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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and Their Main Mycotoxins: Global Distribution and Scenarios of Interactions in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:577. [PMID: 37756003 PMCID: PMC10534665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. Furthermore, it summarizes their interactions in maize. The gathered data predict the (co-)occurrence and virulence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides would increase worldwide, especially in European cold climate countries. Studies on the interaction of both fungi regarding their growth mainly showed antagonistic interactions in vitro or in planta conditions. However, the (co-)contamination of AFB1 and FB1 has risen worldwide in the last decade. Primarily, this co-contamination increased by 32% in Europe (2010-2020 vs. 1992-2009). This implies that fungi and mycotoxins would severely threaten European-grown maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Chavez RA, Cheng X, Stasiewicz MJ. A Review of the Methodology of Analyzing Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in Single Corn Kernels and the Potential Impacts of These Methods on Food Security. Foods 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32150943 PMCID: PMC7143881 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current detection methods for contamination of aflatoxin and fumonisin used in the corn industry are based on bulk level. However, literature demonstrates that contamination of these mycotoxins is highly skewed and bulk samples do not always represent accurately the overall contamination in a batch of corn. Single kernel analysis can provide an insightful level of analysis of the contamination of aflatoxin and fumonisin, as well as suggest a possible remediation to the skewness present in bulk detection. Current literature describes analytical methods capable of detecting aflatoxin and fumonisin at a single kernel level, such as liquid chromatography, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. These methods could provide tools to classify mycotoxin contaminated kernels and study potential co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin. Analysis at a single kernel level could provide a solution to the skewness present in mycotoxin contamination detection and offer improved remediation methods through sorting that could impact food security and management of food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 905 S Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (R.A.C.); (X.C.)
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Xue KS, Tang L, Sun G, Wang S, Hu X, Wang JS. Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1218. [PMID: 31842816 PMCID: PMC6916103 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of moldy food has previously been identified as a risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in high-risk countries; however, what contributing roles these dietary carcinogenic mycotoxins play in the etiology of ESCC are largely unknown. METHODS A mycotoxin biomarker-incorporated, population-based case-control study was performed in Huaian area, Jiangsu Province, one of the two high-risk areas in China. Exposure biomarkers of aflatoxins (AF) and fumonisins (FN) were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC-fluorescence techniques. RESULTS Among the cases (n = 190), the median levels of AF biomarker, serum AFB1-lysine adduct, and FN biomarker, urinary FB1, were 1.77 pg/mg albumin and 176.13 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. Among the controls (n = 380), the median levels of AFB1-lysine adduct and urinary FB1 were 1.49 pg/mg albumin and 56.92 pg/mg creatinine, respectively. These mycotoxin exposure biomarker levels were significantly higher in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). An increased risk to ESCC was associated with exposure to both AFB1 and FB1 (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Mycotoxin exposure, especially to AFB1 and FB1, was associated with the risk of ESCC, and a greater-than-additive interaction between co-exposures to these two mycotoxins may contribute to the increased risk of ESCC in Huaian area, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 150 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 150 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Guiju Sun
- Southeast University School of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Southeast University School of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Huaian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 150 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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4
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Colorimetric determination of fumonisin B1 based on the aggregation of cysteamine-functionalized gold nanoparticles induced by a product of its hydrolysis. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:655. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Balendres MAO, Karlovsky P, Cumagun CJR. Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Agricultural Crop Commodities in the Philippines: A Review. Foods 2019; 8:E249. [PMID: 31288486 PMCID: PMC6678526 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical, warm, and humid conditions that are favorable to the growth and development of mycotoxigenic fungi put the Philippines at a high risk of mycotoxin contamination. To date, seven mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species, four Fusarium species, and one Penicillium species have been isolated from various agricultural crop commodities in the country. There are five mycotoxin groups (aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, nivalenol, and zearalenone) that have been detected in both the raw form and the by-products of major crops grown in the country. Since the first scientific report of aflatoxin contamination in the Philippines in 1972, new information has been generated on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi, but little has been known of other mycotoxins until the last two decades. Further, despite the increase in the understanding of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the country, very limited knowledge exists on practices and measures that control both the fungi and the toxins. This paper reviews the current literature on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in the Philippines with emphasis on the last two decades and on other mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Angelo O Balendres
- Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Joseph R Cumagun
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
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Kamle M, Mahato DK, Devi S, Lee KE, Kang SG, Kumar P. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 31181628 PMCID: PMC6628439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang G Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
- Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Fumonisin Production by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Genotypes Cultivated in Different Environments. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040215. [PMID: 30974722 PMCID: PMC6520941 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins (MTs) produced mainly by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, the main pathogens of maize which cause ear rot. The aim of this work was to evaluate some factors that may lead to high fumonisin production by F. verticillioides in maize grains, correlating the pathogen inoculation method with different genotypes grown in four Brazilian states. Experiments were conducted in 2015–2016 in maize crops from experimental maize fields located in four distinct states of Brazil. Results showed that contamination by fumonisin mycotoxins occurred even on symptomatic or asymptomatic grains. In all municipalities, the samples showed levels of fumonisin B1 that were higher than would be tolerable for the human consumption of corn products (the current tolerance limit for fumonisin is 1.5 μg g−1). High severity of grains infected with F. verticillioides does not always show high concentrations of fumonisins. Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production of high concentrations of fumonisin in maize hybrids. Spray inoculation methods and inoculation at the center of spikes did not influence fumonisin concentrations. Results showed that the hybrids P3630H, P32R48 and P3250 presented higher disease severity, as well as higher mycotoxin levels in the studied locations with higher temperatures.
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Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Smith MC, Madec S, Coton E, Hymery N. Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds and Their in vitro Combined Toxicological Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:94. [PMID: 27023609 PMCID: PMC4848621 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some foods and feeds are often contaminated by numerous mycotoxins, but most studies have focused on the occurrence and toxicology of a single mycotoxin. Regulations throughout the world do not consider the combined effects of mycotoxins. However, several surveys have reported the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins from all over the world. Most of the published data has concerned the major mycotoxins aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and trichothecenes (TCTs), especially deoxynivalenol (DON). Concerning cereals and derived cereal product samples, among the 127 mycotoxin combinations described in the literature, AFs+FUM, DON+ZEA, AFs+OTA, and FUM+ZEA are the most observed. However, only a few studies specified the number of co-occurring mycotoxins with the percentage of the co-contaminated samples, as well as the main combinations found. Studies of mycotoxin combination toxicity showed antagonist, additive or synergic effects depending on the tested species, cell model or mixture, and were not necessarily time- or dose-dependent. This review summarizes the findings on mycotoxins and their co-occurrence in various foods and feeds from all over the world as well as in vitro experimental data on their combined toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Smith
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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KONGKAPAN J, POAPOLATHEP S, ISARIYODOM S, KUMAGAI S, POAPOLATHEP A. Simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins in broiler feeds using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:259-64. [PMID: 26477362 PMCID: PMC4785115 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are typically present in grain and feed ingredients used for animal feeds. An analytical method using LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantify nine mycotoxins, consisting of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler feeds. In total, 100 samples of broiler feeds were collected from poultry farms in Central Thailand. The survey found that AFB1 and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins in the feed samples at percentages of 93% and 63%, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) of investigated mycotoxins was 0.20-0.78 ng/g. AFB2, DON, AFG1, NIV and T-2 toxin were also detectable at low contamination levels with percentages of 20%, 9%, 7%, 5% and 1%, respectively, whereas OTA and AFG2 were not detected in any of the feed samples. These results suggest that there is a very low level of risk of the exposure to mycotoxins in feeds obtained from broiler farms in Central Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamart KONGKAPAN
