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Behrens AM, Sulyok M, Krska R, Hennies I, Ern A, Blechmann C, Meyer JC. Occurrence of Alternaria secondary metabolites in milling oats and its de-hulled fractions from harvest years 2017 to 2021. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:188-200. [PMID: 38190265 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2294003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria were investigated for their presence in milling oats. For this purpose, pre-cleaned milling oat samples (n = 193), intended for human consumption, out of harvest years 2017 to 2021 originating from different northern European countries were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were positively identified in 38% of the samples with mean values of 2.1 µg/kg and 1.2 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of 50.5 µg/kg alternariol and 24.2 µg/kg of alternariol methyl ether were detected in a Latvian sample. Tenuazonic acid was found in 45% of all samples, with a mean concentration of 28.9 µg/kg and a maximum concentration of 1430 µg/kg, also in a Latvian sample. Tentoxin was detected in 49% of all samples with a mean value of 1.7 µg/kg. The Alternaria metabolite most frequently detected in 96% of all samples was infectopyrone with a mean concentration of 593 µg/kg and a maximum value reaching up to 3990 µg/kg in a German sample. In addition, eight oat samples were selected to investigate to what extent the Alternaria metabolites are distributed between the oat hulls and the oat kernels. After de-hulling, approximately 23% of Alternaria metabolites were found in the remaining oat kernels. According to the results, alternariol, infectopyrone and altersetin were present in the kernels with the lowest proportion of 10%-20% on average, respectively. The values for tentoxin showed that about 60% of tentoxin was contained in the hulls, while almost 40% remained in the oat kernel. This suggests that potential health risks posed by Alternaria secondary metabolites and metabolites of other fungal genera in milling oats can be reduced by de-hulling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Behrens
- H. & J. Brüggen KG, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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2
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Teixido-Orries I, Molino F, Femenias A, Ramos AJ, Marín S. Quantification and classification of deoxynivalenol-contaminated oat samples by near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Food Chem 2023; 417:135924. [PMID: 36934710 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most occurring mycotoxin in oat and oat-based products. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) has been proposed as a promising methodology for analysing DON contamination in the food industry. The present study aims to apply NIR-HSI for DON detection in oat kernels and to quantify and classify naturally DON-contaminated oat samples. Unground and ground oat samples were scanned by NIR-HSI before their DON content was determined by HPLC. The data were pre-treated and analysed by PLS regression and four classification methods. The most efficient DON prediction model was for unground samples (R2 = 0.75 and RMSEP = 403.18 μg/kg), using twelve characteristic wavelengths with a special interest in 1203 and 1388 nm. The random forest algorithm of unground samples according to the EU maximum limit for unprocessed oats (1750 μg/kg) achieved a classification accuracy of 77.8 %. These findings indicate that NIR-HSI is a promising tool for detecting DON in oats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Teixido-Orries
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XIA, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Francisco Molino
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XIA, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Antoni Femenias
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XIA, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XIA, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Centre, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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3
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Conjugated type A trichothecenes in oat-based products: Occurrence data and estimation of the related risk. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Reliable and Accessible Method for Trichothecenes Type B Determination in Oat Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Gil-Serna J, Patiño B, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Vázquez C, Medina Á. Searching for the Fusarium spp. Which Are Responsible for Trichothecene Contamination in Oats Using Metataxonomy to Compare the Distribution of Toxigenic Species in Fields from Spain and the UK. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090592. [PMID: 36136530 PMCID: PMC9506359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oats with Fusarium toxins poses a high risk for food safety. Among them, trichothecenes are the most frequently reported in European oats, especially in northern countries. The environmental conditions related to the climate change scenario might favour a distribution shift in Fusarium species and the presence of these toxins in Southern European countries. In this paper, we present an ambitious work to determine the species responsible for trichothecene contamination in Spanish oats and to compare the results in the United Kingdom (UK) using a metataxonomic approach applied to both oat grains and soil samples collected from both countries. Regarding T-2 and HT-2 toxin producers, F. langsethiae was detected in 38% and 25% of the oat samples from the UK and Spain, respectively, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of this fungus in oats from Spain. The relevant type B trichothecene producer, F. poae, was the most frequently detected Fusarium species in oats from both origins. Other important trichothecene producers, such as the Fusarium tricinctum species complex or Fusarium cerealis, were also frequently detected in oat fields. Many Fusarium toxins, including T-2 and HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, or nivalenol, were detected in oat samples. The results obtained in this work revealed a clear change in the distribution of trichothecene producers and the necessity to establish the potential of these species to colonize oats and their ability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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6
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Murtaza B, Li X, Dong L, Javed MT, Xu L, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Cui H, Ali A, Wang L, Xu Y. Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4353-4365. [PMID: 35705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | | | - Le Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China. .,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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7
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Meyer JC, Birr T, Hennies I, Wessels D, Schwarz K. Reduction of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and associated Fusarium species during commercial and laboratory de-hulling of milling oats. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1163-1183. [PMID: 35385360 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2059576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are well known for their nutritional properties but are susceptible to the growth of different Fusarium fungi resulting in mycotoxin contamination of harvested oats. In this study, oat samples from harvest years 2011 to 2017 were preselected for their suitability as milling oats for food purposes with DON contents below 1750 µg/kg. The reduction of DON, T-2 and HT-2 toxins during the commercial de-hulling process was analysed. While the average reduction for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in large oat kernels was 85%, the reduction for thin kernels was 66%. The reduction for DON was about 60% and did not differ for the two kernel fractions. In laboratory de-hulling experiments, milling oat samples and de-hulled oat kernels with known DON, T-2 and HT-2 toxin content were correlated with the associated DNA amount of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium langsethiae. The reduction of the Fusarium DNA amount after de-hulling was comparable to the reduction of the associated mycotoxins. Notably, the correlation between F. langsethiae DNA amounts and the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxin contents was R2 = 0.69 in milling oats and it rose to R2 = 0.85 in de-hulled oat kernels. In laboratory tests, at least one third of the initial levels of DON and the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins could be removed by polishing off the first parts of the outer layers; two thirds remained in the polished oat kernels. These observations indicate that de-hulling alone may not be completely sufficient to remove mycotoxin contamination in oats. These findings are of high importance in the discussion of determining legal maximum levels for DON or the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in intermediate and final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Meyer
- H.&J. Brüggen KG, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Birr
- Division of Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Karin Schwarz
- Division of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Nahle S, El Khoury A, Savvaidis I, Chokr A, Louka N, Atoui A. Detoxification approaches of mycotoxins: by microorganisms, biofilms and enzymes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-022-00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMycotoxins are generally found in food, feed, dairy products, and beverages, subsequently presenting serious human and animal health problems. Not surprisingly, mycotoxin contamination has been a worldwide concern for many research studies. In this regard, many biological, chemical, and physical approaches were investigated to reduce and/or remove contamination from food and feed products. Biological detoxification processes seem to be the most promising approaches for mycotoxins removal from food. The current review details the newest progress in biological detoxification (adsorption and metabolization) through microorganisms, their biofilms, and enzymatic degradation, finally describing the detoxification mechanism of many mycotoxins by some microorganisms. This review also reports the possible usage of microorganisms as mycotoxins’ binders in various food commodities, which may help produce mycotoxins-free food and feed.
