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Hosseini E, Ghasemi JB, Shekarchi M. Simultaneous Determination of Adulterants in Dietary Food Supplements Using Multivariate Data Analysis after Preconcentration with Novel Nanosorbents and Chromatographic Measurement. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1309-1318. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The increasing popularity of dietary supplements and, consequently, related adulteration emphasizes the rising need to examine the association of food supplements with fraud. Intentional or unintentional fraud in food supplements by hazardous chemicals compounds is a problem that many countries are struggling with. Much effort have been made to effectively and reliably control the quality of food supplements.
Objective
Due to the importance of the subject, an analytical method for the simultaneous and reliable detection and quantitative determination of three key adulterants in dietary food supplements was developed. The proposed method benefits from analytical methods and multivariate calibration methods to progress the determination of adulterants in a complex matrix.
Methods
HPLC assisted by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS) analysis was used to detect adulterants in real samples after separation and preconcentration using novel mesoporous carbon nanoparticles. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) optimization was accomplished by central composite design (CCD). In order to obtain the best results, the MCR-ALS model was compared with the parallel factor analysis 2 (PARAFAC2) model and validated by estimation of linearity, detection limits, and recovery.
Results
The detection limits and linear dynamics were calculated as 1.5, 4.27, and 4.77 µg/mL, and 1–50, 5–20, and 5–20 µg/mL for caffeine, ephedrine, and fluoxetine, respectively. Mean recovery for determination of caffeine, ephedrine, and fluoxetine using the developed method was reported as 101.75, 91.7, and 92.36, respectively.
Conclusion
The results showed that to avoid negative health outcomes associated with the excessive consumption of adulterated food supplements releasing such products should be carefully regulated. The developed method was validated using statistical factors and showed acceptable and reliable results.
Highlights
(1) The application of MCR-ALS coupled with HPLC-Diode-Array Detection data sets allowed the simultaneous identification and quantification of three key adulterants (caffeine, ephedrine, and fluoxetine) in dietary food supplements. (2) A small amount of the novel adsorbent was successfully used to preconcentrate the trace amounts of adulterants in samples. (3) This method benefits from the chemometrics tools and experimental design to significantly reduce the use of toxic solvents and complicated instruments to propose a less time-consuming method for quantification of multicomponents in the presence of uncalibrated interferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensie Hosseini
- University of Tehran, Faculty of Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- University of Tehran, Faculty of Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
| | - Maryam Shekarchi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratories and Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center , Tahran 1439956311, Iran
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2
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Salem WA, Elkady EF, Fouad MA, Abdul-Azim Mohammad M. Analysis of Metformin and Five Gliptins in Counterfeit Herbal Products: Designs of Experiment Screening and Optimization. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1667-1680. [PMID: 34410406 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug counterfeiting is a rising problem due to difficulties with identifying counterfeit drugs and the lack of regulations and legislation in developing countries. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a robust and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (LC) method for simultaneously determining metformin HCl, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin benzoate, sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate, and linagliptin to target counterfeiting. METHODS Plackett-Burman (PB) and Box-Behnken (BB) designs were used to screen and optimize the mobile phase composition. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Inertsil® ODS-3 C18 column with isocratic elution mode and the mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-ammonium formate buffer, pH 3.5 (25:10:65, v/v/v). This method was applied to analyze synthetic drugs in three traditional Chinese and Indian herbal medicines. To identify the adulterants, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used on counterfeit herbal medicines. RESULTS The developed method is sensitive, simple, rapid, economical, accurate, and highly robust. Student's t-test and variance ratio (F-test at P < 0.05) were used to compare the results statistically with the reference methods. CONCLUSION The study found that the analyzed herbal medicines were adulterated with metformin and the quantification of anti-diabetic counterfeits was therefore applied. HIGHLIGHTS This study determined counterfeited anti-diabetic drugs in Indian and Chinese traditional herbal medicines(THMs). Design-of-experiment, PB, and BB designs were used. Method validation was also performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadhah Atef Salem
- Ministry of Health, Quality Control Department, Supreme Board of Drugs and Medical Appliances, Aden 6022, Yemen
| | - Ehab Farouk Elkady
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ahmed Fouad
