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Abraham N, Chan ETS, Zhou T, Seah SYK. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:957148. [PMID: 36504774 PMCID: PMC9726736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain genera of fungi including but not limited to Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Their persistence in agricultural commodities poses a significant food safety issue owing to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive effects. Due to their inherent stability, mycotoxin levels in contaminated food often exceed the prescribed regulatory thresholds posing a risk to both humans and livestock. Although physical and chemical methods have been applied to remove mycotoxins, these approaches may reduce the nutrient quality and organoleptic properties of food. Microbial transformation of mycotoxins is a promising alternative for mycotoxin detoxification as it is more specific and environmentally friendly compared to physical/chemical methods. Here we review the biological detoxification of the major mycotoxins with a focus on microbial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Abraham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Edicon Tze Shun Chan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Y. K. Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Stephen Y. K. Seah,
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Jahanmard E, Keramat J, Nasirpour A, Emadi R. Efficiency of calcined Aluminum-Magnesium layered double hydroxide for adsorption of aflatoxin M 1 from solution and matrix of milk. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5200-5212. [PMID: 34773402 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detoxification of aflatoxin M1 from solution and milk using layered double hydroxides was investigated. The Aluminum-Magnesium layered double hydroxide (Al-Mg LDH) and Iron-Magnesium layered double hydroxide (Fe-Mg LDH) were selected in their calcined and non-calcined forms to evaluate the effect of the calcination on detoxification. These materials were produced using the co-precipitation method. Preliminary adsorption tests confirmed use of Al-Mg LDH as the selected adsorbent. Characteristics of the adopted adsorbent were studied and confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET methods. Effects of the initial content of aflatoxin, amount of the adsorbents and detoxification time were investigated. Influence of the adsorbents on the nutritional aspects of milk were also studied. The study showed that while the non-calcined forms of LDH were not able to adsorb aflatoxin M1 more than 23%, the calcined form of Al-Mg LDH exhibited 100% adsorption in the solutions and about 70-100% in the contaminated milk samples. The reason is pointed to the fact that calcination of Al-Mg LDH considerably increased the surface area, the total pore volume, and the pore size of the material. Multivariate regression analysis and calculation of the Pearson correlation factor showed that the remained aflatoxin at each time was more strongly correlated with the initial amount of aflatoxin and the elapsed time and less strongly with the amount of the adsorbent. It was found that the adsorption isotherms fitted to the Freundlich equation with a high adsorption capacity of 555.5 mg g-1. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study is focused on examining ability of layered double hydroxides (LDH) for adsorbing AFM1 . LDHs are promising layered materials due to some of their interesting characteristics, such as ease of synthesis and uniqueness of structure. In practice, results of this study can be used for detoxification of aflatoxin, especially in milk, at high efficiency in shorter time durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jahanmard
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Javad Keramat
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ali Nasirpour
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Emadi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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Neckermann K, Claus G, De Baere S, Antonissen G, Lebrun S, Gemmi C, Taminiau B, Douny C, Scippo ML, Schatzmayr D, Gathumbi J, Uhlig S, Croubels S, Delcenserie V. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Res Int 2021; 145:110395. [PMID: 34112398 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin intoxication is in general an acknowledged and tackled issue in animals. However, in several parts of the world, mycotoxicoses in humans still remain a relevant issue. The efficacy of two mycotoxin detoxifying animal feed additives, an aflatoxin bentonite clay binder and a fumonisin esterase, was investigated in a human child gut model, i.e. the in vitro Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Additionally, the effect of the detoxifiers on gut microbiota was examined in the SHIME. After an initial two weeks of system stabilisation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were added to the SHIME diet during one week. Next, the two detoxifiers and mycotoxins were added to the system for an additional week. The AFB1, FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1), partially hydrolysed FB1a and FB1b concentrations were determined in SHIME samples using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were determined by a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Colonic bacterial communities were analysed using metabarcoding, targeting the hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. The AFB1 and FB1 concentrations significantly decreased after the addition of the detoxifiers. Likewise, the concentration of HFB1 significantly increased. Concentrations of SCFAs remained generally stable throughout the experiment. No major changes in bacterial composition occurred during the experiment. The results demonstrate the promising effect of these detoxifiers in reducing AFB1 and FB1 concentrations in the human intestinal environment, without compromising the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Neckermann