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9
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Janavičienė S, Mankevičienė A, Kochiieru Y, Venslovas E. T-2 and HT-2 toxins in harvested oat grains and their prevalence in whole grain flour during storage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1284-1295. [PMID: 35435794 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2063392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food is a constant global concern. There has been a scientific debate in Europe on the validation of accredited detection methods for type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 and the restriction on dangerous concentrations. The issue is of great importance as this type of mycotoxin is frequently found in spring cereals grown in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to optimise and validate a method for the determination of T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations in oats harvested in 2015-2018 and to observe the changes in the concentrations of both toxins in oat flour during 3- and 6-week storage at different temperatures and increased relative air humidity. All of the oat grain samples (100%) collected in 2015-2018 tested positive for contamination with type A trichothecenes. The highest mean co-contamination by T-2 + HT-2 (260.4 ± 140.9 µg/kg) and the highest concentration (594.6 µg/kg) were determined in 2018 when warm and wet weather conditions prevailed during oat flowering. The effect of long-term storage (6 weeks) on T-2 and HT-2 toxin production manifested itself only when the samples had been stored under cooler conditions (8 °C). The most important factors which impacted the variation of the concentrations of type A trichothecenes in flour were ambient temperature and storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Janavičienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
| | | | - Yuliia Kochiieru
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
| | - Eimantas Venslovas
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainiai, Lithuania
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10
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Pinheiro M, Iwase CHT, Bertozzi BG, Caramês ETS, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Langaro NC, Furlong EB, Correa B, Rocha LO. Survey of Freshly Harvested Oat Grains from Southern Brazil Reveals High Incidence of Type B Trichothecenes and Associated Fusarium Species. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:855. [PMID: 34941693 PMCID: PMC8706650 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the fungal diversity in freshly harvested oat samples from the two largest production regions in Brazil, Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), focusing primarily on the Fusarium genus and the presence of type B trichothecenes. The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex, and were identified as F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), F. meridionale, and F. poae. In the RS region, F. poae was the most frequent fungus, while F. graminearum s.s. was the most frequent in the PR region. The F. graminearum s.s. isolates were 15-ADON genotype, while F. meridionale and F. poae were NIV genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that 92% and 100% of the samples from PR and RS were contaminated with type B trichothecenes, respectively. Oat grains from PR were predominantly contaminated with DON, whereas NIV was predominant in oats from RS. Twenty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with DON at levels higher than Brazilian regulations. Co-contamination of DON, its derivatives, and NIV was observed in 84% and 57.7% of the samples from PR and RS, respectively. The results provide new information on Fusarium contamination in Brazilian oats, highlighting the importance of further studies on mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinheiro
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Caio H. T. Iwase
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Bruno G. Bertozzi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Elem T. S. Caramês
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
| | - Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.C.-Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Nádia C. Langaro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99042-800, Brazil;
| | - Eliana B. Furlong
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil;
| | - Benedito Correa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.C.-Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Liliana O. Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Engineering Faculty, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (M.P.); (C.H.T.I.); (B.G.B.); (E.T.S.C.)
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11
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Hole A, Rud I, Sahlstrøm S, Ivanova L, Eriksen G, Divon H. Heat-induced reduction of deoxynivalenol and its modified forms during flaking and cooking of oat. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) are common contaminants in Norwegian oats. In order to provide more information about the fate of these mycotoxins during oat processing, the levels of DON, DON-3G, 3-ADON and the sum of them (total DON) were determined using LC-HRMS/MS at different processing steps. Oat groat was softened by either steaming or conditioning, rolled into flakes of two thicknesses, and subsequently cooked to produce flake porridges. Flour of oat groat (untreated or kilned) was cooked to flour porridges. The flaking process had major effect on the mycotoxin levels in resulting flakes, with significant impact for type of softening regime, but not for flake size. Steam-softening caused the largest reduction of DON, DON-3G and total DON in flakes, retaining 41, 60 and 46%, respectively, compared to oat groat. In contrast, 3-ADON in flakes was most reduced by conditioning, to 29% of the levels in oat groat. Cooking to porridge from flakes did not result in any additional mycotoxin reduction, though significant impact of flake size was shown in the final porridges, with highest reduction of total DON in the porridges originating from steamed thick flakes. Cooking porridge from untreated oat flour gave significant reduction in mycotoxin levels, however not for kilned oat flour which had already undergone reduction during kilning. In conclusion, the study shows that processes involving heat-treatment, i.e. kilning, steaming or cooking, efficiently reduced total DON in oats during flaking and porridge cooking, and reduction is dependent on previous processing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Hole
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - I. Rud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - S. Sahlstrøm
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - L. Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - H.H. Divon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway
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12
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Meyer JC, Hennies I, Wessels D, Schwarz K. Survey of mycotoxins in milling oats dedicated for food purposes between 2013 and 2019 by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1934-1947. [PMID: 34330195 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1950931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the common oat (Avena sativa L.) is well known for its nutritional benefits, it carries the risk of contamination with mycotoxins due to its susceptibility to the growth of various fungi. The procurement of milling oats for food could become more difficult in the coming harvest years due to limited availability, specific quality requirements and the avoidance of mycotoxin contamination. In light of ongoing discussions in the European Commission on regulatory limits for certain mycotoxins including their modified forms, the purpose of this study was to improve the database on their occurrence in milling oats. In particular, we provide data on the predominantly occurring trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified derivatives (e.g. 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside) as well as on T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Additionally, the following mycotoxins were analysed: zearalenone, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fusarenon-X, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Oat samples, (n = 281) pre-selected for their physical properties and DON-content to be less than 1750 µg/kg from 11 European provenances, were analysed for 16 different mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS. Samples were collected from the years of harvest 2013 to 2019. High incidence rates above the limit of quantification of either 5 µg/kg for T-2 and HT-2 toxins or 10 µg/kg for deoxynivalenol were found (98.1, 94.7 and 91.4%, respectively). The mean concentration of the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins was 149 µg/kg. The highest level was found in an Irish sample containing 1290 µg/kg for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins. The mean deoxynivalenol concentration was 289 µg/kg, while the highest level was 1414 µg/kg in a Swedish sample. Besides nivalenol other mycotoxins were only present in trace concentrations or not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Chr Meyer