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt.,New Giza University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New Giza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Hamidi S. Assessment of Undeclared Synthetic Drugs in Dietary Supplements in an Analytical View: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:986-996. [PMID: 34756146 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1999787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements have gained widespread attention globally as they are supposed to be healthier than synthetic pharmaceutical compounds with fewer side effects. Unlike common prescription drugs, dietary supplements are readily available to the general public. However, over the past few years, all kinds of legal and illegal drugs, have been detected in dietary supplements without labeling to defraud consumers, resulting in serious public health consequences. Due to the increasing number of drug frauds in dietary supplements, their consumption will undoubtedly risk consumers. Therefore; the importance of high-tech analytical methods in their assessment for controlling food quality seems undeniable. The current review examines the analytical techniques that focus on adulterating health products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including registered and banned drugs. The present study referred to a survey from 2004 to 2021 based on articles in the Scopus database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Gao J, Ma C, Duan Q, Gao W, Li H. Simultaneous Determination of 16 Illegally Added Drugs in Capsule Dietary Supplements Using a QuEChERS Method and HPLC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Duiven E, van Loon LJC, Spruijt L, Koert W, de Hon OM. Undeclared Doping Substances are Highly Prevalent in Commercial Sports Nutrition Supplements. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:328-338. [PMID: 34211326 PMCID: PMC8219275 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sports nutrition supplements have previously been reported to contain undeclared doping substances. The use of such supplements can lead to general health risks and may give rise to unintentional doping violations in elite sports. To assess the prevalence of doping substances in a range of high-risk sports nutrition supplements available from Dutch web shops. A total of 66 sports nutrition supplements - identified as potentially high-risk products claiming to modulate hormone regulation, stimulate muscle mass gain, increase fat loss, and/or boost energy - were selected from 21 different brands and purchased from 17 web shops. All products were analyzed for doping substances by the UK life sciences testing company LGC, formerly known as the Laboratory of the Government Chemist, using an extended version of their ISO17025 accredited nutritional supplement screen. A total of 25 out of the 66 products (38%) contained undeclared doping substances, which included high levels of the stimulants oxilofrine, β-methylphenethylamine (BMPEA) and N,β-dimethylphenethylamine (NBDMPEA), the stimulant 4-methylhexan-2-amine (methylhexaneamine, 1,3-dimethylamylamine, DMAA), the anabolic steroids boldione (1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione) and 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol (17α-AED), the beta-2 agonist higenamine and the beta-blocker bisoprolol. Based upon the recommended dose and the potential variability of analyte concentration, the ingestion of some products identified within this study could pose a significant risk of unintentional doping violations. In addition to inadvertent doping risks, the prescribed use of 3 products (4.5%) could likely impose general health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Duiven
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Spruijt
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Koert
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier M de Hon
- Doping Authority Netherlands, PO Box 5000, 2900 EA Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands
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6
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Alikord M, Mohammadi A, Kamankesh M, Shariatifar N. Food safety and quality assessment: comprehensive review and recent trends in the applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4833-4866. [PMID: 33554631 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1879003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical separation and diagnostic technique that is simple and sensitive and a rapid response and low-priced technique for detecting trace levels of chemical compounds in different matrices. Chemical agents and environmental contaminants are successfully detected by IMS and have been recently considered to employ in food safety. In addition, IMS uses stand-alone or coupled analytical diagnostic tools with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Scientific publications show that IMS has been applied 21% in the pharmaceutical industry, 9% in environmental studies and 13% in quality control and food safety. Nevertheless, applications of IMS in food safety and quality analysis have not been adequately explored. This review presents the IMS-related analysis and focuses on the application of IMS in food safety and quality. This review presents the important topics including detection of traces of chemicals, rate of food spoilage and freshness, food adulteration and authenticity as well as natural toxins, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, veterinary, and growth promoter drug residues. Further, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), biogenic amines, nitrosamine, furfural, phenolic compounds, heavy metals, food packaging materials, melamine, and food additives were also examined for the first time. Therefore, it is logical to predict that the application of the IMS technique in food safety, food quality, and contaminant analysis will be impressively increased in the future. HighlightsCurrent status of IMS for residues and contaminant detection in food safety.To assess all the detected contaminants in food safety, for the first time.Identified IMS-related parameters and chemical compounds in food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alikord
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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8
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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9