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate
School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon, Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok
10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya POAPOLATHEP
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn ISARIYODOM
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Susumu KUMAGAI
- Food Safety Commission, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 107–6122, Japan
| | - Amnart POAPOLATHEP
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate
School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon, Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok
10900, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Bintvihok A, Treebonmuang S, Srisakwattana K, Nuanchun W, Patthanachai K, Usawang S. A Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin-producing Fungus Using an Optimized Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Toxicol Res 2016; 32:81-7. [PMID: 26977262 PMCID: PMC4780237 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.1.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is produced by Aspergillus flavus growing in feedstuffs. Early detection of maize contamination by aflatoxigenic fungi is advantageous since aflatoxins exert adverse health effects. In this study, we report the development of an optimized conventional PCR for AFB1 detection and a rapid, sensitive and simple screening Real-time PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green and two pairs of primers targeting the aflR genes which involved aflatoxin biosynthesis. AFB1 contaminated maize samples were divided into three groups by the toxin concentration. Genomic DNA was extracted from those samples. The target genes for A. flavus were tested by conventional PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis. A conventional PCR was carried out as nested PCR to verify the gene amplicon sizes. PCR-RFLP patterns, obtained with Hinc II and Pvu II enzyme analysis showed the differences to distinguish aflatoxin-producing fungi. However, they are not quantitative and need a separation of the products on gel and their visualization under UV light. On the other hand, qPCR facilitates the monitoring of the reaction as it progresses. It does not require post-PCR handling, which reduces the risk of cross-contamination and handling errors. It results in a much faster throughout. We found that the optimal primer annealing temperature was 65°C. The optimized template and primer concentration were 1.5 μL (50 ng/μL) and 3 μL (10 μM/μL) respectively. SYBR Green qPCR of four genes demonstrated amplification curves and melting peaks for tub1, afIM, afIR, and afID genes are at 88.0°C, 87.5°C, 83.5°C, and 89.5°C respectively. Consequently, it was found that the four primers had elevated annealing temperatures, nevertheless it is desirable since it enhances the DNA binding specificity of the dye. New qPCR protocol could be employed for the determination of aflatoxin content in feedstuff samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anong Bintvihok
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supitchaya Treebonmuang
- Research and Development Center for Livestock Production Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kitiya Srisakwattana
- Research and Development Center for Livestock Production Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wisut Nuanchun
- Research and Development Center for Livestock Production Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Koranis Patthanachai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sungworn Usawang
- Research and Development Center for Livestock Production Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Mitigation of Fumonisin Biomarkers by Green Tea Polyphenols in a High-Risk Population of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17545. [PMID: 26626148 PMCID: PMC4667183 DOI: 10.1038/srep17545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols (GTP) are highly effective in inhibiting a variety of tumorigenic effects induced by carcinogens. In this study we assessed GTP mitigation on biomarkers of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a class 2B carcinogen, in blood and urine samples collected from an intervention trial. A total of 124 exposed people were recruited and randomly assigned to low-dose (GTP 500 mg, n = 42), high-dose (GTP 1,000 mg, n = 41) or placebo (n = 41) for 3 months. After one-month of intervention, urinary FB1 was significantly decreased in high-dose group compared to that of placebo group (p = 0.045), with reduction rates of 18.95% in the low-dose group and 33.62% in the high-dose group. After three-month intervention, urinary FB1 showed significant decrease in both low-dose (p = 0.016) and the high-dose (p = 0.0005) groups compared to that of both placebo group and baseline levels, with reduction rates of 40.18% in the low-dose group and 52.6% in the high-dose group. GTP treatment also significantly reduced urinary excretion of sphinganine (Sa), sphingosine (So), and Sa/So ratio, but had no effect on serum Sa, So, and Sa/So ratio. Analysis with mixed-effect model revealed significant interactions between time and treatment effects of GTP on both urinary free FB1 levels and Sa/So ratios.