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gregor Claus
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Lebrun
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Céline Gemmi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - James Gathumbi
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Anyango G, Kagera I, Mutua F, Kahenya P, Kyallo F, Andang’o P, Grace D, Lindahl JF. Effectiveness of Training and Use of Novasil Binder in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Cow Milk Produced in Smallholder Farms in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kenya. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:281. [PMID: 33920858 PMCID: PMC8071220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, which commonly contaminate animal feeds and human food, present a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. After ingestion by cows, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), some of which is excreted in milk. This study involved smallholder dairy farms in urban and periurban areas of Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of training and providing farmers with aflatoxin binder (NovaSil®) on AFM1 contamination in raw milk. A baseline survey was undertaken and 30 farmers whose milk had AFM1 levels above 20 ppt were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. Of these, 20 farmers were part of the intervention, and were given training on the usage of the NovaSil® binder, while 10 served as a control group. All farmers were visited biweekly for three months for interviews and milk samples were collected to measure the AFM1 levels. The AFM1 levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The NovaSil® binder significantly reduced AFM1 concentrations in the raw milk produced by the farmers in the intervention group over the duration of the study (p < 0.01). The control farms were more likely to have milk with AFM1 levels exceeding the regulatory limit of 50 ppt compared to the intervention farms (p < 0.001) (odds ratio = 6.5). The farmers in the intervention group perceived that there was an improvement in milk yield, and in cow health and appetite. These farmers also felt that the milk they sold, as well as the one they used at home, was safer. In conclusion, the use of binders by dairy farmers can be effective in reducing AFM1 in milk. Further research is needed to understand their effectiveness, especially when used in smallholder settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Anyango
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Irene Kagera
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Florence Mutua
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Peter Kahenya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Florence Kyallo
- Department of Human Nutrition Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Pauline Andang’o
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (G.A.); (I.K.); (F.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Muaz K, Riaz M, Oliveira CAFD, Akhtar S, Ali SW, Nadeem H, Park S, Balasubramanian B. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products: global occurrence and potential decontamination strategies. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1873387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khurram Muaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habibullah Nadeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gutman R, Rauch M, Neuman A, Khamaisi H, Jonas-Levi A, Konovalova Y, Rytwo G. Sepiolite Clay Attenuates the Development of Hypercholesterolemia and Obesity in Mice Fed a High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet. J Med Food 2019; 23:289-296. [PMID: 31580748 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity reduces the quality of life and life expectancy, whereas nonoperative interventions have shown poor results so far. Statins effectively combat hypercholesterolemia but are not well tolerated at high doses, raising the need for coprescription with cholesterol sorbents and/or absorption inhibitors. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay was found to attenuate hypercholesterolemia and obesity by reducing cholesterol and fat absorption. However, acicular clay-like sepiolite may offer better results due to its more substantial adsorption of nonpolar molecules. We herein aimed at (1) assessing in vitro the capacity of sepiolite to adsorb edible oil and cholesterol compared with that of MMT and (2) assessing in vivo the effect of continuous feeding on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFD) (53.6% w/w fat and 0.2% cholesterol) supplemented with 5% (w/w) edible sepiolite, on diet-induced obesity rate, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipidemia. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed in vitro that sepiolite adsorption of olive oil and cholesterol was five to eight times greater than that of MMT clay. Sepiolite supplementation to HFD fed to mature mice for 12.5 weeks resulted in lower total blood cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels and attenuated body weight gain, by reducing fat gain. Sepiolite supplementation did not affect energy intake but increased fecal extraction of sterols and lipids, without notable side effects. These results demonstrate that supplementing a HFD with sepiolite attenuates gastrointestinal absorption of dietary lipids and sterols, thus mitigating obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Further exploration of the efficacy, mechanism of action, and safety of sepiolite as a food supplement for combating the metabolic syndrome is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Gutman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Maayan Rauch
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Annat Neuman
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hazem Khamaisi
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology (LIP), MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Adi Jonas-Levi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yelena Konovalova
