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Alwan N, Bou Ghanem H, Dimassi H, Karam L, Hassan HF. Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 through Consumption of Rice in the United Arab Emirates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15000. [PMID: 36429720 PMCID: PMC9690502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most consumed staple foods worldwide and a major part of the diet for half of the global population. Being primarily cultivated in countries with warm and humid environments increases rice's susceptibility for mycotoxins contamination, especially the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Since no study was published before on the exposure to AFB1 from consuming rice in the UAE, our study aims to assess the levels of AFB1 in rice marketed in the country and determine the estimated daily exposure of the population for this carcinogenic metabolite and its associated liver cancer risk. All white, brown, and parboiled rice brands available in the retail markets in the UAE were procured twice. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, AFB1 was detected in 48 out of 128 rice samples (38%). The average contamination ± standard deviation of AFB1 among positive samples (above the detection limit) was found to be 1.66 ± 0.89 μg/kg, ranging from 1 μg/kg (detection limit) to 4.69 μg/kg. The contamination level in all the samples was below the limit set by the Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization (≤5 μg/kg), while 10 (20.8%) of the positive samples had a contamination level above the maximum limit set by the European Union (≥2 μg/kg). The moisture content in all the assessed samples was ≤14%. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in AFB1 between samples in both collections (p-value = 0.043). However, the rice type, grain size, packing country, packing season, country of origin, collection season, and packing to purchasing time had no significant effect on AFB1. The calculated mean daily exposure level of the Emirati population to AFB1 from consuming rice was 4.83 ng/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Alwan
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haneen Bou Ghanem
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
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Simple chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in Korean fermented soybean products doenjang, ganjang, and gochujang, with comparison of derivatization methods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:475-482. [PMID: 35464246 PMCID: PMC8994806 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean fermented soybean products doenjang, ganjang, and gochujang are vulnerable to contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi in the open fermentation environment. Therefore, simple and effective methods to determine aflatoxins (AFs) in these complex food matrices are needed. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using two derivatization methods for AF determination in three fermented soybean products was optimized and validated. Pre-column derivatization (preCD) of the AF extracts was performed using trifluoroacetic acid, and post-column derivatization (PCD) was performed in a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection. Both derivatization methods resulted in acceptable performances for linearity (R2 > 0.999), recovery (71-118%), and precision (< 10.6%) values. Recovery and precision with preCD and PCD were similar, but the limit of detection was superior with PCD. When these analytical methods were applied to commercially available fermented soybean products, the AF levels of all commercial products were ranged from not detected to 6.06 μg/kg.
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Zlatina R. Becheva, Gabrovska KI, Ivanov YL, Godjevargova TI. Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Immunofluorescence Assay for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dey DK, Kang SC. Aflatoxin B1 induces reactive oxygen species-dependent caspase-mediated apoptosis in normal human cells, inhibits Allium cepa root cell division, and triggers inflammatory response in zebrafish larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139704. [PMID: 32512299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and water is a serious global concern. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a deadly mycotoxin that contaminates both food and water bodies in the environment. AFB1 is reported to cause severe health issues, including hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and immunotoxicity in humans; however, the mechanistic effects on plant and aquatic animals are not fully understood. To obtain a clear understanding of the effects of AFB1 on the ecosystem, we examined the influence of AFB1 exposure on different model systems corresponding to various habitats. In the current study, AFB1 contamination consequences were studied on a human normal cell lines (HaCaT, CCD 841 CoN), meristematic Allium cepa (onion) root cells, and zebrafish embryonic development. Our results clearly indicate that concentrations of AFB1 >10 μM are toxic to HaCaT cells. Morphological changes of HaCaT and CCD 841 CoN cells were clearly observed after exposure to AFB1. Particularly in HaCaT cells, treatment with 50 μM and 100 μM AFB1induces oxidative stress by excessive endogenous free-radical production such as ROS and NO generation. These consequences accelerate the ROS-dependent DNA damage events, which subsequently result in caspase mediated programmed cell death. Exposure of A. cepa root cells to AFB1 for 24 h resulted in abnormal cell division. A. cepa root cells subjected to AFB1 treatment showed a significant concentration-dependent increase in metaphase arrest. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to AFB1 also revealed that AFB1 contamination restricts the larval growth and development, resulting in a remarkably increased zebrafish mortality rate. Collectively, results of the current study indicate that AFB1 contamination triggers the programmed cell death machinery, subsequently affecting the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Jillyang, Naeri-ri, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Jillyang, Naeri-ri, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Validation of HPLC and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Techniques for Detection and Quantification of Aflatoxins in Different Food Samples. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050661. [PMID: 32443841 PMCID: PMC7278759 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Jordan as in other worldwide countries, mycotoxins are considered a serious national problem in food supplies. As a result, almost all nations are setting and adopting different regulations targeting the control of mycotoxins levels in the domestic food supply, including the problem of reliable sampling and analysis methods. OBJECTIVE It is necessary to improve and give evidence of analytical abilities of laboratories within Jordan and developing countries enabling them to monitor mycotoxins effectively in food to overcome non-tariff obstacles. METHODS We analyzed 40 samples from wheat, corn, dried fig and dried coffee beans for total aflatoxin content using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Enzyme Linked Immunesorbent Assay (ELISA) methods. RESULTS 40% of samples from wheat, 60% from corn, 30% from dried fig, and 50% from dried coffee beans were found positive when speaking of total aflatoxins, with average values between 1.14 and 4.12 μg/kg. Obtained results allow considering all tested food samples as fit for human consumption if compared with the labeled regulatory limit of allowed aflatoxins in the European Union. In detail, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification for methods used in this study were significantly lower than the maximum limits established by the European Union. HIGHLIGHTS The procedure used in this study is suitable for detection of mycotoxins at very low concentration.