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14
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Bahrami R, Shahbazi Y, Nikousefat Z. Occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin in dairy cow feed with estimation of aflatoxinM1in milk from Iran. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kamala A, Ortiz J, Kimanya M, Haesaert G, Donoso S, Tiisekwa B, De Meulenaer B. Multiple mycotoxin co-occurrence in maize grown in three agro-ecological zones of Tanzania. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Hernández-Martínez R, Navarro-Blasco I. Surveillance of aflatoxin content in dairy cow feedstuff from Navarra (Spain). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Warth B, Petchkongkaew A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Utilising an LC-MS/MS-based multi-biomarker approach to assess mycotoxin exposure in the Bangkok metropolitan area and surrounding provinces. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:2040-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.969329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Barberis CL, Pena G, Carranza C, Magnoli CE. Effect of indigenous mycobiota on ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from soil: ochratoxin in mixed cultures. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 30:1-8. [PMID: 24155120 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the biotic interaction between 30 non-toxigenic indigenous strains of Aspergillus niger aggregate, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma spp., Mucor spp., Cladosporium spp., Ulocladium spp., Curvularia spp., Absidia spp., Geotrichum spp. and Acremonium spp., isolated from soil destined for maize crops, with respect to their ability to prevent ochratoxin A (OTA) production by A. carbonarius on "in vitro" assay, on liquid and solid medium. OTA production was completely inhibited when A. carbonarius was inoculated in a interactive mixed culture with all A. niger aggregate strains assayed, a 80 % of Trichoderma spp. strains, a 40 % of Cladosporium spp. strains, Acremonium spp and Geotrichum spp; only one strain of A. flavus tested was able to completely inhibit the mycotoxin accumulation. OTA production increased when A. carbonarius ACS 8 was growing on liquid interactive mixed culture with Mucor spp strains. These results demonstrated that OTA production by Aspergillua carbonarius strain was significantly influenced by the presence of different non-toxigenic fungal strains when growing together on paired cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Barberis
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional Nº 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina,
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Ali S, Malik A, Shahid M, Bhargava R. Pulmonary aspergillosis and aflatoxins in chronic lung diseases. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:287-94. [PMID: 23948964 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections of lung have become increasingly common during the last few decades. Aspergillosis and the role of aflatoxins in various chronic lung diseases have not been extensively studied. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and sera from 40 patients of chronic lung diseases were analyzed for galactomannan antigen (GM) and aflatoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Direct microscopy and culture of BAL samples were also done to detect the Aspergillus species. Results revealed that 15 (37.5 %) of the 40 patients had growth of Aspergillus on BAL culture. Out of these culture-positive cases, 13 (86.7 %) patients were positive for galactomannan antigen also. About 62.5 % cases did not show growth of Aspergillus in BAL culture. However, galactomannan antigen could be detected in 20 % of these patients. Overall, 20 % patients were diagnosed as proven invasive fungal disease (IFD), 32.5 % were of probable IFD, 17.5 % of possible IFD. Aspergillus growth was observed in 100 % of proven and 53.8 % of probable IFD cases. Galactomannan antigen was found in 100 % cases of proven and 76.9 % of probable IFD. Ten (25 %) patients were found to be positive for aflatoxins. It was detected in 6 (40 %) of culture-positive cases. About 62.5 % of the cases with proven IFD and 46.1 % of probable IFD had aflatoxin in their samples. Aflatoxin positivity was found to be more in patients with proven IFD than in probable IFD, and higher level of aflatoxins was detected in cases with proven IFD. Significant difference was observed in aflatoxin positivity among food grain workers when compared to other occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India,
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Borutova R, Aragon YA, Nährer K, Berthiller F. Co-occurrence and statistical correlations between mycotoxins in feedstuffs collected in the Asia–Oceania in 2010. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:162-79. [PMID: 22651937 DOI: 10.1017/s095442241200008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M(1), aflatoxin-N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin-albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intake v. biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.
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Barberis CL, Dalcero AM, Magnoli CE. Evaluation of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in interacting mixed cultures of Aspergillus sections Flavi and Nigri on peanut grains. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:149-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Feng YZ, Lu XH, Tao B, Pang MH, Liu YC, Dong JG. Natural occurrence of fumonisins b1 and b2 in corn from three main production provinces in China. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1374-8. [PMID: 21819670 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 255 corn samples collected in 2010 from three main corn production provinces of China (Liaoning, Shandong, and Henan) were analyzed for contamination with fumonisins (FB(1) and FB(2)). The incidence of contamination was significantly higher in samples from Liaoning than in samples from the other two provinces. Approximately 80.0% of the samples from Liaoning were contaminated with fumonisins, with a mean total fumonisin concentration of 3,990 ng/g. In contrast, the mean total fumonisin concentrations were 845 and 665 ng/g in samples from Shandong and Henan, respectively. The probable daily intake of fumonisins (0.3 μg/kg of body weight) is within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2.0 μg/kg of body weight set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Feng