- H. & J. Brüggen KG, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Karin Schwarz
- Division of Food Technology, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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13
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De Colli L, De Ruyck K, Abdallah MF, Finnan J, Mullins E, Kildea S, Spink J, Elliott C, Danaher M. Natural Co-Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Unprocessed Oats Grown in Ireland with Various Production Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030188. [PMID: 33806558 PMCID: PMC7998419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of 42 mycotoxins was investigated in unprocessed oat grains grown in Ireland. The sample set included a total of 208 oat crops harvested during 2015–2016 and produced using conventional, organic, or gluten free farming systems. A range of different toxins was identified, including the major type A (neosolaniol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, T-2 triol, and T-2-glucoside, co-occurring in 21 samples) and B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), enniatins (B1, B, and A1, co-occurring in 12 samples), as well as beauvericin, alternariol, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin. The influences of sowing season, year, and production system were investigated, eventually indicating that the latter factor may have a higher impact than others on the production of certain mycotoxins in oats. The most frequently quantified compounds were HT-2 (51%) and T-2 (41%) toxins, with gluten free oats containing significantly lower concentrations of HT-2 compared to conventionally produced oats. Although the prevalence and concentrations of mycotoxin found in oat samples in this study should be substantially reduced by processing. However, as mycotoxin occurrence is clearly influenced by multiple factors, controlled field trials should be carried out to define optimal agronomic practices and mitigate mycotoxin production. Furthermore, this work highlights the need for regularly testing cereal-based foods with multi-residue analytical methods with wider specificities than the traditionally screened and regulated toxins, to generate knowledge on the occurrence of several mycotoxins that are, to date, rarely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Colli
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - John Finnan
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spink
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
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Polišenská I, Jirsa O, Vaculová K, Pospíchalová M, Wawroszova S, Frydrych J. Fusarium Mycotoxins in Two Hulless Oat and Barley Cultivars Used for Food Purposes. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081037. [PMID: 32752230 PMCID: PMC7466365 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hulless oats and hulless barley are highly valued for their excellent nutritional attributes and are increasingly being promoted in human nutrition. However, special attention should be paid to the risk of their contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins, as the rate of mycotoxin reduction during processing could be much lower than that for hulled cereals. In the present study, mycotoxin contamination of two cultivars, each of hulless oats and barley suitable for food purposes were studied in a 3-year field trial established in two contrasting environments. The contents of the mycotoxins regulated by law (deoxynivalenol and zearalenone) were low, and the present legal limits for their maximum content in unprocessed cereals were far from being exceeded. The mycotoxins most frequently occurring in hulless barley were enniatins (enniatin B, enniatin B1 and enniatin A1), beauvericin and nivalenol; hulless oats most frequently contained the HT-2 and T-2 toxins, beauvericin and enniatin B. The contents of enniatins and nivalenol were higher in barley than in oats. Close, positive relationships between the contents of the individual enniatins and between enniatins, beauvericin and nivalenol were observed, which implies that co-exposure could enhance the toxic potential of these mycotoxins through synergistic effects. The results highlight the need to pay more attention to the occurrence of enniatins, beauvericine and nivalenol in hulless oats and barley used for food purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Polišenská
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic; (O.J.); (K.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-0604-124-018
| | - Ondřej Jirsa
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic; (O.J.); (K.V.)
| | - Kateřina Vaculová
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic; (O.J.); (K.V.)
| | - Markéta Pospíchalová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, 656 06 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (S.W.)
| | - Simona Wawroszova
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznová 2, 656 06 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (S.W.)
| | - Jan Frydrych
- OSEVA Development and Research, Ltd., Hamerská 698, 756 54 Zubří, Czech Republic;
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15
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Brodal G, Aamot HU, Almvik M, Hofgaard IS. Removal of Small Kernels Reduces the Content of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Oat Grain. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E346. [PMID: 32456124 PMCID: PMC7291109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grain contaminated by Fusarium mycotoxins is undesirable in food and feed because of the harmful health effects of the mycotoxins in humans and animals. Reduction of mycotoxin content in grain by cleaning and size sorting has mainly been studied in wheat. We investigated whether the removal of small kernels by size sorting could be a method to reduce the content of mycotoxins in oat grain. Samples from 24 Norwegian mycotoxin-contaminated grain lots (14 from 2015 and 10 from 2018) were sorted by a laboratory sieve (sieve size 2.2 mm) into large and small kernel fractions and, in addition to unsorted grain samples, analyzed with LC-MS-MS for quantification of 10 mycotoxins. By removing the small kernel fraction (on average 15% and 21% of the weight of the samples from the two years, respectively), the mean concentrations of HT-2+T-2 toxins were reduced by 56% (from 745 to 328 µg/kg) in the 2015 samples and by 32% (from 178 to 121 µg/kg) in the 2018 samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was reduced by 24% (from 191 to 145 µg/kg) in the 2018 samples, and enniatin B (EnnB) by 44% (from 1059 to 594 µg/kg) in the 2015 samples. Despite low levels, our analyses showed a trend towards reduced content of DON, ADON, NIV, EnnA, EnnA1, EnnB1 and BEA after removing the small kernel fraction in samples from 2015. For several of the mycotoxins, the concentrations were considerably higher in the small kernel fraction compared to unsorted grain. Our results demonstrate that the level of mycotoxins in unprocessed oat grain can be reduced by removing small kernels. We assume that our study is the first report on the effect of size sorting on the content of enniatins (Enns), NIV and BEA in oat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Brodal
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O.Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway; (H.U.A.); (M.A.); (I.S.H.)
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi, which commonly contaminate cereal grains. Contamination of small-grain cereals and maize with toxic metabolites of fungi, both pathogenic and saprotrophic, is one of the particularly important problems in global agriculture. Fusarium species are among the dangerous cereal pathogens with a high toxicity potential. Secondary metabolites of these fungi, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 are among five most important mycotoxins on a European and world scale. The use of various methods to limit the development of Fusarium cereal head diseases and grain contamination with mycotoxins, before and after harvest, is an important element of sustainable agriculture and production of safe food. The applied strategies utilize chemical and non-chemical methods, including agronomic, physical and biological treatments. Biological methods now occupy a special place in plant protection as an element of biocontrol of fungal pathogens by inhibiting their development and reducing mycotoxins in grain. According to the literature, Good Agricultural Practices are the best line of defense for controlling Fusarium toxin contamination of cereal and maize grains. However, fluctuations in weather conditions can significantly reduce the effectiveness of plants protection methods against infection with Fusarium spp. and grain accumulation of mycotoxins.