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Ali N. Aflatoxins in rice: Worldwide occurrence and public health perspectives. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1188-1197. [PMID: 31768330 PMCID: PMC6872864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate dietary staples worldwide, including maize, rice and groundnuts. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a public health concern due to their carcinogenic, acute and chronic effects. Rice is an important staple food consumed widely and consists of a major part of the diets for half of the world population. Human exposure to these mycotoxins is a serious problem especially in developing countries where hot and humid climates favor the fungal growth and where food storage conditions are poor and lack of regulatory limits enforcement. The recent developments of biomarkers have provided opportunities in assessing aflatoxins exposure and related health effects in the high-risk population groups. This review describes the worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins in rice during the period from 1990 to 2015 and biomarkers-based evidence for human exposure to aflatoxins and their adverse health effects. Aflatoxin is a potent hepatocarcinogen and humans may expose to it at any stage of life. Epidemiological studies reported an association between aflatoxin intake and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in some sub-Saharan and Asian countries. Even daily high intake of rice with a low level of contamination is of health concern. Thus, it is necessary to implement effective strategies to prevent contamination and fungal growth in rice. A good agricultural and manufacturing practice should be applied during handling, storage and distribution of rice to ensure that aflatoxins contamination level is lower in the final product. Moreover, a regular survey for aflatoxins occurrence in rice and biomarkers-based studies is recommended to prevent and reduce the adverse health effects in the world population.
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Lv C, Jin J, Wang P, Dai X, Liu Y, Zheng M, Xing F. Interaction of water activity and temperature on the growth, gene expression and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on paddy and polished rice. Food Chem 2019; 293:472-478. [PMID: 31151636 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Water activity (aw) and temperature are two pivotal environmental factors affecting Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production. Here, we found that AFB1 production on polished rice can occur over a wider range of temperature × aw levels than that on paddies. For fungal growth on polished rice, the optimum conditions were aw 0.92-0.96 and 28-37 °C. The maximum amounts of AFB1 on polished rice was observed at 33 °C and aw 0.96. Compared to 33 °C, all tested genes of A. flavus on polished rice were significantly up-regulated at 25 °C under aw 0.96. The late structural genes of pathway were significantly down-regulated at 37 °C under aw 0.96, although aflR and aflS and most of early structural genes were up-regulated. Compared to aw 0.96, most of pathway genes were significantly down-regulated at aw 0.90 and 0.99 under 33 °C, although two regulatory genes were up-regulated at aw 0.90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Jing Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
| | - Mumin Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
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Sollepura Boregowda R, Murali N, C Udayashankar A, R Niranjana S, S Lund O, S Prakash H. Antifungal Activity of Eclipta alba Metabolites against Sorghum Pathogens. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030072. [PMID: 30909408 PMCID: PMC6473702 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Unscientific use of synthetic fungicides in plant disease management has environmental ramifications, such as disease resurgence and serious health problems due to their carcinogenicity. This has prompted the identification and development of eco-friendly greener alternatives. Eclipta alba extract was evaluated for its antifungal activity in in vitro and in vivo against sorghum fungal pathogens Fusarium thapsinum, Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum sorghinum, and Curvularia lunata. The column purified methanolic extract of E. alba exhibited good antifungal activity against the target pathogens. The MIC was observed at 80 mg/mL for all tested pathogenic fungi, whereas MFC was 80 mg/mL for E. sorghinum, 100 mg/mL for F. thapsinum, A. alternata, and C. lunata. In vitro germination percentage was significantly high in seeds treated with E. alba extract (98%) over untreated control (91%). Significant disease protection of 95% was observed in greenhouse and 66% disease protection was noticed in field experiments. The efficacy of E. alba extract in field conditions was improved with the use of E. alba extract formulation. The profile of phytochemicals in E. alba methanol fractions was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) mass spectroscopy. The [M-H]− at m/z 313.3, m/z 797.9, and m/z 269.0 revealed the presence of wedelolactone, eclalbasaponin II, and apigenin, respectively. The H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) chemical shift value supported the findings of the mass spectrometry. The results highlighted the possible use of E. alba methanolic extract as alternative to chemical fungicide in sorghum disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandhini Murali
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
| | - Arakere C Udayashankar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
| | - Siddapura R Niranjana
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
| | - Ole S Lund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, HøjbakkegårdAllé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Harischandra S Prakash
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India.