- College of Plant Protection Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
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Reddy K, Salleh B. Co-Occurrence of Moulds and Mycotoxins in Corn Grains Used for Animal Feeds in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2011.668.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Sun G, Wang S, Hu X, Su J, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Zhang H, Tang L, Wang JS. Co-contamination of aflatoxin B1and fumonisin B1in food and human dietary exposure in three areas of China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:461-70. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.544678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Dutton MF. The African Fusarium/maize disease. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:29-39. [PMID: 23604934 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-008-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a general but rather vague feeling that the use of maize (corn) as a staple foodstuff by black rural Africans is somehow a factor in, or is linked to, chronic disease found in these populations. An attempt is made in this review to consider the evidence for this connection and to identify what is actually the root of the problem. The main thrust of the argument to explain this perception is that maize is routinely contaminated with fungi and of these Fusarium verticillioides is found in maize throughout the world. Evidence is presented to this effect and, further, of the mycotoxins found in maize, the fumonisins are the most common and at the highest levels. Various animal chronic diseases arising from the consumption of contaminated maize are reviewed and possible human conditions listed, in some cases related to the known animal ones. A brief overview of the complicated cellular mechanisms of fumonisin B1 is given and it is concluded that the prime suspect in what might be called "the maize disease" can be attributed to the ingestion of this mycotoxin, sometimes in combination with other synergist mycotoxins and other disease factors, such as smoking and drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Dutton
- Food, Environment & Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Gauteng, South Africa,
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Occurrence of Fumonisin B1 in Corn from the Main Corn-Producing Areas of China. Mycopathologia 2008; 167:31-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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González Pereyra M, Pereyra C, Ramírez M, Rosa C, Dalcero A, Cavaglieri L. Determination of mycobiota and mycotoxins in pig feed in central Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:555-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trung T, Tabuc C, Bailly S, Querin A, Guerre P, Bailly J. Fungal mycoflora and contamination of maize from Vietnam with aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty five samples of maize intended for human or animal consumption coming from North, Central and South Vietnam were analysed for fungal contamination and for the presence of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1. The total fungal load was found to be greater in maize intended for animal feed than for human consumption with average levels of 4x106 and 7x105 CFU/g, respectively. Identification of fungal strains revealed that Aspergillus was the most frequent genus, found in all maize samples whatever their intended use or their geographic origin. Among the Aspergillus species, A. flavus was the most frequent contaminant, observed in more than 90% of the samples. Other fungal strains found in the Vietnamese maize samples belonged to Penicillium species, Fusarium verticillioides and to the Mucorales, and were found in up to 53, 33 and 23% of the samples, respectively. All samples were tested for both aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 17 samples (68%). Five of these samples showed aflatoxin B1 levels below 10 µg/kg, ten samples were found to be contaminated in a range of 11.3 to 47.2 µg/kg, and 2 samples showed contamination levels of 98.4 and 126.5 µg/kg, respectively. The maize samples for human consumption were found frequently contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (77%), but the level of contamination was lower than those for animal consumption. Fumonisin B1 contamination was found in 8 out of 25 samples (32%). Detected amounts of fumonisin B1 ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Trung
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Équipe de Mycotoxicologie, P.O. Box 87614, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - C. Tabuc
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Équipe de Mycotoxicologie, P.O. Box 87614, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - S. Bailly
- Laboratoire Myco 2B, P.O. Box 4, 31170 Tournefeuille, France
| | - A. Querin
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Équipe de Mycotoxicologie, P.O. Box 87614, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - P. Guerre
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Équipe de Mycotoxicologie, P.O. Box 87614, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - J. Bailly
- École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Équipe de Mycotoxicologie, P.O. Box 87614, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, France