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17
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Tittlemier S, Blagden R, Chan J, McMillan T, Pleskach K, Izydorczyk M. Effects of processing whole oats on the analysis and fate of mycotoxins and ergosterol. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Grinding and dividing equipment were evaluated for their ability to comminute and divide ground oats in preparation for mycotoxin analysis. Four different grinders, using various settings, were evaluated for their ability to comminute oats and produce small particle sizes. Rotor beater type grinders produced the more desirable finer ground samples as compared to burr type mills. Four different division methods (manual scooping, rotary sample division, and two designs of gravity-fed dividers) were assessed for their ability to produce sub-samples with consistent particle size fraction distributions. No practical differences were observed on the particle size fraction distribution of test portions of finely ground oats produced using the four different division methods; therefore, no effects on mycotoxin analysis were anticipated. The effects of processing naturally contaminated whole oats on mycotoxin concentrations was also assessed. Laboratory scale dehulling, steaming, and kilning were examined. Dehulling showed the greatest impact and removed 60-100% of various Fusarium- and Alternaria-produced mycotoxins, as well as ergosterol, present on the naturally contaminated whole oats. Different from the other analytes studied, only 48% of the mycotoxin plant transformation product deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was present in hulls and removed during dehulling. Steaming and kilning appeared to increase ergosterol in groats, as well as decrease deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3- glucoside. The observed inconsistent changes in concentrations of tentoxin after heat treatment of groats appeared to be due to sample heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - R. Blagden
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - J. Chan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - T.L. McMillan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - K. Pleskach
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - M.S. Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8, Canada
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18
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Genome-wide Association Study and Genomic Prediction for Fusarium graminearum Resistance Traits in Nordic Oat (Avena sativa L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin induced by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium fungi cause serious problems for oat production in the Nordic region (Scandinavia, Fennoscandia). Besides toxin accumulation, FHB causes reduction in grain yield and in germination capacity. Here, genomic approaches for accelerating breeding efforts against FHB and DON accumulation were studied. Resistance-related traits included DON content, F. graminearum DNA (relative to oat DNA) content (qFUSG) measured with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Fusarium-infected kernels (FIKs) and germination capacity (GC). Plant germplasm used in the study consisted of mostly breeding lines, and additionally, a few cultivars and exotic accessions. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic prediction, enabling genomic selection (GS) on the resistance-related and collected agronomic traits, were performed. Considerable genetic correlations between resistance-related traits were observed: DON content had a positive correlation (0.60) with qFUSG and a negative correlation (−0.63) with germination capacity. With the material in hand, we were not able to find any significant associations between markers and resistance-related traits. On the other hand, in genomic prediction, some resistance-related traits showed favorable accuracy in fivefold cross-validation (GC = 0.57). Genomic prediction is a promising method and genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) generated for germination capacity are applicable in oat breeding programs.
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19
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Pascari X, Marín S, Ramos AJ, Molino F, Sanchis V. Deoxynivalenol in cereal-based baby food production process. A review. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Impact of unit operations during processing of cereal-based products on the levels of deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem 2018; 268:611-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Kuchenbuch HS, Becker S, Schulz M, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Thermal stability of T-2 and HT-2 toxins during biscuit- and crunchy muesli-making and roasting. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2158-2167. [PMID: 30352008 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1530456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 toxin are frequently occurring food contaminants which are produced by Fusarium species. Humans and animals are mainly exposed to these substances by the consumption of contaminated oats, maize and wheat. For the production of crunchy muesli, bread and bakery products, these cereals undergo multiple processing steps, including baking, roasting and extrusion cooking. However, the influence of food processing on T-2 and HT-2 toxin levels is to date poorly understood. Thus, the effects of baking and roasting on both mycotoxins were evaluated during biscuit-, crunchy muesli- and toasted oat flakes-production under precise variation of various parameters: heating time and temperature as well as recipe formulation were varied in the range they are applied in the food processing industry. Therefore, oatmeal or flaked oats were artificially contaminated individually with both toxins and processed at the laboratory scale. T-2 toxin generally showed a higher degradation rate than HT-2 toxin. During biscuit-making up to 45% of T-2 toxin and 20% of HT-2 toxin were thermally degraded, showing a dependency on water content, baking time and temperature. The preparation of crunchy muesli yielded no significant toxin degradation which is probably due to the low temperatures applied. Roasting led to a degradation of 32% of T-2 toxin and 24% of HT-2 toxin. Taken together, both mycotoxins are partially degraded during thermal food processing; the degradation rates are influenced by the food composition and processing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sören Kuchenbuch
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Stefanie Becker
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Mareike Schulz
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
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23
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Santos Alexandre AP, Vela-Paredes RS, Santos AS, Costa NS, Canniatti-Brazaca SG, Calori-Domingues MA, Augusto PED. Ozone treatment to reduce deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) contamination in wheat bran and its impact on nutritional quality. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1189-1199. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1432899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allana Patrícia Santos Alexandre
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Segundo Vela-Paredes
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Silva Santos
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Naiara Silva Costa
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Solange Guidolin Canniatti-Brazaca
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Calori-Domingues
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Esteves Duarte Augusto
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition (LAN), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba/SP, Brazil
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24
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Martin C, Schöneberg T, Vogelgsang S, Mendes Ferreira CS, Morisoli R, Bertossa M, Bucheli TD, Mauch-Mani B, Mascher F. Responses of Oat Grains to Fusarium poae and F. langsethiae Infections and Mycotoxin Contaminations. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010047. [PMID: 29361693 PMCID: PMC5793134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increases of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease caused by infections with F. poae (FP) and F. langsethiae (FL) have been observed in oats. These pathogens are producers of nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT-2), respectively, which are now considered major issues for cereal food and feed safety. To date, the impact of FP and FL on oat grains has not yet been identified, and little is known about oat resistance elements against these pathogens. In the present study, the impact of FL and FP on oat grains was assessed under different environmental conditions in field experiments with artificial inoculations. The severity of FP and FL infection on grains were compared across three field sites, and the resistance against NIV and T-2/HT2 accumulation was assessed for seven oat genotypes. Grain weight, β-glucan content, and protein content were compared between infected and non-infected grains. Analyses of grain infection showed that FL was able to cause infection on the grain only in the field site with the highest relative humidity, whereas FP infected grains in all field sites. The FP infection of grains resulted in NIV contamination (between 30–500 μg/kg). The concentration of NIV in grains was not conditioned by environmental conditions. FL provoked an average contamination of grains with T-2/HT-2 (between 15–132 μg/kg). None of the genotypes was able to fully avoid toxin accumulation. The general resistance of oat grains against toxin accumulation was weak, and resistance against NIV accumulation was strongly impacted by the interaction between the genotype and the environment. Only the genotype with hull-less grains showed partial resistance to both NIV and T-2/HT-2 contamination. FP and FL infections could change the β-glucan content in grains, depending on the genotypes and environmental conditions. FP and FL did not have a significant impact on the thousand kernel weight (TKW) and protein content. Hence, resistance against toxin accumulation remains the only indicator of FHB resistance in oat. Our results highlight the need for new oat genotypes with enhanced resistance against both NIV and T-2/HT-2 to ensure food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martin
- Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Ecology of Noxious and Beneficial Organisms, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Ecology of Noxious and Beneficial Organisms, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Romina Morisoli
- Plant Protection South of the Alps, Agroscope, 6593 Cadenazzo, Switzerland.