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Mahuku G, Nzioki HS, Mutegi C, Kanampiu F, Narrod C, Makumbi D. Pre-harvest management is a critical practice for minimizing aflatoxin contamination of maize. Food Control 2019; 96:219-226. [PMID: 30713368 PMCID: PMC6251936 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maize, the main dietary staple in Kenya, is one of the crops most susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin. To understand sources of aflatoxin contamination for home grown maize, we collected 789 maize samples from smallholder farmers' fields in Eastern and South Western, two regions in Kenya representing high and low aflatoxin risk areas, respectively, and determined aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) using ELISA with specific polyclonal antibodies. AFB1 was detected in 274 of the 416 samples from Eastern Kenya at levels between 0.01 and 9091.8 μg kg-1 (mean 67.8 μg kg-1). In South Western, AFB1 was detected in 233 of the 373 samples at levels between 0.98 and 722.2 μg kg-1 (mean 22.3 μg kg-1). Of the samples containing AFB1, 153 (55.8%) from Eastern and 102 (43.8%) from South Western exceeded the maximum allowable limit of AFB1 (5 μg kg-1) in maize for human consumption in Kenya. The probable daily intake (PDI) of AFB1 in Eastern Kenya ranged from 0.07 to 60612 ng kg-1 bw day-1 (mean 451.8 ng kg-1 bw day-1), while for South Western, PDI ranged from 6.53 to 4814.7 ng kg-1 bw day-1 (mean 148.4 ng kg-1 bw day-1). The average PDI for both regions exceeded the estimated provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of AFB1, which is a health concern for the population in these regions. These results revealed significant levels of preharvest aflatoxin contamination of maize in both regions. Prevention of preharvest infection of maize by toxigenic A. flavus strains should be a critical focal point to prevent aflatoxin contamination and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Henry Sila Nzioki
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 57811-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charity Mutegi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fred Kanampiu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clare Narrod
- University of Maryland, 5201 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
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Elzupir A, Alamer A, AlRajhi M, Idriss H. Assessment of health risks from aflatoxins in rice commercialised in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2017.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Elzupir
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A.S. Alamer
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. AlRajhi
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. Idriss
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
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Wei YK, Zhao XM, Li MM, Yu JX, Gurudeeban S, Hu YF, Ji GF, Wei DQ. Detoxification of aflatoxins on prospective approach: effect on structural, mechanical, and optical properties under pressures. Interdiscip Sci 2018; 10:311-319. [PMID: 29282626 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are sequential of derivatives of coumarin and dihydrofuran with similar chemical structures and well-known carcinogenic agent. Many studies performed to detoxify aflatoxins, but the result is not ideal. Therefore, we studied structural, infrared spectrum, mechanical, and optical properties of these compounds in the aim of perspective physics. Mulliken charge distributions and infrared spectral analysis performed to understand the structural difference between the basic types of aflatoxins. In addition, the effect of pressure, different polarized, and incident directions on their structural changes was determined. It is found that AFB1 is most stable structure among four basic types aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), and IR spectra are analyzed to exhibit the difference on structures of them. The mechanical properties of AFB1 indicate that the structure of this toxin can be easily changed by pressure. The real [Formula: see text] and imaginary [Formula: see text] parts of the dielectric function, and the absorption coefficient [Formula: see text] and energy loss spectrum [Formula: see text] were also obtained under different polarized and incident directions. Furthermore, biological experiments needed to support the toxic level of AFB1 using optical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kai Wei
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Miao Zhao
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing-Xin Yu
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Selvaraj Gurudeeban
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan-Fei Hu
- School of Science, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanhai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020077. [PMID: 29439433 PMCID: PMC5848178 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in rice can create a health risk for the consumers. In this study, the measurement of 23 mycotoxins in rice samples (n = 180) was performed using a validated LC–MS/MS method. A food frequency questionnaire was used to get rice consumption data for the assessment of mycotoxin dietary exposure, before calculating the health risk in adults and children of north and south regions of the Pakistani Punjab province. The prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (56%), aflatoxin B2 (48%), nivalenol (28%), diacetoxyscirpenol (23%), fumonisin B1 (42%), zearalenone (15%), HT-2 toxin (10%), deoxynivalenol (8%), and ochratoxin A (6%) was estimated in samples with a mean concentration range between 0.61 and 22.98 µg/kg. Aflatoxin degradation by traditional Pakistani cooking recipes was evaluated and observed to be 41–63%. The dietary exposure to aflatoxins exceeded the tolerable daily intake at all levels, and ochratoxin A and zearalenone posed health risk at high contamination and high consumption levels. The margin of aflatoxin B1 exposure ranged between 10 and 69 in adults and 10 and 62 in children. The mean cancer risk by aflatoxin B1 exposure was 0.070 (adults) and 0.071 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in South Punjab population, and 0.122 (adults) and 0.127 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in North Punjab population. This study will provide new insights for the planning and management of mycotoxins in Pakistan.