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Giora Rytwo
- Environmental Physical Chemistry Laboratory, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Phillips TD, Wang M, Elmore SE, Hearon S, Wang JS. NovaSil clay for the protection of humans and animals from aflatoxins and other contaminants. CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 2019; 67:99-110. [PMID: 32943795 PMCID: PMC7494129 DOI: 10.1007/s42860-019-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of diets results in disease and death in humans and animals. The objective of the present paper was to review the development of innovative enterosorption strategies for the detoxification of aflatoxins. NovaSil clay (NS) has been shown to decrease exposures to aflatoxins and prevent aflatoxicosis in a variety of animals when included in their diets. Results have shown that NS clay binds aflatoxins with high affinity and high capacity in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a notable reduction in the bioavailability of these toxins without interfering with the utilization of vitamins and other micronutrients. This strategy is already being utilized as a potential remedy for acute aflatoxicosis in animals, and as a sustainable intervention via diet. Animal and human studies have confirmed the apparent safety of NS and refined NS clay (with uniform particle size). Studies in Ghanaians at high risk of aflatoxicosis have indicated that NS (at a dose level of 0.25% w/w) is effective at decreasing biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure and does not interfere with levels of serum vitamins A and E, or iron or zinc. A new spinoff of this strategy is the development and use of broad-acting sorbents for the mitigation of environmental chemicals and microbes during natural disasters and emergencies. In summary, enterosorption strategies/therapies based on NS clay are promising for the management of aflatoxins and as sustainable public health interventions. The NS clay remedy is novel, inexpensive, and easily disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Phillips
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Meichen Wang
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Sarah E. Elmore
- Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Sara Hearon
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Xue KS, Qian G, Lin S, Su J, Tang L, Gelderblom WC, Riley RT, Phillips TD, Wang JS. Modulation of pre-neoplastic biomarkers induced by sequential aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 exposure in F344 rats treated with UPSN clay. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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El-Nekeety AA, El-Kady AA, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Hassan NS, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Reduction of individual or combined toxicity of fumonisin B 1 and zearalenone via dietary inclusion of organo-modified nano-montmorillonite in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20770-20783. [PMID: 28718025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are nature environmental contaminants worldwide in animal feed and human food resulting in a serious health risk. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential role of organo-modified nano-montmorillonite (OMNM) against the health risk and the oxidative stress resulted from the exposure of fumonisin (FB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) individually and in combination in rats. Eight groups of female Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally for 3 weeks including the control group, FB1 alone-treated group (50 mg/kg b.w.), ZEN alone-treated group (40 μg/kg b.w), FB1 plus ZEN-treated group, the group fed basal diet supplemented with OMNM (5 g/kg diet), and the groups fed basal diet supplemented with OMNM and treated with FB1 and/or ZEN. At the end of the experimental period, samples of blood and tissues were collected for different biochemical and histological analyses. The results revealed that administration of FB1 and/or ZEN resulted in significant disturbances in the biochemical parameters tested, lipid profiles, serum cytokines, oxidative stress indices, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the histological status of the liver and kidney. Co-administration of both mycotoxins indicated a synergistic effect. OMNM alone was safe and succeeded to reduce and/or prevent most of the toxicity of both mycotoxins. It could be concluded that OMNM is a novel and promising nanograde adsorbent suitable for the protection against the combined exposure to FB1 and ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Kady
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Awuor AO, Yard E, Daniel JH, Martin C, Bii C, Romoser A, Oyugi E, Elmore S, Amwayi S, Vulule J, Zitomer NC, Rybak ME, Phillips TD, Montgomery JM, Lewis LS. Evaluation of the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of calcium montmorillonite clay used to reduce aflatoxin B1 dietary exposure in a crossover study in Kenya. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:93-102. [PMID: 27603954 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1224933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute aflatoxin exposure can cause death and disease (aflatoxicosis) in humans. Aflatoxicosis fatality rates have been documented to be as high as 40% in Kenya. The inclusion in the diet of calcium silicate 100 (ACCS100), a calcium montmorillonite clay, may reduce aflatoxin bioavailability, thus potentially decreasing the risk of aflatoxicosis. We investigated the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of ACCS100 in a population in Kenya with recurring aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Healthy adult participants were enrolled in this double-blinded, crossover clinical trial in 2014. Following informed consent, participants (n = 50) were randomised to receive either ACCS100 (3 g day-1) or placebo (3 g day-1) for 7 days. Treatments were switched following