12 km·h−1. Moreover, distance covered in 12–18 km·h−1 running speed was different in all performed SSGs and age categories. Residual or null values were observed at 18–21 km·h−1 or above running speed, namely in U-12, the only age category where metabolic power and high metabolic load distance differences occurred throughout the performed SSGs. Edwards’ TRIMP differences between age categories was only observed in SSG2 (U-12 < U-15). The design of SSGs must consider that the training load of the players differs according to their age category and metabolic assessment should be considered in parallel to external load evaluation in SSGs. Wearable technology represents a fundamental support in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J. Santos
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal;
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Teresa P. Figueiredo
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.M.P.F.); (C.E.L.V.); (A.G.M.)
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. L. Verardi
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.M.P.F.); (C.E.L.V.); (A.G.M.)
- Graduate Programme in Developmental Psychology and Learning, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Anderson G. Macedo
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.M.P.F.); (C.E.L.V.); (A.G.M.)
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Cátia C. Ferreira
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914–504 Setúbal, Portugal; (T.P.F.); (C.C.F.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-265-710-800
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Springham M, Williams S, Waldron M, Mclellan C, Newton RU. Summated training and match load predictors of salivary immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and T:C profile changes in elite-level professional football players: A longitudinal analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1156-1166. [PMID: 34181509 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1949638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined how summated training and match load measures relate to salivary immunological and hormonal profile changes in professional football players. Data were collected from 18 elite-level professional male football players from one English Championship team across a complete 40 wk competitive season. Daily training (micro-technology) and match (computerised tracking) measures of total, high-speed and high-metabolic load running distance and sprint, acceleration, deceleration and sRPE load were converted into exponentially weighted moving average "acute" (7d), "chronic" (28d) and acute:chronic composite load measures. Bi-weekly morning saliva samples were analysed for immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol. A two-stage data reduction technique using partial least squares modelling and a backward stepwise selection procedure determined the most parsimonious model for each salivary variable. Testosterone had non-linear relationships with chronic total (P = 0.015; Cohen's D: large), high-metabolic load (P = 0.001;small) and high-speed (P = 0.001;trivial) running distance and linear relationships with chronic sRPE (P = 0.002;moderate ↓) and acute:chronic high-speed running distance (P = 0.001; trivial ↑). Cortisol had a non-linear relationship with chronic high-speed running distance (P = 0.001;trivial). Testosterone:cortisol had non-linear relationships with chronic decelerations (P = 0.039;small) and chronic summated acceleration and deceleration load (P = 0.039;small). Non-linear relationships typically indicated optimal hormonal responses at squad mean loads. No load variables clearly related to salivary immunoglobulin-A or alpha-amylase changes. We conclude that chronic total and high-intensity load measures relate to hormonal changes and might be useful indicators of player readiness. Acute load variables were not related to immunological or hormonal changes and consequently, should not be used as surrogate measures of player readiness in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Springham
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, London, UK.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, NSW, Armidale, Australia
| | - Chris Mclellan
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Springham M, Williams S, Waldron M, Burgess D, Newton RU. Large Reductions in Match Play Physical Performance Variables Across a Professional Football Season With Control for Situational and Contextual Variables. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:570937. [PMID: 33345130 PMCID: PMC7739604 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.570937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation examined match play physical performance across a professional football season using a multicamera computerized tracking system. A linear mixed-effects model, controlling for situational and contextual variables, identified decreases in team average total distance (TD): season quarter 1 (Q1) (11,047 m) > season quarter 2 (Q2) (10,473 m) (P = 0.002; ES = Small), season quarter 3 (Q3) (10,449 m) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate), and season quarter 4 (Q4) (10,385 m) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate); work rate (WR): Q1 (115 m/min) > Q3 (108 m/min) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate), Q4 (107 m/min) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate); Q2 (109 m/min) > Q4 (107 m/min) (P = 0.003; ES = Small); high-speed running distance (HSR): Q1 (1,051 m) > Q2 (813 m) (P = 0.006; ES = Small); number of high-speed runs (NHSR): Q1 (87) > Q2 (65) (P < 0.001; ES = Small), Q3 (64) (P = 0.002; ES = Small); sprint distance (SD): Q1 (202 m) > Q4 (130 m) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate), Q2 (179 m) > Q3 (165 m) (P = 0.035; ES = Small), Q4 (130 m) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate) and number of sprints (NS): Q1 (20.4) > Q3 (10.2) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate), Q4 (8.3) (P < 0.001; ES = Large); Q2 (14.9) > Q3 (10.2) (P < 0.001; ES = Moderate), Q4 (8.3) (P < 0.001; ES = Large). Within-position changes were observed for WR: Q1 (122 m/min) > Q4 (113 m/min) (P = 0.002; ES = Large) in central midfielders and for NS: Q1 > Q3 in wide defenders (21.7 vs. 10.8) (P = 0.044; ES = Large) and central midfielders (18.1 vs. 8.3) (P = 0.002; ES = Large); Q1 > Q4 in central defenders (13.1 vs. 5.3) (P = 0.014; ES = Large), wide defenders (21.6 vs. 7.1) (P < 0.001; ES = Very Large), central midfielders (18.1 vs. 8.5) (P = 0.005; ES = Large), and wide midfielders (20.8 vs. 12.2) (P = 0.012; ES = Large); Q2 > Q3 in central midfielders (16.9 vs. 8.3) (P = 0.002; ES = Large) and Q2 > Q4 in wide defenders (16.3 vs. 7.1) (P = 0.005; ES = Very Large), central midfielders (16.9 vs. 8.5) (P = 0.004; ES = Large), and wide midfielders (20.8 vs. 12.2) (P = 0.007; ES = Large). The match-play physical performance was reduced across the competitive season. The most notable reductions were observed in wide defenders, central midfielders, and wide midfielders in sprint performance indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Springham
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren Burgess
- Sport Science Department, Melbourne Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Usher Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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