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Granados-Chinchilla F, Molina A, Chavarría G, Alfaro-Cascante M, Bogantes-Ledezma D, Murillo-Williams A. Aflatoxins occurrence through the food chain in Costa Rica: Applying the One Health approach to mycotoxin surveillance. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Du X, Schrunk DE, Shao D, Imerman PM, Wang C, Ensley SM, Rumbeiha WK. Intra-laboratory Development and Evaluation of a Quantitative Method for Measurement of Aflatoxins B1, M1 and Q1 in Animal Urine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:698-707. [PMID: 28985321 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins negatively impact animal health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most common mycotoxins affecting both large and small animals and are a common cause of toxin-related pet food recalls. Definitive diagnosis of aflatoxicosis is constrained by a lack of validated ante-mortem analytical methods for detection and quantitation of AFs and their metabolites in biological specimens. Herein, we developed and evaluated a urine-based quantitative method for measurement of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its metabolites aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) in animal urine. (Some of the results have been presented at 59th AAVLD conference, Greensboro, North Carolina, October 13-19th, 2016.) This method uses an immuno-affinity column for clean-up and pre-column derivatization followed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis with fluorescence detection. The method has high selectivity, recovery (>81%) and sensitivity with an instrument limit of detection of 0.20-1.02 pg; instrument limit of quantitation of 0.77-4.46 pg; and a method lower limit of quantitation of 0.30-2.5 ng/mL. The method has high accuracy, repeatability, and is rugged against minor changes. However, because of poor sensitivity of AFQ1 at low concentrations we recommend this method for quantitative determination of AFB1 and AFM1, and for qualitative measurement of AFQ1 in animal urine for diagnosis of aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Du
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Dwayne E Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Dahai Shao
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Paula M Imerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Steve M Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
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Katsurayama AM, Taniwaki MH. Fungos e aflatoxinas no arroz: ocorrência e significado na saúde do consumidor. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O arroz é um dos cereais mais consumidos no Brasil e no mundo. Devido ao grande impacto do consumo de arroz na população, estudos sobre a qualidade deste produto são de grande importância. É um ótimo substrato para a produção de micotoxinas e, quando os fungos toxigênicos encontram condições de crescer e produzir toxinas, estes as produzem em grandes quantidades. Embora não seja comum a presença de micotoxinas, existem alguns relatos sobre a ocorrência de aflatoxinas e fungos aflatoxigênicos no arroz. O presente artigo é uma revisão sobre os aspectos gerais do arroz, sua produção, ocorrência de fungos, aflatoxinas e micotoxinas no Brasil e no mundo, bem como sobre a redução de aflatoxinas durante o processamento do arroz.
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Stakeholders’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) towards aflatoxins contamination in peanut-based products. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abdallah MF, Krska R, Sulyok M. Mycotoxin Contamination in Sugarcane Grass and Juice: First Report on Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins and Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxins B₁ and G₁ in Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E343. [PMID: 27869706 PMCID: PMC5127139 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the natural co-occurrence of multiple toxic fungal and bacterial metabolites in sugarcane grass and juice intended for human consumption in Upper Egypt. Quantification of the target analytes has been done using the "dilute and shoot" approach followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total number of 29 and 33 different metabolites were detected in 21 sugarcane grass and 40 juice samples, respectively, with a trend of concentrations being higher in grass than in juice. Among the regulated mycotoxins, only aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) were detected. The prevalence of AFB₁ was in 48% of grass samples and in 58% of juice with a maximum concentration of 30.6 μg/kg and 2.10 μg/kg, respectively. AFG₁ was detected in 10% of grass samples (7.76 μg/kg) and 18% of juice samples (34 μg/kg). Dietary exposure was assessed using a juice frequency questionnaire of adult inhabitants in Assiut City. The assessment revealed different levels of exposure to AFB₁ between males and females in winter and summer seasons. The estimated seasonal exposure ranged from 0.20 to 0.40 ng/kg b.w./day in winter and from 0.38 to 0.90 ng/kg b.w./day in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str 20, Tulln A-3430, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str 20, Tulln A-3430, Austria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str 20, Tulln A-3430, Austria.
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Exposure to aflatoxin B1 in Thailand by consumption of brown and color rice. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 32:19-25. [PMID: 26686516 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) intake of the Thai population through consumption of contaminated brown and color rice. A total of 240 rice samples from two harvesting periods were collected in June/July 2012 (period I) and in December 2012/January 2013 (period II) and analyzed for AFB1 by HPLC with fluorescence detection (limit of detection (LOD) = 0.093 ng/g). Exposure assessment was based on AFB1 levels in rice and food intake data for rice according to Thai National Consumption. Frequency and levels of AFB1 were higher in period I (59%, <LOD = 26.61 μg kg(-1)) than in period II (10%, <LOD = 3.51 μg kg(-1)). Only one sample exceeded the Thai standard limit for total aflatoxin of 20 μg kg(-1), but 12 out of 240 rice samples exceeded the European Union maximum level for AFB1 of 2 μg kg(-1). The data showed that the quality and safety of Thai rice largely comply with the requirement for both exports and domestic consumption. According to the Thai National Consumption data, the estimated AFB1 intake via rice consumption in period I and period II was 0.80 and 0.12 μg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. The potential risk for cancer, based on the recommendation of the JECFA, was estimated to be 0.011 person/year/100,000 people at a mean consumption. Although the risk via consumption of Thai rice seems to be low, the maximum levels of AFB1 in this staple food suggest that careful monitoring and surveillance of AFB1 contamination in rice is essential to ensure the safety of rice.