a 5-day washout period. Urine samples were collected daily and assessed for urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the trial and assessed for aflatoxin B1-lysine adducts from serum albumin (AFB1-lys). AFM1 concentrations in urine were significantly reduced while taking ACCS100 compared with calcium carbonate placebo (β = 0.49, 95% confidence limit = 0.32-0.75). The 20-day interval included both the placebo and ACCS100 treatments as well as a washout period. There were no statistically significant differences in reported taste, aftertaste, appearance, colour or texture by treatment. There were no statistically significant differences in self-reported adverse events by treatment. Most participants would be willing to take ACCS100 (98%) and give it to their children (98%). ACCS100 was effective, acceptable and palatable. More work is needed to test ACCS100 among vulnerable populations and to determine if it remains effective at the levels of aflatoxin exposure that induce aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael O Awuor
- a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kenya , Center for Global Health , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Ellen Yard
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Johnni H Daniel
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Collen Martin
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Christine Bii
- c Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi , Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Amelia Romoser
- d College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Elvis Oyugi
- e Ministry of Health , Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Sarah Elmore
- d College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Samwel Amwayi
- e Ministry of Health , Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - John Vulule
- f Centre for Public Health Research , Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu , Kenya
| | - Nicholas C Zitomer
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Michael E Rybak
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- d College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kenya , Center for Global Health , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lauren S Lewis
- b US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , National Center for Environmental Health , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Maki C, Monteiro A, Elmore S, Tao S, Bernard J, Harvey R, Romoser A, Phillips T. Calcium montmorillonite clay in dairy feed reduces aflatoxin concentrations in milk without interfering with milk quality, composition or yield. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Maki CR, Thomas AD, Elmore SE, Romoser AA, Harvey RB, Ramirez-Ramirez HA, Phillips TD. Effects of calcium montmorillonite clay and aflatoxin exposure on dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1039-1046. [PMID: 26709170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen primiparous crossbred dairy cows that were 114±14d in milk and weighed 533±56kg were used in a replicated 5×5 Latin square to test the efficacy of a calcium montmorillonite clay, NovaSil Plus (NSP; BASF Corp., Ludwigshaven, Germany), for the reduction of aflatoxin (AF) metabolite (AFM1) in milk and the effect of NSP on milk composition. Cows were housed in a freestall barn, fed once a day and milked twice a day. The experiment consisted of five 14-d periods: d 1 through 7 were considered for data collection, and d 8 through 14 were considered a wash-out phase. In each period, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: (1) control (CON), consisting of a basal total mixed ration (TMR); (2) high-dose NSP diet (NSP-1%), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP; (3) aflatoxin diet (AFD), consisting of the TMR plus AF challenge; (4) low-dose NSP with AF (NSP-0.5%+AFD), composed of TMR plus 115 g of NSP and AF challenge; and (5) high-dose NSP with AF (NSP-1%+AFD), consisting of TMR plus 230 g of NSP and AF challenge. The AF challenge consisted of top dressing a daily dose of 100 µg/kg estimated dry matter intake (DMI); similarly, NSP was fed at 1.0 or 0.5% of estimated DMI. Milk yield and DMI were similar across treatments averaging 21.1±1.33 kg/d and 19.7±0.56 kg/d, respectively. Concentration of milk fat, protein, and lactose were similar across treatments with averages of 4.91±0.20%, 3.85±0.10%, and 4.70±0.06%, respectively. Concentration of vitamin A averaged 0.28±0.03 µg/mL and riboflavin concentration averaged 1.57±0.13 µg/mL across treatments. The concentration of minerals in milk were similar for all treatments. Cows fed CON and NSP-1% yielded the lowest concentration of AFM1 in milk with 0.03 and 0.01±0.06 µg/L. Addition of NSP reduced milk AFM1 from 1.10±0.06 µg/L with the AF diet to 0.58 and 0.32±0.06 µg/L with the NSP-0.5%+AF and NSP-1%+AF diets, respectively. Excretion of AFM1 was reduced by NSP; mean values were 24.38, 11.86, 7.38, 0.64, and 0.23, ± 1.71 µg/d, for AFD, NSP-0.5%+AFD, NSP-1%+AFD, NSP-1%, and CON, respectively. More specifically, 1.07±0.08% of the daily AF intake was transferred to the milk of cows consuming the AFD, whereas the AF transfer rates in milk from cows that consumed the NSP-0.5%+AFD and NSP-1%+AFD were 0.52 and 0.32±0.08%. Results from this research demonstrate that feeding NSP to lactating cows is an effective method to reduce the transfer and excretion of AFM1 in milk with no negative effects on dry matter intake, milk production, and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Maki
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - A D Thomas
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402
| | - S E Elmore
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - A A Romoser
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - R B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station 77843
| | - H A Ramirez-Ramirez
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station 77843
| | - T D Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station 77843.