| | - Mario Bertossa
- Plant Protection South of the Alps, Agroscope, 6593 Cadenazzo, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Fabio Mascher
- Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
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Arcella D, Gergelova P, Innocenti ML, Steinkellner H. Human and animal dietary exposure to T-2 and HT-2 toxin. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04972. [PMID: 32625633 PMCID: PMC7010047 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 (HT2) toxin are trichothecenes, which form part of the group of Fusarium mycotoxins. Food and feed samples used to estimate human dietary and animal exposure were reported either as the individual results for T2 and/or, HT2, and/or as the sum of the two. The highest concentrations were reported in oats and oat-containing commodities. Very high levels were reported in a small number of data on specific plant- and herb-based dietary supplements. In humans, the mean chronic dietary exposure to the sum of T2 and HT2 was highest in 'Toddlers' and 'Infants', with maximum upper bound (UB) estimates of 64.8 and 62.9 ng/kg body weight (bw) per day, respectively. The 95th percentile dietary exposure was highest in 'Infants' with a maximum UB estimate of 146 ng/kg bw per day. UB estimations were on average fourfold higher than lower bound (LB) estimations. Average acute exposure ranged from a minimum of 13.4 ng/kg bw per day, estimated in 'Elderly', up to a maximum of 64.7 ng/kg bw per day estimated in 'Toddlers'. The highest 95th percentile acute dietary exposure was estimated for a dietary survey within the age class 'Infants' (170 ng/kg bw per day). Overall, among processed foods the main contributors were cereal flakes, fine bakery wares and, for acute exposure, also bread and rolls. In the elderly and very elderly, dietary supplements made an important contribution. Exposure to the sum of T2 and HT2 in farm and companion animals varied according to the animal species. Exposures considering mean concentration scenarios varied between 0.03-0.08 (LB-UB) μg/kg bw per day in beef cattle and 1.13-1.47 μg/kg bw per day in milking goats. For high concentration scenarios, exposures varied between 0.12-0.16 μg/kg bw per day and 2.37-2.58μg/kg bw per day in the same species. In the absence of data, potential modified form were not included.
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26
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Neme K, Mohammed A. Mycotoxin occurrence in grains and the role of postharvest management as a mitigation strategies. A review. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Broekaert N, Devreese M, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Croubels S. T-2 Toxin-3α-glucoside in Broiler Chickens: Toxicokinetics, Absolute Oral Bioavailability, and in Vivo Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4797-4803. [PMID: 28520442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of information on bioavailability and toxicity of modified mycotoxins, current risk assessment on these modified forms assumes an identical toxicity of the modified form to their respective unmodified counterparts. Crossover animal trials were performed with intravenous and oral administration of T-2 toxin (T-2) and T-2 toxin-3α-glucoside (T2-G) to broiler chickens. Plasma concentrations of T2-G, T-2, and main phase I metabolites were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with a limit of quantitation for all compounds of 0.1 ng/mL. Resulting plasma concentration-time profiles were processed via two-compartmental toxicokinetic models. No T-2 triol and only traces of HT-2 were detected in the plasma samples after both intravenous and oral administration. The results indicate that T-2 has a low absolute oral bioavailability of 2.17 ± 1.80%. For T2-G, an absorbed fraction of the dose and absolute oral bioavailability of 10.4 ± 8.7% and 10.1 ± 8.5% were observed, respectively. This slight difference is caused by a minimal (and neglectable) presystemic hydrolysis of T2-G to T-2, that is, 3.49 ± 1.19%. Although low, the absorbed fraction of T2-G is 5 times higher than that of T-2. These differences in toxicokinetics parameters between T-2 and T2-G clearly indicate the flaw in assuming equal bioavailability and/or toxicity of modified and free mycotoxins in current risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Broekaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Schmidt HS, Becker S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Impact of Mechanical and Thermal Energies on the Degradation of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins during Extrusion Cooking of Oat Flour. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4177-4183. [PMID: 28457133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The type A trichothecenes T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) are naturally occurring toxic food contaminants, with the highest concentrations found in contaminated oats. The influence of thermal food processing on these toxins is poorly understood, and only a few publications address the degradation rates. Therefore, we systematically investigated the degradation of T-2 and HT-2 during both laboratory and industrial-scale extrusion cooking of oats. Extrusion cooking under laboratory conditions was performed with oats fortified with T-2 or HT-2 as well as with naturally contaminated oat flour dust. The experiments were designed according to industrial conditions in terms of temperature, water content, pressure, residence time, and oat content. Flour mixtures containing naturally contaminated oats were used for industrial-scale processing. Degradation rates under laboratory conditions were up to 59.6 ± 1.51 and 47.2 ± 0.53% for T-2 and HT-2, respectively, in fortified extrudates but were decreased to 35.1 ± 1.55 and 22.0 ± 4.68% when naturally contaminated flour samples were used. The results show a higher degradation of T-2 during extrusion cooking than of HT-2. Moisture content, mechanical shear, and temperature showed an impact on the toxin degradation and can be optimized to counteract food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sören Schmidt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Becker
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Ivanova L, Sahlstrøm S, Rud I, Uhlig S, Fæste C, Eriksen G, Divon H. Effect of primary processing on the distribution of free and modified Fusarium mycotoxins in naturally contaminated oats. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa L.) ranks seventh in the world cereal production and is considered to be an important source for many valuable components of nutritional and biological importance, i.e. proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, minerals and vitamins. Because of these properties the amount of oat used for human consumption has increased progressively during the last years. Unfortunately, the quality of this grain crop is often compromised by mycotoxin contamination, which is relatively ubiquitous despite efforts to control the problem. Therefore, it is important to investigate the distribution pattern of mycotoxins and their conjugated derivatives in contaminated oat grains. For this purpose we have developed a state-of-the-art multi-mycotoxin high-resolution mass spectrometry method and analysed oat samples for their content of the most important mycotoxins commonly occurring in Norwegian cereal grain. Quantitative mapping of selected Fusarium free and modified mycotoxins was performed in fractions collected during processing trials consisting of dehulling and sequential pearling. Both the derivative free mycotoxins and their metabolites were mainly present in the hulls compared to the oat kernel, thus dehulling resulted in a significant reduction of the total mycotoxin load, followed by some further reduction by pearling. Furthermore, free and modified mycotoxins were unevenly distributed in relation to each other throughout the grain fractions, showing a shift towards glucosidated forms, such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and HT-2-3-glucoside in the oat kernel, which highlights potential food safety concerns associated with in planta modified mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ivanova
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - I. Rud
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - S. Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - C.K. Fæste
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - H.H. Divon