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Eslami M, Mashak Z, Heshmati A, Shokrzadeh M, Mozaffari Nejad AS. Determination of aflatoxin B1levels in Iranian rice by ELISA method. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1074925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Andrade P, Caldas E. Aflatoxins in cereals: worldwide occurrence and dietary risk assessment. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), genotoxic mycotoxins, in raw maize, rice, sorghum and wheat samples collected since the year 2000 was evaluated using published data and occurrence data from the GEMS/Food database (https://extranet.who.int/gemsfood). Dietary risk assessments were conducted using GEMS/Food total aflatoxin occurrence and food consumption data obtained from the 17 Cluster Diets. Risk characterisation arising from aflatoxin exposure was conducted using both cancer risk and margin of exposure (MOE) approaches. A total of 89 publications were retrieved from the literature, reporting data related to 18,097 samples, of which 37.6% were positive for at least one aflatoxin. The total upper bound (UB) mean for all samples analysed was 13.6 μg/kg, and was higher for rice (24.6 μg/kg) and sorghum (25.9 μg/kg). Of data related to the analysis of 4,536 samples reported to GEMS/Food database, 12.7% were positive for at least one aflatoxin. The total UB mean was 1.9 μg/kg, and was higher for rice (2.4 μg/kg) and maize (1.6 μg/kg). Total intakes ranged from 3.0 ng/kg bw/day (Cluster C11) to 17.1 ng/kg bw/day (Cluster C09). On average, the consumption of rice contributed to 41.6% of the total aflatoxin intake in all clusters, followed by wheat (35.4%), maize (21.2%) and sorghum (1.8%). The lowest cancer risk was found in cluster C11 (0.057 cancers/year/105 individuals), and the highest in cluster C09 (0.467 cancers/year/105 individuals). MOE ranged from 56 (C11) to 10 (C09), indicating a potential risk to consumers. These results highlight the need for continuous action by health authorities to decrease aflatoxin contamination in cereals, as they are staple foods in diets worldwide. These actions include the enforcement of code of practices at the national level and the establishment of maximum contamination levels by the Codex System.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.D. Andrade
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Darci Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - E.D. Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Darci Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Woo C, El-Nezami H. Mycotoxins in Asia: is China in danger? QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.J. Woo
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| | - H. El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
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Van de Perre E, Jacxsens L, Lachat C, El Tahan F, De Meulenaer B. Impact of maximum levels in European legislation on exposure of mycotoxins in dried products: case of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in nuts and dried fruits. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 75:112-7. [PMID: 25445763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study the impact of setting European criteria on exposure to aflatoxin B1 via nuts and figs and ochratoxin A via dried fruits is evaluated for the Belgian population, as an example of the European population. Two different scenarios were evaluated. In scenario 1 all collected literature data are considered, assuming that there is no border control nor legal limits in Europe. In the second scenario, contamination levels above the maximum limits are excluded. The results from scenario 1 demonstrated that if no regulation is in place, AFB1 and OTA concentrations reported in the analysed food can have potential health risk to the population. The estimated exposure of OTA for scenario 2 is below the TDI of 5 ng/kg BW⋅day, indicating that OTA concentrations accepted by EU legislation pose a low risk to the Belgian population. For AFB1, the MOE values of scenario 2 are above 10,000 and can be considered to be of low health concern, based on BDML10 for humans, except for figs (MOE = 5782). This means that for all matrices, with exception of figs, the maximum values of AFB1 in the European legislation are sufficient to be of a low health concern for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Van de Perre
- NutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Carl Lachat
- NutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Fouad El Tahan
- Royal International Inspection Laboratories (RIIL), Sokhna Port- Suez, Egypt
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem unit, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality (partner in Food2Know), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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Raad F, Nasreddine L, Hilan C, Bartosik M, Parent-Massin D. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol from a total diet study in an adult urban Lebanese population. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 73:35-43. [PMID: 25088296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins may be associated with carcinogenic, immunosuppressant and estrogenic effects. In the Middle-East, studies investigating food contamination and dietary exposure to mycotoxins are particularly scarce. This study aims at evaluating the dietary exposure of an adult Lebanese urban population to four mycotoxins (AFB1, AFM1, OTA, DON) classified as priority food contaminants by the WHO. Dietary exposure assessment was performed by means of the total diet study approach. Average and excessive consumer exposure estimates (p95) were calculated and compared with appropriate toxicological reference values (TRVs). Average dietary exposure levels to OTA and DON represented 29.9% and 156.8% of the respective TRVs, with the p95 exposure estimates approaching or exceeding the TRVs for these mycotoxins (95.1% and 355.8%, respectively). Based on the mean dietary exposure level to AFB1, cancer risk was estimated at 0.0527-0.0545cases/100,000persons/year, while mean exposure to AFM1 was associated with a population risk of 0.0018-0.0027cases/100,000persons/year. The study's findings place Lebanon among countries that are highly exposed to mycotoxins through the diet and call for larger-scale studies aiming at providing a comprehensive assessment of the dietary exposure of the Lebanese population to mycotoxins as well as to other food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raad
- Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Tel Amara Station, Bekaa, Lebanon; Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, France
| | - L Nasreddine
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - C Hilan
- Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI), Tel Amara Station, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - M Bartosik
- ARVALIS - Institut du Végétal, Pôle Analyses et Méthodes, Station Expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France
| | - D Parent-Massin
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, France; Université Paris-Sud, Inserm UMR-S 996, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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26
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Li P, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Hu X, Ding X. Monoclonal antibody-quantum dots CdTe conjugate-based fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts. Food Chem 2014; 146:314-9. [PMID: 24176348 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Suárez-Bonnet E, Carvajal M, Méndez-Ramírez I, Castillo-Urueta P, Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Melero-Vara JM. Aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) Contamination in Rice of Mexico and Spain, from Local Sources or Imported. J Food Sci 2013; 78:T1822-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Suárez-Bonnet