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Denshary ES, El-Nekeety AA, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Hamzawy MA, Elyamany MF, Hassan NS, Mannaa FA, Shaiea MNQ, Gado RA, Zawrah MF. Efficacy of Organo-Modified Nano Montmorillonite to Protect against the Cumulative Health Risk of Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> and Ochratoxin A in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/snl.2015.52004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Mitchell NJ, Kumi J, Aleser M, Elmore SE, Rychlik KA, Zychowski KE, Romoser AA, Phillips TD, Ankrah NA. Short-term safety and efficacy of calcium montmorillonite clay (UPSN) in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:777-85. [PMID: 25135766 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an association between childhood growth stunting and aflatoxin (AF) exposure has been identified. In Ghana, homemade nutritional supplements often consist of AF-prone commodities. In this study, children were enrolled in a clinical intervention trial to determine the safety and efficacy of Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), a refined calcium montmorillonite known to be safe in adults. Participants ingested 0.75 or 1.5 g UPSN or 1.5 g calcium carbonate placebo per day for 14 days. Hematological and serum biochemistry parameters in the UPSN groups were not significantly different from the placebo-controlled group. Importantly, there were no adverse events attributable to UPSN treatment. A significant reduction in urinary metabolite (AFM1) was observed in the high-dose group compared with placebo. Results indicate that UPSN is safe for children at doses up to 1.5 g/day for a period of 2 weeks and can reduce exposure to AFs, resulting in increased quality and efficacy of contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Justice Kumi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Mildred Aleser
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Sarah E Elmore
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Kristal A Rychlik
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Katherine E Zychowski
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Amelia A Romoser
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
| | - Nii-Ayi Ankrah
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ejura-Sekyedumase District Hospital, Ejura, Ghana
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Elmore SE, Mitchell N, Mays T, Brown K, Marroquin-Cardona A, Romoser A, Phillips TD. Common African cooking processes do not affect the aflatoxin binding efficacy of refined calcium montmorillonite clay. Food Control 2014; 37:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.037. [PMID: 24311894 PMCID: PMC3845374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are common contaminants of staple crops, such as corn and groundnuts, and a significant cause of concern for food safety and public health in developing countries. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been implicated in the etiology of acute and chronic disease in humans and animals, including growth stunting, liver cancer and death. Cost effective and culturally acceptable intervention strategies for the reduction of dietary AFB1 exposure are of critical need in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis. Fermented gruels consisting of cornmeal are a common source for such exposure and are consumed by both children and adults in many countries with a history of frequent, high-level aflatoxin exposure. One proposed method to reduce aflatoxins in the diet is to include a selective enterosorbent, Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), as a food additive in contaminated foods. For UPSN to be effective in this capacity, it must be stable in complex, acidic mixtures that are often exposed to heat during the process of fermented gruel preparation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to test the ability of UPSN to sorb aflatoxin while common cooking conditions were applied. The influence of fermentation, heat treatment, acidity, and processing time were investigated with and without UPSN. Analyses were performed using the field-practical Vicam assay with HPLC verification of trends. Our findings demonstrated that UPSN significantly reduced aflatoxin levels (47-100%) in cornmeal, regardless of processing conditions. Upon comparison of each element tested, time appeared to be the primary factor influencing UPSN efficacy. The greatest decreases in AFB1 were reported in samples allowed to incubate (with or without fermentation) for 72 hrs. This data suggests that addition of UPSN to staple corn ingredients likely to contain aflatoxins would be a sustainable approach to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Elmore
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
| | - Nicole Mitchell
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
| | - Travis Mays
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
| | - Kristal Brown
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
| | - Alicia Marroquin-Cardona
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
| | - Amelia Romoser
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
| | - Timothy D. Phillips
