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Agosta F, Cozzini P. Food contact materials as possible endocrine disruptors for PPARs: a consensus scoring analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022; 73:760-769. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agosta
- Molecular Modelling Lab, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Molecular Modelling Lab, Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Alamri M, Qasem AA, Mohamed AA, Hussain S, Ibraheem MA, Shamlan G, Alqah HA, Qasha AS. Food packaging's materials: A food safety perspective. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4490-4499. [PMID: 34354435 PMCID: PMC8325021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers' increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food-package interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Alamri
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akram A.A. Qasem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdellatif A. Mohamed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzad Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Ibraheem
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A. Alqah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Qasha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for determining the effect of electron beam treatment of polypropylene used for food packaging. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Is comprehensive analysis of potentially relevant migrants from recycled paperboard into foods feasible? J Chromatogr A 2013; 1272:106-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Pérez-Palacios D, Fernández-Recio MÁ, Moreta C, Tena MT. Determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds in food-contact recycled-paper materials by focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 99:167-74. [PMID: 22967537 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and reverse-phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF-MS) was applied to the determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in food-contact recycled-paper materials. Recycled paper is a potential source of EDCs. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and their derivatives bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) are used for the production of epoxy resins employed in the formulation of printing inks. The FUSLE of bisphenol-type EDCs from packaging is reported for the first time. First, different extraction solvents were studied and methanol was selected. Then, the main FUSLE factors affecting the extraction efficiency (solvent volume, extraction time and ultrasonic irradiation power) were studied by means of a central composite design. The FUSLE conditions selected for further experiments were 20 ml of methanol at ultrasonic amplitude of 100% for 5s. Finally, the number of extraction cycles necessary for complete extraction was established in two. The analysis of the FUSLE extracts was carried out by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with electrospray ionization and the determination of the four analytes took place in only 4 min. The FUSLE and UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS method was validated and applied to the analysis of different food-contact recycled-paper-based materials and packaging. The proposed method provided recoveries from 72% to 97%, repeatability and intermediate precision under 9% and 14%, respectively, and detection limits of 0.33, 0.16, 0.65 and 0.40 μg/g for BPA, BPF, BADGE and BFDGE, respectively. The analysis of paper and cardboard samples confirmed the presence of EDCs in these packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Palacios
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
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6
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Muncke J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and other substances of concern in food contact materials: an updated review of exposure, effect and risk assessment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:118-27. [PMID: 21073950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCM) are an underestimated source of chemical food contaminants and a potentially relevant route of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Quantifying the exposure of the general population to substances from FCM relies on estimates of food consumption and leaching into food. Recent studies using polycarbonate plastics show that food simulants do not always predict worst-case leaching of bisphenol A, a common FCM substance. Also, exposure of children to FCM substances is not always realistically predicted using the common conventions and thus possibly misjudged. Further, the exposure of the whole population to substances leaching into dry foods is underestimated. Consumers are exposed to low levels of substances from FCM across their entire lives. Effects of these compounds currently are assessed with a focus on mutagenicity and genotoxicity. This approach however neglects integrating recent new toxicological findings, like endocrine disruption, mixture toxicity, and developmental toxicity. According to these new toxicology paradigms women of childbearing age and during pregnancy are a new sensitive population group requiring more attention. Furthermore, in overweight and obese persons a change in the metabolism of xenobiotics is observed, possibly implying that this group of consumers is insufficiently protected by current risk assessment practice. Innovations in FCM risk assessment should therefore include routine testing for EDCs and an assessment of the whole migrate toxicity of a food packaging, taking into account all sensitive population groups. In this article I focus on recent issues of interest concerning either exposure to or effects of FCM-related substances. Further, I review the use of benzophenones and organotins, two groups of known or suspected EDCs, in FCM authorized in the US and EU.
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Zhang K, Noonan GO, Begley TH. Determination of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) and n-dibutylphthalate (DBP) in food and paper packaging materials from US marketplaces. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 25:1416-23. [PMID: 19680850 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802163380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry procedure was developed for the determination of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) and n-dibutylphthalate (DBP) in domestic and imported paper packages and food sold in US marketplaces. The procedure involved ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, followed by analysis with the gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. Calibration curves for DIPN and DBP were achieved with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 microg ml(-1) and the corresponding r(2) values were 0.9976 and 0.9956, respectively. In most of the fortified samples the recoveries were higher than 80% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) <10%. Using this procedure, it was found that less than 20% of the tested domestic packages and more than 60% of the tested imported food packages contained both DIPN and DBP. The concentrations of DIPN and DBP ranged from 0.09 to 20 mg kg(-1) and 0.14 to 55 mg kg(-1), respectively, with most of the DINP and DBP levels lower than 20 mg kg(-1). DIPN was not detected (<0.01 mg kg(-1)) in 41 food samples and DBP was only detected in two domestic and four imported food samples with concentrations ranging from <0.01 to 0.81 mg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Centre for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), MD, USA.