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Jin P, Xu S, Xu W, He X, Kuang Y, Hu X. Screening and quantification of fourteen synthetic antidiabetic adulterants in herbal pharmaceuticals and health foods by HPLC and confirmation by LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:11-18. [PMID: 31613718 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1675910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A procedure was established and fully validated for the screening and quantification of fourteen synthetic antidiabetic adulterants in herbal pharmaceuticals and health foods, including metformin (MF), buformin (BF), phenformin (PHF), rosiglitazone (RGZ), pioglitazone (PGZ), chlorpropamide (CPM), glipizide (GPZ), tolbutamide (TBM), gliclazide (GCZ), glibenclamide (GBM), glimepiride (GMR), repaglinide (RGN), gliquidone (GQD) and nateglinide (NGN). The samples were extracted by methanol and separated by HPLC. Retention times and ultraviolet spectra were used for the preliminary screening, and the suspected adulterants were then confirmed by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and quantified by HPLC. The developed procedure was successfully applied to assess twenty-four herbal samples, and PHF, GCZ, GBM, MF, GPZ and BF were found in many. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of simultaneous screening and quantification of these fourteen synthetic antidiabetic adulterants from any matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Kuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
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10
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Costa JG, Vidovic B, Saraiva N, do Céu Costa M, Del Favero G, Marko D, Oliveira NG, Fernandes AS. Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements? Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1113-1135. [PMID: 31500469 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1636045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food supplements (FS) are often consumed as one of the strategies to fight ageing-associated pathologies, especially in the case of oxidative stress-related diseases. Despite the popularity of FS, some concerns about their quality and safety have been raised, especially regarding the presence of contaminants. This paper reviews and discusses the occurrence of contaminants in marketed samples of FS in the last two decades, considering both scientific literature and notifications registered on RASFF portal. The most relevant classes of contaminants were included namely metals, toxins, pesticides, dioxins and PCBs, as well as pharmacologically active ingredients. Variable amounts of contaminants were reported in a significant number of commercially available FS. Although the presence of contaminants does not necessarily mean that their levels exceed the regulatory limits or that the FS intake constitutes a risk to human health, it alerts for the need to further monitor FS safety. The evaluation of the risk associated to the consumption of FS, especially in the elderly population, is particularly challenging due to the frequent exposure to multiple toxicants and to different exposure sources, as well as due to possible pre-existing diseases and respective therapeutics. Therefore, improved quality control procedures and monitoring programs should be pursued in order to avoid undesirable products and assure the safety of FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bojana Vidovic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Combined host-guest complex with coffee-ring effect for constructing ultrasensitive SERS substrate for phenformin hydrochloride detection in healthcare products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7599-7609. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Schmidt KS, Mankertz J. In-house validation of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS) in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1292-1304. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1471222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S. Schmidt
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Mankertz
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Berlin, Germany
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13
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Detection and identification of multiple adulterants in plant food supplements using attenuated total reflectance-Infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:111-119. [PMID: 29414001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the rising popularity of dietary supplements, especially plant food supplements, and alternative herbal medicines, a whole market developed and these products became freely available through internet. Though several searches revealed that at least a part of these products, especially the ones obtained from websites disclosing their physical identity, are aldulterated with pharmaceutical compounds. This causes a threat for public health, since these compounds are not declared and therefore adverse effects will not immediately be related to the product. The more the adulterants can interfere with other medicinal treatments. Since the present active pharmaceutical ingredients are not declared on the package and the products are sold as 100% natural or herbal in nature, it is very difficult for custom personnel to discriminate between products to be confiscated or not. Therefore easy to apply analytical approaches to discriminate between adulterated and non-adulterated products are necessary. This paper presents an approach based on infrared spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and partial least squares- discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to easily differentiate between adulterated and non- adulterated plant food supplements and to get a first idea of the nature of the adulterant present. The performance of PLS-DA models based on Mid-IR and NIR data were compared as well as models based on the combined data. Further three preprocessing strategies were compared. The best performance was obtained for a PLS-DA model using Mid-IR data with the second derivative as preprocessing method. This model showed a correct classification rate of 98.3% for an external test set. Also eight real samples were screened using the model and for seven of these samples a correct classification was obtained. Generally it could be concluded that the obtained model and the presented approach could be used at customs to discriminate between adulterated and non-adulterated herbal food supplements and even get a first idea of the nature of the adulterant present. The more the presented approach hardly needs sample preparation.