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Lattanzio VMT, Nivarlet N. Multiplex Dipstick Immunoassay for Semiquantitative Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Oat. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1536:137-142. [PMID: 28132148 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6682-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex competitive antibody-based assay in a dipstick format for the simultaneous detection of major of Fusarium mycotoxins in oats is described. Ground oats sample is extracted with a mixture of methanol and water. Sample extract is diluted and directly analyzed by a multiplex dipstick. The test kit employs a microwell of reagents containing antibodies linked to gold particles and a dipstick made up of a nitrocellulose membrane were specific capture lines are located. In the presence of oats extract each antibody binds the corresponding mycotoxin before starting to run vertically on the dipstick in the direction of the capture lines. In 10 min red lines rise from the background on the dipstick. Results are interpreted by an optical reader measuring the ratio between each test line and a control line located on the top of the strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Noan Nivarlet
- UNISENSOR S.A., Zoning industriel du Dossay, Rue du Dossay n°3, 4020, Liège, Belgium
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Drakulic J, Ajigboye O, Swarup R, Bruce T, Ray RV. Aphid Infestation Increases Fusarium langsethiae and T-2 and HT-2 Mycotoxins in Wheat. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6548-6556. [PMID: 27590814 PMCID: PMC5086549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02343-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium langsethiae is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops that is an increasing problem in northern Europe, but much of its epidemiology is poorly understood. The species produces the mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2, which are highly toxic. It was hypothesized that grain aphids, Sitobion avenae, may transmit F. langsethiae inoculum between wheat plants, and a series of transmission experiments and volatile chemical analyses was performed to test this. Manual translocation of aphids from inoculated to uninfected hosts resulted in pathogen DNA accumulation in hosts. However, the free movement of wingless aphids from infected to healthy plants did not. The addition of winged aphids reared on F. langsethiae-inoculated wheat seedlings to wheat plants also did not achieve successful pathogen transfer. While our data suggested that aphid transmission of the pathogen was not very efficient, we observed an increase in disease when aphids were present. After seedling inoculation, an increase in pathogen DNA accumulation in seedling leaves was observed upon treatment with aphids. Furthermore, the presence of aphids on wheat plants with F. langsethiae-inoculated ears not only led to a rise in the amount of F. langsethiae DNA in infected grain but also to an increase in the concentrations of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, with more than 3-fold higher toxin levels than diseased plants without aphids. This work highlights that aphids increase the susceptibility of wheat host plants to F. langsethiae and that aphid infestation is a risk factor for accumulating increased levels of T-2 and HT-2 in wheat products. IMPORTANCE Fusarium langsethiae is shown here to cause increased contamination levels of grain with toxins produced by fungus when aphids share the host plant. This effect has also recently been demonstrated with Fusarium graminearum, yet the two fungal species show stark differences in their effect on aphid populations. In both cases, aphids improve the ability of the pathogens to cause and initiate Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in wheat, but F. langsethiae may be able to act as a dispersal agent. F. langsethiae contributes harmful toxins to wheat grain that need to be controlled, but as yet, its epidemiology is unresolved. This work reveals insights into the role aphids play in promoting the successful colonization of this species in wheat and the benefit of controlling aphid populations on crops that are at high risk of FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassy Drakulic
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Olubukola Ajigboye
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Bruce
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Rumiana V Ray
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Podolska G, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R, Damaziak K, Sułek A. Occurrence of 26 Mycotoxins in the Grain of Cereals Cultivated in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E160. [PMID: 27231939 PMCID: PMC4926127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of 26 mycotoxins were determined in 147 samples of the grain of cereals cultivated in five regions of Poland during the 2014 growing season. The HPLC-HRMS (time-of-flight) analytical technique was used. An analytical procedure to simultaneously determine 26 mycotoxins in grain was developed, tested and verified. Samples from eastern and southern Poland were more contaminated with mycotoxins than the samples from northern and western Poland. Toxins produced by Fusarium fungi were the main contaminants found. Some deoxynivalenol (DON) was found in 100% of the tested samples of wheat (Osiny, Borusowa, Werbkowice), triticale, winter barley and oats, while the maximum permissible DON level (as defined in the EU Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006) was exceeded in 10 samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), DON metabolites and enniatins were also commonly found. The presence of mycotoxins in grain reflected the prevailing weather conditions during the plant flowering/earing stages, which were favorable for the development of blight. Among all investigated wheat genotypes, cv. Fidelius was the least contaminated, while Bamberka, Forkida and Kampana were the most contaminated. However, the single-factor ANOVA analysis of variance did not reveal (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) any differences between levels of mycotoxins in individual genotypes. Triticale was the most contaminated grain among all of the tested varieties. ZEN, DON and the sum of 3-acetyldexynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-ADON) were found in 100% of the tested triticale samples at concentrations within the 4-86, 196-1326 and 36-374 µg·kg(-1) range, respectively. Of particular concern was the fact that some "emerging mycotoxins" (enniatins) (in addition to commonly-known and legally-regulated mycotoxins) were also found in the tested triticale samples (enniatin B (Enn-B), enniatin B1 (Enn-B1), enniatin A-1 (Enn-A1), 100% of samples, and enniatin A (Enn-A), 70% of samples). Depending on the toxin, they were found at levels between 8 and 3328 µg·kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Damaziak
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Sułek
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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Porricelli ACR, Lippolis V, Valenzano S, Cortese M, Suman M, Zanardi S, Pascale M. Optimization and Validation of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vanhoutte I, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Biodegradation of Mycotoxins: Tales from Known and Unexplored Worlds. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:561. [PMID: 27199907 PMCID: PMC4843849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by fungi, may infer serious risks for animal and human health and lead to economic losses. Several approaches to reduce these mycotoxins have been investigated such as chemical removal, physical binding, or microbial degradation. This review focuses on the microbial degradation or transformation of mycotoxins, with specific attention to the actual detoxification mechanisms of the mother compound. Furthermore, based on the similarities in chemical structure between groups of mycotoxins and environmentally recalcitrant compounds, known biodegradation pathways and degrading organisms which hold promise for the degradation of mycotoxins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leen De Gelder
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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35