- Mycotoxin Laboratory, Inst. of Biology; Natl. Autonomous Univ. of Mexico; Coyoacan 04510 Mexico City
- Inst. of Sustainable Agriculture-CSIC; Box 4084 14080 Cordoba Spain
| | - Magda Carvajal
- Mycotoxin Laboratory, Inst. of Biology; Natl. Autonomous Univ. of Mexico; Coyoacan 04510 Mexico City
| | - Ignacio Méndez-Ramírez
- Statistics, Inst. of Research on Applied Mathemathics and Systems, UNAM; 04510 Mexico City
| | - Pável Castillo-Urueta
- Mycotoxin Laboratory, Inst. of Biology; Natl. Autonomous Univ. of Mexico; Coyoacan 04510 Mexico City
| | | | - Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- Environmental Citogenetics; Atmospheric Centre, UNAM; 04510 México D.F., Mexico City
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Cressey P, Reeve J. Dietary exposure and risk assessment for aflatoxins in New Zealand. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin concentration data for a range of foods available in New Zealand (maize products, nuts and nut products, dried fruits and spices) were combined with dietary recall food consumption information from New Zealand national nutrition surveys to derive exposure estimates for a range of age-gender groups. Mean exposure estimates for total aflatoxins ranged from 0.09-0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for adult females, to 0.32-0.39 ng/kg body weight/ day for 5-10 year old children. Spices were the major contributors to dietary exposure for all population subgroups, followed by nuts and nut products. However, the contribution of spices to total dietary exposure could be traced to a single sample with a very high concentration. A life-time weighted average aflatoxin exposure was derived for New Zealand males and females and was combined with cancer potency estimates to give an assessment of risk. The mean risk equates to a potential for less than one excess cancer every 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.J. Cressey
- Food Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, P.O. Box 29-181, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - J. Reeve
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Standards Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, P.O. Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. Mycotoxins: occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:218-37. [PMID: 23907020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are abiotic hazards produced by certain fungi that can grow on a variety of crops. Consequently, their prevalence in plant raw materials may be relatively high. The concentration of mycotoxins in finished products is usually lower than in raw materials. In this review, occurrence and toxicology of the main mycotoxins are summarised. Furthermore, methodological approaches for exposure assessment are described. Existing exposure assessments, both through contamination and consumption data and biomarkers of exposure, for the main mycotoxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marin
- Food Technology Dept., UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Eom SY, Yim DH, Zhang Y, Yun JK, Moon SI, Yun HY, Song YJ, Youn SJ, Hyun T, Park JS, Kim BS, Lee JY, Kim YD, Kim H. Dietary aflatoxin B1 intake, genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, and GSTT1, and gastric cancer risk in Korean. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1963-72. [PMID: 23949201 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) intake, genetic polymorphisms of AFB1 metabolic enzymes, and interactions between the polymorphisms and intake of AFB1 with regard to the risk of gastric cancer in Korean. METHODS The participants in the study included 477 gastric cancer patients and 477 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Direct interviews and a structured questionnaire were used to determine the level of exposure to AFB1, and the GoldenGate assay and multiplex polymerase chain reaction were used for genotypic analyses of the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), cytochrome P450 1E1, epoxide hydrolase 1, and glutathione S-transferase genes. RESULTS The probable daily intake of AFB1 was significantly higher among gastric cancer patients than among control subjects (cases vs. controls: 1.91 ± 0.87 vs. 1.65 ± 0.72 ng/kg bw/day, p < 0.0001), and increased AFB1 intake was significantly associated with an elevated risk of gastric cancer (odds ratio 1.94; 95 % confidence interval 1.43-2.63). However, genetic polymorphisms of AFB1 metabolic enzymes were not associated with gastric cancer, with the exception of CYP1A2. Moreover, there was no interaction between AFB1 intake and the genotypes of metabolic enzymes that affect gastric cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that dietary AFB1 exposure might be associated with a risk of gastric cancer. However, the effect of AFB1 on gastric carcinogenesis may not be modulated by genetic polymorphisms of AFB1 metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudong-ro, Heungdok-gu, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea
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Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk products in China using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and to estimate the dietary exposure to this toxin through a probabilistic approach. Based on the exposure assessment results, a quantitative cancer potency formula developed by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives was applied to assess the cancer risk. AFM1 was detected in 48.07% of the milk samples and 4.49% of the yoghurt samples. No samples contained AFM1 above the current regulatory limit in China. The simulated AFM1 intake (90% confidence interval) in various sex-age groups ranged from 0.023 (0.021 to 0.023) ng/kg of body weight per day for 30- to 45-year-old men to 0.382 (0.354 to 0.386) ng/kg of body weight per day for 2- to 4-year-old girls at the 99th percentile. The cancer risk of AFM1 to the general population of China was assessed to be 0.129 cancer cases per year per 10(8) persons at the 99th percentile. These results indicate that the health risk associated with AFM1 in milk in China is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Guo
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, ShaanXi 712100, PR China.
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Mousa W, Ghazali FM, Jinap S, Ghazali HM, Radu S. Modeling Growth Rate and Assessing Aflatoxins Production byAspergillus flavusas a Function of Water Activity and Temperature on Polished and Brown Rice. J Food Sci 2013; 78:M56-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Occurrence and exposure assessment of aflatoxins in Catalonia (Spain). Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 51:188-93. [PMID: 23046858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure of Catalonian (Spain) population to AFs. Thus, two sub-objectives were considered: (1) to assess the occurrence of AFs in food marketed in Catalonia, and (2) to assess the consumption of those foods susceptible to AFs contamination by Catalonian population. AFs were analysed in a total of 603 samples considering special commodities as free-gluten, ethnic or baby foods. Analytical method consisted of an extraction and clean-up of aflatoxins step using immunoaffinity columns, and determination by HPLC with post-column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection. Food dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, administered to 1387 individuals by trained interviewers. Contamination and consumption raw datasets were combined by means of a direct method and a stochastic method, building the pseudo-parametric bootstrap confidence intervals of the main outputs. Margins of exposure (MoE) and cancer incidence were estimated for the different collectives. The highest percentages of positive samples were found in red pepper, pistachios and peanuts. Considering our results, the most exposed group was the celiac sufferer collective followed by the adolescents; however health concern should not be expected in the population groups.