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 77843-4458
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A review of the mechanism of injury and treatment approaches for illness resulting from exposure to water-damaged buildings, mold, and mycotoxins. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:767482. [PMID: 23710148 PMCID: PMC3654247 DOI: 10.1155/2013/767482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicians are increasingly being asked to diagnose and treat people made ill by exposure to water-damaged environments, mold, and mycotoxins. In addition to avoidance of further exposure to these environments and to items contaminated by these environments, a number of approaches have been used to help persons affected by exposure to restore their health. Illness results from a combination of factors present in water-damaged indoor environments including, mold spores and hyphal fragments, mycotoxins, bacteria, bacterial endotoxins, and cell wall components as well as other factors. Mechanisms of illness include inflammation, oxidative stress, toxicity, infection, allergy, and irritant effects of exposure. This paper reviews the scientific literature as it relates to commonly used treatments such as glutathione, antioxidants, antifungals, and sequestering agents such as Cholestyramine, charcoal, clay and chlorella, antioxidants, probiotics, and induced sweating.
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Brown KA, Mays T, Romoser A, Marroquin-Cardona A, Mitchell NJ, Elmore SE, Phillips TD. Modified hydra bioassay to evaluate the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins and predict the detoxification efficacy of a clay-based sorbent. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 34:40-8. [PMID: 23047854 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Food shortages and a lack of food supply regulation in developing countries often leads to chronic exposure of vulnerable populations to hazardous mixtures of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)). A refined calcium montmorillonite clay [i.e. uniform particle size NovaSil (UPSN)] has been reported to tightly bind these toxins, thereby decreasing bioavailability in humans and animals. Hence, our objectives in the present study were to examine the ability of UPSN to bind mixtures of AFB(1) and FB(1) at gastrointestinally relevant pH in vitro, and to utilize a rapid in vivo bioassay to evaluate AFB(1) and FB(1) toxicity and UPSN efficacy. Isothermal sorption data indicated tight AFB(1) binding to UPSN surfaces at both pH 2.0 and 6.5, but substantially more FB(1) bound at pH 2.0 than 6.5. Site-specific competition occurred between the toxins when exposed to UPSN in combination. Importantly, treatment with UPSN resulted in significant protection to mycotoxin-exposed hydra maintained at pH 6.9-7.0. Hydra were exposed to FB(1), AFB(1) and FB(1) /AFB(1) combinations with and without UPSN. A toxic response over 92 h was rated based on morphology and mortality. Hydra assay results indicated a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 20 µg ml(-1) for AFB(1), whereas the MEC for FB(1) was not reached. The MEC for co-exposure was 400 µg ml(-1) FB(1) + 10 µg ml(-1) AFB(1). This study demonstrates that UPSN sorbs both mycotoxins tightly at physiologically relevant pH levels, resulting in decreased bioavailability, and that a modified hydra bioassay can be used as an initial screen in vivo to predict efficacy of toxin-binding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Brown
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Robinson A, Johnson N, Strey A, Taylor J, Marroquin-Cardona A, Mitchell N, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Ankrah N, Williams J, Wang J, Jolly P, Nachman R, Phillips T. Calcium montmorillonite clay reduces urinary biomarkers of fumonisin B₁ exposure in rats and humans. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:809-18. [PMID: 22324939 PMCID: PMC3387805 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.651628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) is often a co-contaminant with aflatoxin (AF) in grains and may enhance AF's carcinogenicity by acting as a cancer promoter. Calcium montmorillonite (i.e. NovaSil, NS) is a possible dietary intervention to help decrease chronic aflatoxin exposure where populations are at risk. Previous studies show that an oral dose of NS clay was able to reduce AF exposure in a Ghanaian population. In vitro analyses from our laboratory indicated that FB₁ (like aflatoxin) could also be sorbed onto the surfaces of NS. Hence, our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of NS clay to reduce urinary FB₁ in a rodent model and then in a human population highly exposed to AF. In the rodent model, male Fisher rats were randomly assigned to either FB₁ control, FB₁ + 2% NS or absolute control group. FB₁ alone or with clay was given as a single dose by gavage. For the human trial, participants received NS (1.5 or 3 g day⁻¹) or placebo (1.5 g day⁻¹) for 3 months. Urines from weeks 8 and 10 were collected from the study participants for analysis. In rats, NS significantly reduced urinary FB₁ biomarker by 20% in 24 h and 50% after 48 h compared to controls. In the humans, 56% of the urine samples analysed (n = 186) had detectable