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Bernhardt K, Valenta H, Kersten S, Humpf HU, Dänicke S. Determination of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and three other type A trichothecenes in layer feed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)—comparison of two sample preparation methods. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:89-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Terzi V, Ghizzoni R, McCormick SP, Pascale M. Study of the natural occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosyl derivatives from field barley to malt by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1647-55. [PMID: 25952699 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1048750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a new method for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in cereals, and some survey data aimed at obtaining more comprehensive information on the co-occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in naturally contaminated cereal samples. For these purposes, barley samples originating from a Northern Italian area were analysed by LC-HRMS for the presence of T-2, HT-2 and relevant glucosyl derivatives. Quantitative analysis of T-2 and HT-2 glucosides was performed for the first time using a recently made available standard of T-2 glucoside. The glucosyl derivative of HT-2 was detected at levels up to 163 µg kg(-1) in 17 of the 18 analysed unprocessed barley grains, whereas the monoglucosyl derivative of T-2 toxin was detected in only a few samples and at low µg kg(-1) levels. The ratio between glucosylated toxins (sum of T-2 and HT-2 glucosides) and native toxins (sum of T-2 and HT-2) ranged from 2% to 283%. Moreover, taking advantage of the possibility of retrospective analysis of full-scan HRMS chromatograms, samples were also screened for the presence of other type-A trichothecenes, namely neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and their monoglucosyl derivatives, which were detected at trace levels. A subset of nine different samples was subjected to micro-maltation in order to carry out a preliminary investigation on the fate of T-2, HT-2 and relevant glucosides along the malting process. Mycotoxin reduction from cleaned barley to malt was observed at rates ranging from 4% to 87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M T Lattanzio
- a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy
| | - Valeria Terzi
- b Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Genomics Research Centre, CRA-GPG , Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC) , Italy
| | - Roberta Ghizzoni
- b Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Genomics Research Centre, CRA-GPG , Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC) , Italy
| | - Susan P McCormick
- c US Department of Agriculture , Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens & Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Utilization Research Laboratory , Peoria , IL , USA
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy
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37
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Bianchini A, Horsley R, Jack MM, Kobielush B, Ryu D, Tittlemier S, Wilson WW, Abbas HK, Abel S, Harrison G, Miller JD, Shier WT, Weaver G. DON Occurrence in Grains: A North American Perspective. CEREAL FOOD WORLD 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cfw-60-1-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Bianchini
- The Food Processing Center, Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE, U.S.A
| | - Richard Horsley
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, ND, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Dojin Ryu
- Bi-State School of Food Science, University of Idaho/Washington State University, ID, U.S.A
| | - Sheryl Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - William W. Wilson
- Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, ND, U.S.A
| | | | - Susan Abel
- Food & Consumer Products of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - J. David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - W. Thomas Shier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN, U.S.A
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Kokkonen M, Magan N, Medina A. Comparative effects of fungicides and environmental factors on growth and T-2 + HT-2 toxin production by Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae strains on an oat-based matrix. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of the fungicides prochloraz and tebuconazole (0-1 µg/ml) on lag phase, growth rate, and T-2 + HT-2 toxin production by strains of Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium langsethiae on oat-based media under different conditions of water activity (aw; 0.98 and 0.95) × temperature (15 and 25 °C). Relative effective dose values for the fungicides required to inhibit growth by 50% (ED50) and 90% (ED90) and T-2 + HT-2 production were determined. The lag phases prior to growth were prolonged at the marginal aw × temperature conditions tested and by the presence of the fungicides. The growth rates of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae were similarly inhibited by prochloraz compared with the controls. However, in the presence of tebuconazole, F. langsethiae was much more tolerant with very little inhibitory effects of the fungicide. The ED50 values ranged from 0.08 to ≯1.0 µg/ml for prochloraz and from 0.34 to ≯1.0 µg/ml for tebuconazole in the case of F. sporotrichioides. For F. langsethiae, these values were 0.09 to ≯1.0 and 0.31 to ≯1.0 µg/ml at the two temperatures and aw levels tested. Prochloraz (0.2-0.4 µg/ml) effectively inhibited toxin production at 15 °C and the two aw levels examined. However, at 25 °C the fungicide was less effective, regardless of the aw level. For tebuconazole, there were significant differences in efficacy against the F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae strains. The latter species produced consistently higher amounts of T-2 + HT-2 toxin at both 15 and 25 °C and 0.98 aw. The differential tolerance to the fungicides between the fungal species is discussed in terms of growth and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kokkonen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Chemistry and Toxicology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N. Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - A. Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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40
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Mortensen A, Granby K, Eriksen FD, Cederberg TL, Friis-Wandall S, Simonsen Y, Broesbøl-Jensen B, Bonnichsen R. Levels and risk assessment of chemical contaminants in byproducts for animal feed in Denmark. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:797-810. [PMID: 25190554 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.938546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With aim to provide information on chemical contaminants in byproducts in animal feed, the data from an official control by the Danish Plant Directorate during 1998-2009, were reviewed and several samples of citrus pulp and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were additionally collected for analysis and risk assessment. The levels of contaminants in the samples from the official control were below maximum limits from EU regulations with only a few exceptions in the following groups; dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in fish-containing byproducts and dioxins in vegetable and animal fat, hydrogen cyanide in linseed, and cadmium in sunflowers. The levels of pesticides and mycotoxins in the additionally collected samples were below maximum limits. Enniatin B (ENN B) was present in all DDGS samples. The hypothetical cases of carry-over of contamination from these byproducts were designed assuming total absorption and accumulation of the ingested contaminant in meat and milk and high exposure (a byproduct formed 15-20% of the feed ration depending on the species). The risk assessment was refined based on literature data on metabolism in relevant animal species. Risk assessment of contaminants in byproducts is generally based on a worst-case approach, as data on carry-over of a contaminant are sparse. This may lead to erroneous estimation of health hazards. The presence of ENN B in all samples of DDGS indicates that potential impact of this emerging mycotoxin on feed and food safety deserves attention. A challenge for the future is to fill up gaps in toxicological databases and improve models for carry-over of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Mortensen
- a Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, DTU , Søborg , Denmark
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41