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8
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Muncke J. Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds via the food chain: Is packaging a relevant source? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4549-59. [PMID: 19482336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of foodstuffs by environmental pollutants (e.g. dioxins, metals) receives much attention. Until recently, food packaging as a source of xenobiotics, especially those with endocrine disrupting properties, has received little awareness despite its ubiquitous use. This article reviews the regulations and use of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in food packaging and discusses their presence within the context of new toxicology paradigms. I focused on substances known to be legally used in food packaging that have been shown to exhibit endocrine disruptive effects in biological systems. I compiled a list of 50 known or potential EDCs used in food contact materials and examined data of EDCs leaching from packaging into food, with a focus on nonylphenol. I included recent advances in toxicology: mixture effects, the developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis, low-dose effects, and epigenetics. I especially considered the case of bisphenol A. The core hypothesis of this review is that chemicals leaching from packaging into food contribute to human EDCs exposure and might lead to chronic disease in light of the current knowledge. Food contact materials are a major source of food contaminants. Many migrating compounds, possibly with endocrine disruptive properties, remain unidentified. There is a need for information on identity/quantity of chemicals leaching into food, human exposure, and long-term impact on health. Especially EDCs in food packaging are of concern. Even at low concentrations, chronic exposure to EDCs is toxicologically relevant. Concerns increase when humans are exposed to mixtures of similar acting EDCs and/or during sensitive windows of development. In particular, non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) migrating from food contact materials need toxicological characterization; the overall migrate of the finished packaging could be evaluated for biological effects using bioassays. The widespread legal use of EDCs in food packaging requires dedicated assessment and should be updated according to contemporary scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Emhart Glass SA, Hinterbergstrasse 22, PO Box 2251, 6330 Cham, Switzerland.
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9
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Assurance of compliance within the production chain of food contact materials by good manufacturing practice and documentation – Part 1: Legal background in Europe and compliance challenges. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Grob K. The future of simulants in compliance testing regarding the migration from food contact materials into food. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Coulier L, Orbons HG, Rijk R. Analytical protocol to study the food safety of (multiple-)recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) crates: Influence of recycling on the migration and formation of degradation products. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nerín C, Contín E, Asensio E. Kinetic migration studies using Porapak as solid-food simulant to assess the safety of paper and board as food-packaging materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2283-8. [PMID: 17237924 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porapak has been studied as a solid-food simulant in experiments on paper and board packaging. Three samples of paper with different recycled pulp content and surface treatment, and of different grammage and thickness, were used for the studies. Kinetic behaviour from 25 degrees C to 100 degrees C and different contact times ranging from 5 min at 100 degrees C to 10 days at 25 degrees C were studied using Porapak or, occasionally, Tenax or milk powder. Similar results were obtained with Porapak and Tenax but those from Porapak were more stable with temperature. Porapak behaves as good solid-food simulant even at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, CPS-Edif. Torres Quevedo, C/ María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Grob K, Biedermann M, Scherbaum E, Roth M, Rieger K. Food Contamination with Organic Materials in Perspective: Packaging Materials as the Largest and Least Controlled Source? A View Focusing on the European Situation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46:529-35. [PMID: 16954061 DOI: 10.1080/10408390500295490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of the various sources of food contamination with organic chemicals suggests that in the public, but also among experts, the perception of risk is often distorted. Firstly, neither pesticides nor environmental pollutants contribute the most; the amount of material migrating from food packaging into food may well be 100 times higher. Secondly, control of these large migrants is often lagging behind the standards set up for other sources, since many of the components (particularly those not being "starting materials") have not been identified and, thus, not toxicologically evaluated. Finally, attitudes towards different types of food contaminants are divergent, also reflected by the legal measures: for most sources of food contamination there are strict rules calling for minimization, whereas the European packaging industry has even requested a further increase in the tolerance to as close as possible to the limit set by the toxicologists. This paper calls for a more realistic perception and more coherent legal measures-and improvements in the control of migration from packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Phenolic resins for can coatings: I. Phenol-based resole analysed by GC–MS, GC×GC, NPLC–GC and SEC. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Characterization of gamma-irradiated polyethylene terephthalate by liquid-chromatography–mass-spectrometry (LC–MS) with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Skjevrak I, Brede C, Steffensen IL, Mikalsen A, Alexander J, Fjeldal P, Herikstad H. Non-targeted multi-component analytical surveillance of plastic food contact materials: Identification of substances not included in EU positive lists and their risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:1012-22. [PMID: 16227185 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500090877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A procedure used by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority for surveillance of contaminants from plastic food contact materials (polyolefin drinking bottles, water boilers, polyamide cooking utensils and plastic multi-layer materials) is described. It is based on gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of food simulants exposed to plastic materials. Most migrants were substances not-intentionally added to the plastic (degradation products, impurities) or originated from non-plastic components, such as printing inks, adhesives, not-listed additives, solvents and coatings. Hence, the majority of the identified migrants were regulated by the general statements in the EU Framework Regulation, which neither specify limits nor requirements regarding risk assessment, rather than by specific migration controls. Risk assessment has been carried out for selected non-authorized substances. The analysis and the management of these substances and materials with respect to safety represents a challenge to the food authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingun Skjevrak
- Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet), Sandnes, Norway.
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Fiselier K, Biedermann M, Grob K. Injector-internal thermal desorption from edible oils. Part 2: Chromatographic optimization for the analysis of migrants from food packaging material. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2144-52. [PMID: 16318211 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Injector-internal thermal desorption from edible oil or fat is a convenient sample preparation technique for the analysis of solutes in lipids or extracts from fatty foods. The injector temperature is selected to vaporize the solutes of interest while minimizing evaporation of the bulk material of the oil. This technique has been in routine use for pesticides for some time. Now its potential is explored for migrants from food contact materials, such as packaging, into simulant D (olive oil) or fatty/oily food, which means extending the range of application towards less volatile compounds. The performance for high boiling components was investigated for diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and diundecyl phthalate (DUP). Since the injector temperature needs to be as high as 260degreesC, some bulk material of the oil enters the column and must be removed after every analysis. This is achieved by a coated precolumn backflushed towards the end of each analysis. Desorption of the solutes is particularly efficient in the initial phase, when a thin sample film is spread on the liner wall, and is largely determined by the diffusion speed in the oil after the latter has contracted to droplets. An increased carrier gas flow rate during the splitless period supports the transfer into the column. It is concluded that the technique is attractive for migrant analysis, with DUP being at the upper limit of the boiling point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Fiselier
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sendón García R, Sanches Silva AT, Paseiro Losada P. Determination of diphenylbutadiene by liquid chromatography–UV–fluorescence in foodstuffs. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1056:99-103. [PMID: 15595538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylbutadiene (DPBD) is an optical brightener incorporated into a wide range of polymeric materials. Framed in the FOODMIGROSURE project, it was chosen as a model migrant to study the migration kinetics from polymeric materials in relevant foodstuffs. An analytical method was developed and optimized for the DPBD determination in foods. The sample preparation procedure uses both hexane and acetonitrile as extraction solvents, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. HPLC analysis was performed using UV detection at a wavelength of 330 nm, and fluorescence detection achieved with excitation and emission wavelengths of 330 and 375 nm, respectively. Good linearity and recovery were achieved. Data are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sendón García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Sur., University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Fankhauser-Noti A, Grob K. Migration of trimellitic acid from epoxy anhydride can coatings into foods. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2004; 21:711-8. [PMID: 15370844 DOI: 10.1080/02652030410001717821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The migration of trimellitic acid and its esters from epoxy anhydride coatings was determined in simulants as well as in canned foods. The most appropriate simulant was a combination of EC simulants B and C: 2% acetic acid/10% ethanol in water. The average migration into food was 900 microg kg(-1). This far exceeds the 50 microg kg(-1) for which the safety of trimellitic acid and its anhydride is ensured and the Swiss legal limit (QM(T) of 5 mg kg(-1) coating). Furthermore, much trimellitic acid migrated as (unidentified) esters, i.e. toxicological testing of free trimellitic acid is inadequate for the material that in reality migrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fankhauser-Noti
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland
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