levels of FB₁. Median urinary FB₁ levels were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by >90% in the high dose NS group (3 g day⁻¹) compared to the placebo. This work indicates that our study participants in Ghana were exposed to FB₁ (in addition to AFs) from the diet. Moreover, earlier studies have shown conclusively that NS reduces the bioavailability of AF and the findings from this study suggest that NS clay also reduces the bioavailability FB₁. This is important since AF is a proven dietary risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans and FB₁ is suspected to be a dietary risk factor for HCC and oesophageal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Robinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - N.M. Johnson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - A. Strey
- USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, USA
| | - J.F. Taylor
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | | | - N.J. Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - E. Afriyie-Gyawu
- College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA
| | - N.A. Ankrah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - J.S. Wang
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - P.E. Jolly
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - R.J. Nachman
- USDA/ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, USA
| | - T.D. Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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Marroquín-Cardona A, Deng Y, Garcia-Mazcorro J, Johnson N, Mitchell N, Tang L, Robinson A, Taylor J, Wang JS, Phillips T. Characterization and Safety of Uniform Particle Size NovaSil Clay as a Potential Aflatoxin Enterosorbent. APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE 2011; 54:248-257. [PMID: 22249378 PMCID: PMC3253772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
NovaSil (NS) clay, a common anti-caking agent in animal feeds, has been shown to adsorb aflatoxins and diminish their bioavailability in multiple animal models. The safety of long-term dietary exposure to NS has also been demonstrated in a 6-month sub-chronic study in rats and in a 3-month intervention in humans highly exposed to aflatoxins. Uniform particle size NovaSil (UPSN) is a refined material derived from parent NS; it contains lower levels of dioxins/furans, and has been selected for a more consistent uniform particle size. Nevertheless, the efficacy and potential safety/toxicity of UPSN for long term-use has not yet been determined. In this research, 4-week-old male and female Sprague Dawley rats were fed rations free of clay (control) and containing UPSN at low dose (0.25%) and high dose (2%) for 13 weeks. AFB(1) sorption characteristics remained the same for both clays. When compared to the control, total body weight gain was unaffected in either sex at the doses tested. No UPSN-dependent differences in relative organ weights or gross appearance were observed. Isolated differences between UPSN groups and the control were observed for some biochemical parameters and selected vitamins and minerals. None of these differences were dose-dependent, and all parameters fell between ranges reported as normal for rats less than 6 month old. The Na/K ratio, Na and vitamin E concentrations were the only parameters that were increased in both males and females in the low dose and high dose UPSN groups. Serum Zn levels in males from the 2% UPSN treatment were lower compared to the control. Serum K levels were lower in the males of UPSN groups than in the control. However, neither Na/K ratio, K, nor Zn values were dose dependent and fell outside ranges reported as normal. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of UPSN at levels as high as 2% (w/w) does not result in overt toxicity. Nevertheless, further research on the effects of clays on Na, Zn, K and vitamin E is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marroquín-Cardona
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Y. Deng
- Soil and Crop Sciences Department, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University 77843-2474 TAMU, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J. Garcia-Mazcorro
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - N.M. Johnson
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - N. Mitchell
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - A. Robinson
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J. Taylor
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - T.D. Phillips