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Twarużek M, Błajet-Kosicka A, Wenda-Piesik A, Pałubicki J, Grajewski J. Statistical comparison of Fusarium mycotoxins content in oat grain and related products from two agricultural systems. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mateo E, Valle-Algarra F, Jiménez M, Magan N. Impact of three sterol-biosynthesis inhibitors on growth of Fusarium langsethiae and on T-2 and HT-2 toxin production in oat grain under different ecological conditions. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Stȩpień Ł, Jestoi M, Chełkowski J. Cyclic hexadepsipeptides in wheat field samples and esyn1 gene divergence among enniatin producing Fusarium avenaceum strains. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum is one of the most important pathogenic species in agricultural and forest environments of moderate climate, particularly in cereals and legume pulse crops. Numerous mycotoxins can be synthesized by the species, with moniliformin and enniatins (ENN) being the prevailing metabolites. The aims of this work were to examine the amounts of ENN and beauvericin present in naturally contaminated field samples of wheat kernels and chaffs collected in Poland in 2005 and 2009 from heads infected with F. avenaceum, and to reveal the divergence of the esyn1 gene among F. avenaceum strains of different origin. ENN-B and ENN-B1 were the major metabolites identified in wheat field samples. Chaff fractions contained significantly more mycotoxins than grain. Samples originating from 2005 were in general less contaminated with ENN than those from the 2009 season. The highest amount of ENN-B found in grain was 28,520 μg/kg. Beauvericin was only found in trace amounts in all the samples tested. F. avenaceum strains isolated from the analysed wheat samples were identified using species-specific DNA marker and translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α) sequence analysis. A higher level of sequence polymorphism was revealed for the enniatin synthetase (esyn1) gene than ecorded by tef-1α analysis. Moreover, species known to be typical beauvericin producers, e.g. Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum, were clustered into a separate branch on the dendrogram, apart from the strains of ENN-producing species, i.e. F. avenaceum and Fusarium scirpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł. Stȩpień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - M. Jestoi
- Research Unit of Chemistry and Toxicology, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Chełkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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He X, Skinnes H, Oliver RE, Jackson EW, Bjørnstad A. Linkage mapping and identification of QTL affecting deoxynivalenol (DON) content (Fusarium resistance) in oats (Avena sativa L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2655-70. [PMID: 23959525 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins caused by Fusarium spp. is a major concern on food and feed safety in oats, although Fusarium head blight (FHB) is often less apparent than in other small grain cereals. Breeding resistant cultivars is an economic and environment-friendly way to reduce toxin content, either by the identification of resistance QTL or phenotypic evaluation. Both are little explored in oats. A recombinant-inbred line population, Hurdal × Z595-7 (HZ595, with 184 lines), was used for QTL mapping and was phenotyped for 3 years. Spawn inoculation was applied and deoxynivalenol (DON) content, FHB severity, days to heading and maturity (DH and DM), and plant height (PH) were measured. The population was genotyped with DArTs, AFLPs, SSRs and selected SNPs, and a linkage map of 1,132 cM was constructed, covering all 21 oat chromosomes. A QTL for DON on chromosome 17A/7C, tentatively designated as Qdon.umb-17A/7C, was detected in all experiments using composite interval mapping, with phenotypic effects of 12.2–26.6 %. In addition, QTL for DON were also found on chromosomes 5C, 9D, 13A, 14D and unknown_3, while a QTL for FHB was found on 11A. Several of the DON/FHB QTL coincided with those for DH, DM and/or PH. A half-sib population of HZ595, Hurdal × Z615-4 (HZ615, with 91 lines), was phenotyped in 2011 for validation of QTL found in HZ595, and Qdon.umb-17A/7C was again localized with a phenotypic effect of 12.4 %. Three SNPs closely linked to Qdon.umb-17A/7C were identified in both populations, and one each for QTL on 5C, 11A and 13A were identified in HZ595. These SNPs, together with those yet to be identified, could be useful in marker-assisted selection to pyramiding resistance QTL.
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Deoxynivalenol and other selected Fusarium toxins in Swedish oats — Occurrence and correlation to specific Fusarium species. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:276-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lindblad M, Gidlund A, Sulyok M, Börjesson T, Krska R, Olsen M, Fredlund E. Deoxynivalenol and other selected Fusarium toxins in Swedish wheat--occurrence and correlation to specific Fusarium species. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:284-91. [PMID: 23962919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is often infected by Fusarium species producing mycotoxins, which may pose health risks to humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most important Fusarium toxin in Swedish wheat and has previously been shown to be produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum. However, less is known about the co-occurrence of DON and F. graminearum with other toxins and Fusarium species in Sweden. This study examined the distribution of the most important toxigenic Fusarium species and their toxins in winter wheat (2009 and 2011) and spring wheat (2010 and 2011). DNA from seven species was quantified with qPCR and the toxin levels were quantified with a multitoxin analysis method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS). The method enabled detection of many fungal metabolites, including DON, zearalenone (ZEA), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxins, moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA), and enniatins (ENNs). It was found that Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum were present in almost all samples. Other common Fusarium species were F. graminearum and F. culmorum, present in more than 70% of samples. Several species occurred at lower DNA levels in 2011 than in other years, but the reverse was true for F. graminearum and Fusarium langsethiae. The most prevalent toxins were ENNs, present in 100% of samples. DON was also common, especially in spring wheat, whereas ZEA and NIV were common in 2009 and in winter wheat, but less common in 2011 and in spring wheat. Only three samples of spring wheat contained T-2 or HT-2 above LOQ. Annual mean levels of several mycotoxins were significantly lower in 2011 than in other years, but the reverse applied for DON. The strongest correlations between mycotoxin and Fusarium DNA levels were found between F. avenaceum and ENNs (r(2) = 0.67) and MON (r(2) = 0.62), and F. graminearum and DON (r(2) = 0.74). These results show that several Fusarium species and toxins co-occur in wheat. The highest toxin levels were detected in spring wheat and DON and ENNs, the latter belonging to the group of so called "emerging toxins", which were the most prevalent toxins and those occurring at the highest levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Lindblad
- National Food Administration, P.O Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Tekle S, Bjørnstad Å, Skinnes H, Dong Y, Segtnan VH. Estimating Deoxynivalenol Content of Ground Oats Using VIS-NIR Spectroscopy. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-07-12-0084-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Tekle
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Corresponding author. Phone: +47 45521244. Fax: +47 64965001. E-mail:
| | - Åsmund Bjørnstad
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Helge Skinnes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, U.S.A
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De Angelis E, Monaci L, Pascale M, Visconti A. Fate of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucoside conjugates from flour to bread: an investigation by high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:345-55. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.740776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Crops that feed the world 9. Oats- a cereal crop for human and livestock feed with industrial applications. Food Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-012-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Barthel J, Gottschalk C, Rapp M, Berger M, Bauer J, Meyer K. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes in barley and barley products from the Bavarian market. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:97-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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