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14
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Zhang BB, Shi Y, Chen H, Zhu QX, Lu F, Li YW. A separable surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate modified with MIL-101 for detection of overlapping and invisible compounds after thin-layer chromatography development. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 997:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Ma J, Pawar RS, Grundel E. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for analysis of anti-diabetic drugs in botanical dietary supplements labeled for blood sugar management. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:609-617. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Rahul S. Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Erich Grundel
- Office of Regulatory Science; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA
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16
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Dynamic-SERS spectroscopy for the in situ discrimination of xanthine analogues in ternary mixture. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5569-5579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Paíga P, Rodrigues MJ, Correia M, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBP, Delerue-Matos C. Analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in plant food supplements by UHPLC-MS/MS. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Wozniak B, Posyniak A. Comparison of the Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Enhanced Product Ion Scan Modes for Confirmation of Stilbenes in Bovine Urine Samples Using LC-MS/MS QTRAP ® System. Chromatographia 2016; 79:1003-1012. [PMID: 27512157 PMCID: PMC4961723 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, confirmatory methods for the detection of prohibited substances should comply with specific requirements, including the criteria for confirmation. Two strategies: multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and enhanced product ion (EPI) scanning functions were compared for confirming the anabolic compounds from synthetic stilbenes group in bovine urine samples. In the research, twenty samples fortified at the Recommended Concentration (RC) of 1 µg L−1 with diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on a QTRAP 5500 instrument. The analytical procedure, validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, used in the official control of hormones in Poland was applied. The validation parameters were in agreement with 2002/657/EC performance criteria. The effectiveness of MRM and EPI scanning modes for confirmation purposes was evaluated based on the percentage of the results confirmed. In all urine samples recorded in the MRM mode, the confirmation criteria (retention time, relative intensities between transitions) have been fulfilled. The presence of stilbenes in all urine samples using EPI scan mode was confirmed too as evidenced by a good matching of stilbenes spectra in the samples to the reference spectra with critical match factor above 0.7. The results of the research show that EPI scanning function provides the same effectiveness for confirmation of banned compounds as the mostly used MRM scan mode and can be an additional tool to confirm the doubtful case results in the analysis of hormones residues, even at such low concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Matraszek-Zuchowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Barbara Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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19
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Nnaji CN, Mach PM, Acheampong JS, Falconer TM, Verbeck GF. Analysis of trace amounts of adulterants found in powders/supplements utilizing Raman spectroscopy coupled to direct analyte-probed nanoextraction-nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:4798-4807. [PMID: 27482293 PMCID: PMC4960828 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay00828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, all food products have to be regulated to inform the consumers of the ingredients contained within. Some ingredients are not included on the label and yet are still found in the products. Presented is a Raman imaging technique for rapid, nondestructive, and spatially relevant localization of adulterants in powders. Raman spectroscopy followed by direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry allows rapid determination of the presence of each adulterant, leading to positive identifications such as melamine. The location and identification of these trace particles can then be extracted using a nanomanipulator. The nanomanipulation technique uses a solvent filled capillary tip which can be positioned on the particle of interest. Direct mass spectrometric analysis via nanospray of the particulate of interest eliminates time consuming chromatographic techniques prior to mass spectrometry analysis. This coupled technique combines rapid Raman spectroscopy techniques with direct mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of an adulterant. This technique was applied to an FDA supplied test sample, in which sibutramine, phenolphthalein, and melamine were confirmed to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere N. Nnaji
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
| | - Phillip M. Mach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
| | - Jason S. Acheampong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
| | - Travis M. Falconer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45237, USA
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, 76203, USA
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20
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Rocha T, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBPP. Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:43-62. [PMID: 33371574 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the consumption of dietary supplements, especially those having plants as ingredients, has been increasing due to the common idea that they are natural products posing no risks to human health. In the European Union and the United States, dietary supplements are legally considered as foods/special category of foods, thus are not being submitted to any safety assessment prior to their commercialization. Among the issues that can affect safety, adulteration by the illegal addition of pharmaceutical substances or their analogs is of major concern since unscrupulous producers can falsify these products to provide for quick effects and to increase sales. This review discusses the various classes of synthetic drugs most frequently described as being illegally added to dietary supplements marketed for weight loss, muscle building/sport performance and sexual performance enhancement. Information regarding regulation and consumption is also presented. Finally, several conventional and advanced analytical techniques used to detect and identify different adulterants in dietary supplements and therefore also in foods, with particular emphasis on plant food supplements, are critically described. This review demonstrates that dietary supplement adulteration is an emerging food safety problem and that an effective control by food regulatory authorities is needed to safeguard consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rocha