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Screening of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in feedstuffs and complete feeds for pigs in Southern Vietnam. Trop Anim Health Prod 2007; 40:77-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-007-9056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Ferreira IMPLVO, Mendes E, Oliveira MBPP. Quantification of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2in Pepper by HPLC/Fluorescence. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira
- a REQUIMTE, Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , R. Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050‐047 , Porto , Portugal
| | - E. Mendes
- a REQUIMTE, Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , R. Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050‐047 , Porto , Portugal
| | - M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira
- a REQUIMTE, Serviço de Bromatologia, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , R. Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050‐047 , Porto , Portugal
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Yazdanpanah H, Shephard GS, Marasas WFO, van der Westhuizen L, Rahimian H, Safavi SN, Eskandari P, Ghiasian SA. Human Dietary Exposure to Fumonisin B1 from Iranian Maize Harvested During 1998–2000. Mycopathologia 2006; 161:395-401. [PMID: 16761187 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-006-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) is the most abundant of the fumonisin mycotoxins, mainly produced in maize by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. A previous study on the FB1 contamination of maize harvested in Mazandaran and Isfahan Provinces of Iran in 1998 and 1999 demonstrated contamination in both provinces. This present study was undertaken to further investigate the variation in levels of contamination and to estimate possible levels of human exposure to fumonisins in Iran. The mean level of FB(1) in 49 visually healthy maize samples collected from Mazandaran Province during 2000 was 6.14 mg/kg, which is higher than that found during 1998 and 1999 (2.27 and 3.18 mg/kg, respectively). Although these levels are higher than the Iranian legislative limits for fumonisins in maize intended for humans, the relatively low estimated consumption of maize in Iran (3.3 g/person/day) implies that average exposures (0.011 and 0.215 microg/kg body weight/day in Isfahan and Mazandaran, respectively) are within the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of 2 microg/kg body weight/day set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Nevertheless, certain sections of the population who may consume higher amounts of maize or who may replace all or some of their consumption of other cereals with maize, could well exceed this limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yazdanpanah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Lee NA, Rachmawati S. A rapid ELISA for screening aflatoxin B1in animal feed and feed ingredients in Indonesia. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100600758789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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A protective endophyte of maize: Acremonium zeae antibiotics inhibitory to Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756205002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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HAYASHI Y, YOSHIZAWA T. Survey of cyclopiazonic acid contamination in corn from China and Southeast Asian countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.55.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Marín S, Magan N, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Fumonisin-producing strains of Fusarium: a review of their ecophysiology. J Food Prot 2004; 67:1792-805. [PMID: 15330553 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.8.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the fumonisin-producing Fusarium species and the ecophysiology of these species. The effects of environmental biotic and abiotic factors on germination, growth, and fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum have been investigated under laboratory, field, and storage conditions. An understanding of the factors involved in production of fumonisins is the first step in preventing accumulation of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Marín
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, CeRTA-UTPV, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Pearson TC, Wicklow DT, Pasikatan MC. Reduction of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination in Yellow Corn by High-Speed Dual-Wavelength Sorting. Cereal Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2004.81.4.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Pearson
- Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Grain Marketing Research and Production Research Center, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Phone: 785-776-2729. Fax: 785-537-5550. E-mail:
| | - D. T. Wicklow
- Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604
| | - M. C. Pasikatan
- Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Grain Marketing Research and Production Research Center, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
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Gilbert J, Vargas EA. Advances in Sampling and Analysis for Aflatoxins in Food and Animal Feed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120024099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lipigorngoson S, Limtrakul P, Suttajit M, Yoshizawa T. In-house direct cELISA for determining aflatoxin B1 in Thai corn and peanuts. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:838-45. [PMID: 13129779 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000156060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the problem of aflatoxins (AF) in Thai foods, a sensitive in-house direct cELISA using monoclonal antibody (mAb) was established and compared with a commercial ELISA kit and thin-layer chromatography for the determination of AFB(1) levels in corn and peanuts. Among eight in-house mAbs (AF1-8), AF5 was used in the direct cELISA owing to its excellent specificity and sensitivity with the detection limit of 4 microg kg(-1). The recovery of AFB(1) spiked at 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 microg kg(-1) ranged from 88.1 to 99.5%. Correlation coefficients of the ELISA with the commercial ELISA kit and thin-layer chromatography were 0.912 and 0.802 for corn, and 0.941 and 0.832 for peanuts, respectively (p<0.05). The cost per sample was estimated to be about 16 times lower than the commercial ELISA kit. Subsequently, the in-house direct cELISA was successfully applied to screen the contamination of AFB(1) in Thai corn and peanuts. Mean levels of AFB(1) (per cent positive) were 73 microg kg(-1) (85.7%) in corn and 102 microg kg(-1) (67.9%) in peanuts, for which 46.4% of both foods were above the Thailand regulation limit (20 microg kg(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lipigorngoson