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Chin CK, Abdullah A, Sugita-Konishi Y. Dietary intake of aflatoxins in the adult Malaysian population - an assessment of risk. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2012; 5:286-94. [PMID: 24786411 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2012.713028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to aflatoxins in the adult Malaysian diet was estimated by analysing aflatoxins in 236 food composites prepared as "ready for consumption". Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranged from 24.3 to 34.00 ng/kg b.w./day (lower to upper bound), with peanuts being the main contributor. Estimated liver cancer risk from this exposure was 0.61-0.85 cancers/100,000 population/year, contributing 12.4%-17.3% of the liver cancer cases. Excluding AFB1 occurrence data higher than 15 µg/kg reduced exposure by 65%-91% to 2.27-11.99 ng/kg b.w./day, reducing the cancer risk to 0.06-0.30 cancers/100,000 population/year (contributing 1.2%-6.1% liver cancer cases). Reducing further the ML of AFB1 from 15 to 5 µg/kg yielded 3%-7% greater drop in the exposure to 0.47-10.26 ng/kg b.w./day with an estimated risk of 0.01-0.26 cancers/100,000 population/year (0.2%-5.1% liver cancer cases attributed to dietary AFB1). These findings indicate that current MLs are adequate in protecting Malaysians' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Chin
- a Food Safety and Quality Division , Ministry of Health , Putrajaya , Malaysia
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37
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Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Ariño A, Akram N, Zuber M. Aflatoxin contamination in different fractions of rice from Pakistan and estimation of dietary intakes. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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39
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Rahmani A, Soleimany F, Hosseini H, Nateghi L. Survey on the occurrence of aflatoxins in rice from different provinces of Iran. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2011; 4:185-90. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.599865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Lee T, Lee SH, Lee SH, Shin JY, Yun JC, Lee YW, Ryu JG. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice and its milling by-products in Korea. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1169-74. [PMID: 21740720 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 201 samples of brown rice, polished rice, and two types of by-products, blue-tinged rice and discolored rice, were collected from rice stores maintained at 51 rice processing complexes in Korea. These samples were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA). Contaminants (and their ranges) found in discolored rice samples were DON (59 to 1,355 ng g(-1)), NIV (66 to 4,180 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (25 to 3,305 ng g(-1)); those found in blue-tinged (less-ripe) rice were DON (86 to 630 ng g(-1)), NIV (50 to 3,607 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (26 to 3,156 ng g(-1)). Brown rice samples were contaminated mostly with NIV and ZEA (52 to 569 ng g(-1) and 47 to 235 ng g(-1), respectively). Polished rice samples were largely free from mycotoxins, although one sample was contaminated with NIV (77 ng g(-1)). When the fungal flora associated with each rice sample was investigated, blue-tinged rice was the most often contaminated with Fusarium graminearum (3.8%), followed by the discolored rice (2.4%) and brown rice (1.6%) samples. Using PCR, toxin genotyping of 266 isolates of F. graminearum revealed that most isolates (96%) were NIV producers. In conclusion, this survey is the first report of the cocontamination of Korean rice and its by-products with trichothecenes and ZEA. Importantly, it also provides new information on the natural contamination of rice by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
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41
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Magrine I, Ferrari S, Souza G, Minamihara L, Kemmelmeier C, Bando E, Machinski M. Intake of aflatoxins through the consumption of peanut products in Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2011; 4:99-105. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.561931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Bansal J, Pantazopoulos P, Tam J, Cavlovic P, Kwong K, Turcotte AM, Lau BY, Scott P. Surveys of rice sold in Canada for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:767-74. [PMID: 21623501 PMCID: PMC3118495 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.559279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 200 samples of rice (including white, brown, red, black, basmati and jasmine, as well as wild rice) from several different countries, including the United States, Canada, Pakistan, India and Thailand, were analysed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins by separate liquid chromatographic methods in two different years. The mean concentrations for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) were 0.19 and 0.17 ng g(-1) with respective positive incidences of 56% and 43% (≥ the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.002 ng g(-1)). Twenty-three samples analysed in the second year also contained aflatoxin B(2) (AFB(2)) at levels ≥LOD of 0.002 ng g(-1). The five most contaminated samples in each year contained 1.44-7.14 ng AFB(1) g(-1) (year 1) and 1.45-3.48 ng AFB(1) g(-1) (year 2); they were mostly basmati rice from India and Pakistan and black and red rice from Thailand. The average concentrations of ochratoxin A (OTA) were 0.05 and 0.005 ng g(-1) in year 1 and year 2, respectively; incidences of samples containing ≥LOD of 0.05 ng g(-1) were 43% and 1%, respectively, in the 2 years. All positive OTA results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. For fumonisins, concentrations of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) averaged 4.5 ng g(-1) in 15 positive samples (≥0.7 ng g(-1)) from year 1 (n = 99); fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) and fumonisin B(3) (FB(3)) were also present (≥1 ng g(-1)). In the second year there was only one positive sample (14 ng g(-1) FB(1)) out of 100 analysed. All positive FB(1) results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Bansal
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - P. Pantazopoulos
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - J. Tam
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - P. Cavlovic
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - K. Kwong
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - A.-M. Turcotte
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - B.P.-Y. Lau
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - P.M. Scott
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
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Hernández-Martínez R, Navarro-Blasco I. Aflatoxin levels and exposure assessment of Spanish infant cereals. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2010; 3:275-88. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2010.531402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Park JW, Shon DH, Kim YB. Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting mold contamination in agricultural commodities and comparison with conventional assays. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100400013393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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45