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana S Amaral
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,ESTiG, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-857, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Detection of structurally similar adulterants in botanical dietary supplements by thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 883:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Wang Z, Wu C, Wang G, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Novel strategy for the determination of illegal adulterants in health foods and herbal medicines using high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:925-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Gangli Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
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23
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Lv D, Cao Y, Lou Z, Li S, Chen X, Chai Y, Lu F. Rapid on-site detection of ephedrine and its analogues used as adulterants in slimming dietary supplements by TLC-SERS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1313-25. [PMID: 25542571 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ephedrine and its analogues are in the list of prohibited substance in adulteration to botanical dietary supplements (BDS) for their uncontrollable stimulating side effects. However, they were always adulterated illegally in BDS to promote losing weight. In order to avoid detection, various kinds of ephedrine analogues were added rather than ephedrine itself. This has brought about great difficulties in authentication of BDS. In this study, we put forward for the first time a method which combined thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to directly identify trace adulterant. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, and norephedrine were mixed and used in this method to develop an analytical model. As a result, the four analogues were separated efficiently in TLC analysis, and trace-components and low-background SERS detection was realized. The limit of detection (LOD) of the four analogues was 0.01 mg/mL. Eight common Raman peaks (△υ = 620, 1003, 1030, 1159, 1181, 1205, 1454, 1603 cm(-1)) were extracted experimentally and statistically to characterize the common feature of ephedrine analogues. A TLC-SERS method coupled with common-peak model was adopted to examine nine practical samples, two of which were found to be adulterated with ephedrine analogues. Identification results were then confirmed by UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. The proposed method was simple, rapid, and accurate and can also be employed to trace adulterant identification even when there are no available reference derivatives on-site or unknown types of ephedrine analogues are adulterated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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24
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Detection of sibutramine in adulterated dietary supplements using attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:279-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Moreira APL, Martini M, de Carvalho LM. Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3212-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L. Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariele Martini
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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26
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Reeuwijk NM, Venhuis BJ, de Kaste D, Hoogenboom RL, Rietjens IM, Martena MJ. Active pharmaceutical ingredients detected in herbal food supplements for weight loss sampled on the Dutch market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1783-93. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.958574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Zhu Q, Cao Y, Cao Y, Chai Y, Lu F. Rapid on-site TLC-SERS detection of four antidiabetes drugs used as adulterants in botanical dietary supplements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1877-84. [PMID: 24452744 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel facile method has been established for rapid on-site detection of antidiabetes chemicals used to adulterate botanical dietary supplements (BDS) for diabetes. Analytes and components of pharmaceutical matrices were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) then surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used for qualitative identification of trace substances on the HPTLC plate. Optimization and standardization of the experimental conditions, for example the method used for preparation of silver colloids, the mobile phase, and the concentration of colloidal silver, resulted in a very robust and highly sensitive method which enabled successful detection when the amount of adulteration was as low as 0.001 % (w/w). The method was also highly selective, enabling successful identification of some chemicals in extremely complex herbal matrices. The established TLC-SERS method was used for analysis of real BDS used to treat diabetes, and the results obtained were verified by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The study showed that TLC-SERS could be used for effective separation and detection of four chemicals used to adulterate BDS, and would have good prospects for on-site qualitative screening of BDS for adulterants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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28