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University 77843-4458 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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Jard G, Liboz T, Mathieu F, Guyonvarc’h A, Lebrihi A. Review of mycotoxin reduction in food and feed: from prevention in the field to detoxification by adsorption or transformation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1590-609. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.595377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Seifert LE, Davis JP, Dorner JW, Jaynes WF, Zartman RE, Sanders TH. Value-added processing of peanut meal: aflatoxin sequestration during protein extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5625-5632. [PMID: 20353172 DOI: 10.1021/jf9045304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a bentonite clay, Astra-Ben 20A (AB20A), to sequester aflatoxin from contaminated (approximately 110 ppb) peanut meal during protein extraction was studied. Aqueous peanut meal dispersions (10% w/w) were prepared by varying the pH, temperature, enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, and concentrations of AB20A. After extraction, dispersions were centrifuged and filtered to separate both the water-soluble and the water-insoluble fractions for subsequent testing. Inclusion of AB20A at 0.2 and 2% reduced (p < 0.05) aflatoxin concentrations below 20 ppb in both fractions; however, the higher concentration of AB20A also reduced (p < 0.05) the water-soluble protein content. Inclusion of 0.2% AB20A did not affect protein solubility, total soluble solids, or degree of hydrolysis. Peanut meal adsorption isotherms measured the AB20A capacity to sequester aflatoxin. These results are discussed in the context of a process designed to sequester aflatoxin from contaminated peanut meal, which could enable derivatives of this high protein material to be utilized in enhanced feed and/or food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Seifert
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Mézes M, Balogh K, Tóth K. Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins - a review. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:1-17. [PMID: 20159734 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ingredients used in animal feeds and their contamination with undesirable substances, such as mycotoxins, are fundamentally important both in terms of the quality of animal products and the potential human health impacts associated with the animal-based food production chain. Feed ingredients contaminated with mycotoxins may have a wide range of toxicological effects on animals. Therefore, mycotoxin contamination of feed ingredients constituting complete feed products represents an important potential hazard in farm animal production. This review summarises the potential effects of some preventive methods used during the storage of cereal grains as well as of nutritive (e.g. antioxidants, amino acids, fats) or non-nutritive compounds (e.g. pharmacological substances, carbon- or silica-based polymers) and detoxifying enzymes recommended for use against the toxic effects of different mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Mézes
- 1 Szent István University Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences H-2103 Gödöllő Hungary
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Gallo A, Masoero F, Bertuzzi T, Piva G, Pietri A. Effect of the inclusion of adsorbents on aflatoxin B1 quantification in animal feedstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:54-63. [PMID: 19750400 DOI: 10.1080/02652030903207219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The extraction efficiency of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cattle feed containing nine adsorbents (ADSs) was investigated using two organic/aqueous solvents composed of methanol/water (80/20 v/v; MeOH) and acetone/water (85/15 v/v; AC). Samples were obtained including a highly AFB1-contaminated (HC) and a low-level AFB(1)-contaminated (LC) feedstuff (15.33 and 7.57 microg kg(-1), respectively), nine ADSs (four clay minerals; one yeast cell wall-based product; one activated carbon and three commercial ADS products) at two different levels of inclusion (10 and 20 g kg(-1)). After solvent extraction and immunoaffinity column clean-up, all samples were analysed for AFB1 by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. For each contamination level (HC and LC), the data obtained were analysed using a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Means were compared with the correspondent controls using the Dunnett's test. No statistical difference was found in AFB1 levels of feedstuffs not containing ADSs when extracted with AC or MeOH, even if numerically higher values were obtained with AC. A dose-dependent effect (p < 0.01) of ADSs inclusion was observed on AFB1 recoveries that were lower when the higher ADS level (20 g kg(-1)) was included in the HC and LC feedstuffs. Higher AFB(1) recoveries were obtained using AC compared with MeOH, both in HC (75.0% versus 12.0%, respectively) and in LC (84.0% versus 22.8%, respectively) ADSs containing feedstuffs. However, when the activated carbon and the sodium bentonite were included in feeds, lower AFB1 concentrations with respect to control values (p < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively) were obtained also using AC. The data obtained in this study indicate that routine use of the MeOH solvent for AFB1 analysis of unknown feedstuffs, can produce misleading results if they contain an ADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy.
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BOUDERGUE C, BUREL C, DRAGACCI S, FAVROT M, FREMY J, MASSIMI C, PRIGENT P, DEBONGNIE P, PUSSEMIER L, BOUDRA H, MORGAVI D, OSWALD I, PEREZ A, AVANTAGGIATO G. Review of mycotoxin‐detoxifying agents used as feed additives: mode of action, efficacy and feed/food safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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