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Liu Y, Wu F. Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:818-24. [PMID: 20172840 PMCID: PMC2898859 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with prevalence 16-32 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Aflatoxin, a contaminant produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize and nuts, is a known human liver carcinogen. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the global burden of HCC attributable to aflatoxin exposure. METHODS We conducted a quantitative cancer risk assessment, for which we collected global data on food-borne aflatoxin levels, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence. We calculated the cancer potency of aflatoxin for HBV-postive and HBV-negative individuals, as well as the uncertainty in all variables, to estimate the global burden of aflatoxin-related HCC. RESULTS Of the 550,000-600,000 new HCC cases worldwide each year, about 25,200-155,000 may be attributable to aflatoxin exposure. Most cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and China where populations suffer from both high HBV prevalence and largely uncontrolled aflatoxin exposure in food. CONCLUSIONS Aflatoxin may play a causative role in 4.6-28.2% of all global HCC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicia Wu
- Address correspondence to F. Wu, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Dr., Rm 560, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. Telephone: (412) 624-1306. Fax: (412) 624-3040. E-mail:
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Sugita-Konishi Y, Sato T, Saito S, Nakajima M, Tabata S, Tanaka T, Norizuki H, Itoh Y, Kai S, Sugiyama K, Kamata Y, Yoshiike N, Kumagai S. Exposure to aflatoxins in Japan: risk assessment for aflatoxin B1. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:365-72. [DOI: 10.1080/19440040903317497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in breakfast cereals from athens market: Occurrence and risk assessment. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Gummert M, Balingbing C, Barry G, Estevez L. Management options, technologies and strategies for minimised mycotoxin contamination of rice. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ninety percent of the world's rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Millions of rice producers are resource-poor farmers with a rice area of less than one hectare. Yield increase and the introduction of double-cropping systems have ensured that rice production has kept up with an increasing demand. However, the increased quantities of grain and the second harvest, which is often in the wet season, have increased the problems in traditional postharvest systems. This can be particularly severe in the humid tropics, where post-harvest losses occur because of outdated management practices and technologies, and delays in post-harvest operations. Fungal infestation of rice grains can lead to discoloration, which results in price reductions in most markets. This can also result in rice being contaminated with mycotoxins, which is less visible to consumers. Contamination with ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and other mycotoxins have occasionally been reported in the literature. In the past, this was not seen as a significant problem and the focus was on other commodities such as maize and peanuts. However, recent studies and a massive recall of food products in Japan in September 2008, including sake, shoshu, and rice crackers made from imported rice from China and Vietnam, which were tested positive for aflatoxins, and also for pesticide residues, have renewed interest in looking at mycotoxin problems in rice. Exploratory studies in the Philippines compared best practice post-harvest management with the traditional management practices often used by smallholder farmers and small processors. It was concluded that synthesis of aflatoxin B1 is very likely in suboptimal post-harvest systems, with levels far above legislative limits. This indicates that there might be a considerable mycotoxin problem in rice from smallholder post-harvest operations. Improved post-harvest management options and technologies are available for diversified small-scale post-harvest systems. Small-scale combine harvesters, affordable and simple mechanical dryers and hermetic storage systems can help to avoid delays in the post-harvest chain and thus reduce mycotoxin contamination of rice. The development of strategies to scale out these improved practices and technologies to a large number of smallholder farmers will continue to be the main challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gummert
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - C. Balingbing
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - G. Barry
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - L. Estevez
- Bureau of Post-harvest Research and Extension (BPRE), Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
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49
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Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 and their metabolites in pig urine as biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:59-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Ok HE, Kim HJ, Shim WB, Lee H, Bae DH, Chung DH, Chun HS. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in marketed foods and risk estimates of dietary exposure in Koreans. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2824-8. [PMID: 18095437 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an unavoidable food contaminant. To evaluate the potential health risk of AFB1 to Koreans posed by food consumption, we determined the natural occurrence of AFB1 in food and estimated the excess risk for liver cancer through dietary exposure to AFB1. A total of 694 food samples collected from six different regions of South Korea were analyzed for their AFB, content. One hundred four of the 694 samples were found to give positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) readings for AFB1 and were further investigated with high-performance liquid chromatography. Thirty-two samples, including 2 maize samples, 3 soybean products, 20 peanut samples, nut samples, and their products, and 7 spices, were found to be contaminated with AFB1 (4.6% incidence), up to 48.6 microg kg(-1). The level of AFB1 contamination in 28 of the 32 food products was below 10 microg kg(-1), which is the legal tolerance limit in Korea. From data on daily food consumption, the exposure dose of AFB1 was estimated to be 6.42 x 10(-7) mg kg(-1) body weight (bw) day(-1). The major contributors to the dietary intake of AFB1 were soybean paste and soy sauce, which composed 91% of the total exposure to AFB1. The excess risk of liver cancer for those exposed to AFB1 through food intake was estimated to be 5.78 x 10(-6) for hepatitis B-negative individuals and 1.48 x 10(-4) for hepatitis B-positive individuals. These results suggest that special consideration is required to reduce the intake of AFB1 in hepatitis B-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ee Ok
- Food Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, San 516, Baekhyun, Bundang, Sungnam 463-746, South Korea
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