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Mathon C, Ankli A, Reich E, Bieri S, Christen P. Screening and determination of sibutramine in adulterated herbal slimming supplements by HPTLC-UV densitometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:15-20. [PMID: 24215519 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.861934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The adulteration of herbal supplements is of growing importance, especially when they contain undeclared compounds like sibutramine that are unsafe drugs. Sibutramine was withdrawn from US and European markets in 2010. In this study, an HPTLC-UV densitometric method was developed for the quantification of sibutramine in herbal diet foods. Sample extracts were directly applied onto HPTLC silica gel plates and separated with a mobile phase made of a toluene-methanol mixture. Sibutramine was quantified at 225 nm and its unequivocal identification was confirmed by MS using a TLC-MS interface. During two surveys, 52 weight loss supplements obtained via the Internet were screened. Half of those were adulterated with sibutramine at amounts reaching up to 35 mg per capsule. The results of this validated HPTLC method were compared with those obtained by HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS/MS. The results were not significantly different with the three methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mathon
- a Official Food and Veterinary Control Authority of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 22, CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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29
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Vaclavik L, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Targeted analysis of multiple pharmaceuticals, plant toxins and other secondary metabolites in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 810:45-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Chen F, Zhang F, Yang N, Liu X. Simultaneous Determination of 10 Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Antrodia camphorata Using QTRAP LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:852-61. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Chen F, Zhang F. Simultaneous quantitative determination of eight index constituents and compatibility changes in Longchai Decoction by UPLC–Q-TOF-MS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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32
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[Determination of nine beta-agonist residues in pig tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combining with library search]. Se Pu 2013; 31:200-5. [PMID: 23785990 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method has been developed using a hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap (QTrap) mass spectrometer for the fast detection and identification of nine beta-agonists, clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine, ritodrine, terbutaline, isoxsuprine, tulobuterol, cimaterol and bambuterol, in one single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The homogenized tissue samples were purified with liquid-liquid extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis by P-glucuronidase/aryl sulfatase. After gradient elution separation on C(18) LC column using acetonitrile and formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phases, a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan as survey scan and an enhanced product ion (EPI) scan as dependent scan were performed in an information dependent acquisition (IDA) experiment. Finally, the identification of the drugs was carried out by library search with a newly developed MS/MS library based on EPI spectra at three different collision energies in positive mode. The analytical method in the present study was well validated and good results were obtained with respect to precision, repeatability and spiked recovery. The limits of detection of residues were 0.1 -0.2 micro g/kg for beta-agonists, and with a linear range from 0.1 to 50.0 micro g/L. Three concentration levels of 0. 5, 1. 0 and 5. 0 pg/kg were spiked in pig tissues, and the overall recoveries were between 72.0% and 95.1% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 3. 1% and 12.1%. The real sample test showed that this method could be used for sensitive and accurate determination of beta-agonist residues in pig tissue
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33
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Wu X, Liu J, Wu J, Wang Y, Xue C, Wang R, Hong J, Zhou X. Molecular imprinting-based micro-stir bar sorptive extraction for specific analysis of Glibenclamide in herbal dietary supplements. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3593-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy; Huaian No.1 People's Hospital; Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University; Huaian P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Cheng Xue
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Junli Hong
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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35
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Carvalho LD, Cohen P, Silva C, Moreira A, Falcão T, Dal Molin T, Zemolin G, Martini M. A new approach to determining pharmacologic adulteration of herbal weight loss products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1661-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.706834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Ponnuru VS, Challa BR, Nadendla R. Quantification of sibutramine and its two metabolites in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS and its application in a bioequivalence study. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:249-257. [PMID: 29403750 PMCID: PMC5760908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity can be considered as a chronic illness of epidemic proportion and its incidents have increased exponentially in recent years. The use of anti-obesity drugs such as sibutramine is somewhat helpful. There is a need to quantify such drugs in biological samples, which is generally quite difficult. In this report, we developed and validated a simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the quantification of sibutramine (SB) and its two metabolites N-des methyl sibutramine (DSB) and N-di desmethyl sibutramine (DDSB) in human plasma. Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm×75 mm, 3.5 μm, 80 Å) analytical column and 5 mM ammonium formate:acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) mobile phase were used for chromatographic separation of SB, DSB and DDSB. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive mode was used to detect SB, DSB and DDSB at m/z 280.3/124.9, 266.3/125.3 and 252.2/124.9, respectively. Liquid–liquid extraction was used for the extraction of analytes and internal standard from human plasma. This method was validated over a linear concentration range of 10.0–10,000.0 pg/mL for SB, DSB and DDSB with correlation coefficients (r) of ≥0.9997. The drug and the two metabolites were stable in plasma samples. The validated method was successfully applied in a bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers under fasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Suresh Ponnuru
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra pradesh, India.,Krishna University, Machilipatnam 521001, Andhra pradesh, India
| | - B R Challa
- Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Kadapa 516002, Andhra pradesh, India
| | - RamaRao Nadendla
- Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur 522034, Andhra pradesh, India
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37
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A validated Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic method for the characterisation of confiscated illegal slimming products containing anorexics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 59:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Wollein U, Eisenreich W, Schramek N. Identification of novel sildenafil-analogues in an adulterated herbal food supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:705-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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X-ray powder diffractometry and liquid chromatography studies of sibutramine and its analogues content in herbal dietary supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:969-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Tang MHY, Chen SPL, Ng SW, Chan AYW, Mak TWL. Case series on a diversity of illicit weight-reducing agents: from the well known to the unexpected. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:250-3. [PMID: 21219406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To provide an overview of illicit weight-reducing agents found in over-the-counter slimming products ingested by poisoned patients. METHODS The clinical details and analytical findings of slimming products involved in poisoning cases between 2004 and 2009 were reviewed. RESULTS Sixty-six (including one fatal) poisoning cases were encountered. Eighty-one products were analysed and found to contain undeclared prescription weight-loss drugs, drug analogues, banned drugs, drugs used for an inappropriate indication or animal thyroid tissue, with up to six illicit agents within the same product. Many products were readily available from shops or the Internet. CONCLUSIONS A rich diversity of illicit, potentially harmful weight-reducing agents was found in over-the-counter slimming products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene H Y Tang
- Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory, Block P, Princess Margaret Hospital, Laichikok, Hong Kong, China
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41
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Csupor D, Szekeres A, Kecskeméti A, Vékes E, Veres K, Micsinay Á, Szendrei K, Hohmann J. Dietary supplements on the domestic market adulterated with sildenafil and tadalafil. Orv Hetil 2010; 151:1783-9. [PMID: 20940118 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2010.28952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Az étrend-kiegészítők gyártását és forgalmazását nem garantálják a gyógyszerszabályozáshoz hasonlóan szigorú jogszabályok. Az elmúlt években a termékcsoport tagjainak száma meredeken emelkedett, és ezzel párhuzamosan szaporodtak a készítmények reklámozásával, ajánlásával és minőségével kapcsolatos visszaélések. A termékek hamisításának egyik gyakori módja a szintetikus gyógyszerhatóanyagok jelölés nélküli felhasználása növényi eredetű készítményekben. Vizsgálatunkban 10, hazánkban forgalomban lévő, potenciafokozóként (vagy ezt a hatást sugallva) reklámozott étrend-kiegészítőt vontunk kémiai elemzés alá. Hat termékben szildenafil és/vagy tadalafil vagy a vegyületek analógjai voltak kimutathatóak. Eredményeink felhívják a figyelmet arra, hogy a rossz minőségű, hamisított étrend-kiegészítők valós egészségi kockázatot jelentenek a fogyasztók számára. Orv. Hetil., 2010,43,1783–1789.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső Csupor
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | | | | | | | - Katalin Veres
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | - Ákos Micsinay
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | - Kálmán Szendrei
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
| | - Judit Hohmann
- 1 Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gyógyszerésztudományi Kar Farmakognóziai Intézet Szeged Eötvös u. 6. 6720
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Dunn JD, Gryniewicz-Ruzicka CM, Kauffman JF, Westenberger BJ, Buhse LF. Using a portable ion mobility spectrometer to screen dietary supplements for sibutramine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:469-74. [PMID: 20940091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In response to recent incidents of undeclared sibutramine, an appetite suppressant found in dietary supplements, we developed a method to detect sibutramine using hand-held ion mobility spectrometers with an analysis time of 15 s. Ion mobility spectrometry is a high-throughput and sensitive technique that has been used for illicit drug, explosive, volatile organic compound and chemical warfare detection. We evaluated a hand-held ion mobility spectrometer as a tool for the analysis of supplement extracts containing sibutramine. The overall instrumental limit of detection of five portable ion mobility spectrometers was 2 ng of sibutramine HCl. When sample extractions containing 30 ng/μl or greater of sibutramine were analyzed, saturation of the ionization chamber of the spectrometer occurred and the instrument required more than three cleaning cycles to remove the drug. Hence, supplement samples suspected of containing sibutramine should be prepared at concentrations of 2-20 ng/μl. To obtain this target concentration range for products containing unknown amounts of sibutramine, we provided a simple sample preparation procedure, allowing the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or other agencies to screen products using the portable ion mobility spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Dunn
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1114 Market St., St. Louis, MO 63101, United States.
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Vaysse J, Balayssac S, Gilard V, Desoubdzanne D, Malet-Martino M, Martino R. Analysis of adulterated herbal medicines and dietary supplements marketed for weight loss by DOSY1H-NMR. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:903-16. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003705821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Current awareness in drug testing and analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010; 1:596-611. [PMID: 20361432 DOI: 10.1002/dta.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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