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Picco M, Nesci A, Barros G, Cavaglieri L, Etcheverry M. Aflatoxin B1 and fumosin B1 in mixed cultures of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum on maize. NATURAL TOXINS 2002; 7:331-6. [PMID: 11122525 DOI: 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<331::aid-nt89>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Production of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in pure and mixed cultures of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum were determined on irradiated maize seeds inoculated with different spore concentrations at 0.97 water activity (a(w)) and a temperature of 25 degrees C. The highest levels of aflatoxin B1 were produced by A. flavus at the lowest levels of inoculum (10(3) spore ml(-1)). There was no spore concentration influence on fumonisin B1 production after 10, 20 and 35 days of incubation. When A. flavus was co-inoculated with F. proliferatum, aflatoxin B1 production was inhibited. The higher the inocula levels of Fusarium produced, the higher the inhibition and this inhibition increased during the incubation period. Total inhibition was reached at 35 days of incubation. There was no interaction influence on fumonisin B1 production at all inoculum levels assayed. These results suggest that under optimal environmental conditions of substrate, water activity and temperature, the interaction between A. flavus and F proliferatum could produce inhibition of aflatoxin B1 and stimulation of fumonisin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Picco
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina
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Kim EK, Shon DH, Chung SH, Kim YB. Survey for fumonisin B1 in Korean corn-based food products. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:459-64. [PMID: 12028644 DOI: 10.1080/02652030110113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-six corn-based foods collected in Seoul, Korea, including corn flakes, corn snack, cornstarch, corn for popping, roasted corn for tea, canned sweet corn and other corn products were analysed for the occurrence of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) by using direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The average recoveries of FB(1) from the corn flakes sample in the range 5-1000 ng g(-1) were 104% by dcELISA and 82% by HPLC. The limits of detection were approximately 5 ng g(-1) by dcELISA and 20 ng g(-1) by HPLC. The incidences and mean levels of FB were 73.3, 78.6, 50, 58.3, 17.6 and 40% and 41.8, 67.9, 114, 256, 172 and 22 ng g(-1) from corn flakes, corn snack, corn starch, corn for popping, roasted corn for tea and other corn products, respectively, by dcELISA. No FB(1) was found in canned sweet corn. The results obtained by dcELISA were correlated to those by HPLC for FB(1) (r(2) = 0.992). This is the first report on the occurrence of FB(1) in corn-based foods in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- The Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Sungbuk-gu, Anam-dong 5-1, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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The mycoflora and toxicity of feedstuffs from a production plant in córdoba, Argentina. Mycotoxin Res 2002; 18:7-22. [PMID: 23605946 DOI: 10.1007/bf02946135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Feedstuffs used for poultry nutrition in Argentina were analyzed for fungal flora and natural incidence of mycotoxins. Survey of 120 samples of poultry feeds, taken from May 1998 to April 1999, showed the presence of 15 genera of filamentous fungi. The predominant genera wereFusarium spp. andPenicillium ssp., isolated in 67.5 % of the samples, followed byAspergillus spp. (57.5 %). Yeast, were significantly isolated from most of the samples. Species identification was carried down for the toxigenic genera. Fungal total counts of poultry feeds ranged from 2.0 × 10(3) to 3.0 × 10(5) CFU g(-1) The fungal total counts during two months of sampling, were slightly over the limit value of 1 × 105 CFU g(-1), which ensure the hygienic quality of the feed. Potentially toxicogenic species presented moderate mean colony counts. Many of the fungi isolated from poultry feeds are mycotoxin producers. Fumonisins had the highest incidence, and were found in 97 % of the analyzed samples followed by aflatoxin B1 (46 %), zearalenone (18 %) and deoxynivalenol (6 %). On the co-occurrence of both carcinogenic mycotoxins, all of the FBs contaminated feed samples were co-contaminated with AFB1. The results show the relevance of the samples screening for viable fungi propagules and the surveillance of their associated mycotoxins in poultry feeds.
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44
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Raynal M, Bailly JD, Benard G, Guerre P. Effects of fumonisin B1 present in Fusarium moniliforme culture material on drug metabolising enzyme activities in ducks. Toxicol Lett 2001; 121:179-90. [PMID: 11369472 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of fumonisin B1 (0, 5, 15 and 45 mg/kg/day), obtained from culture material of Fusarium moniliforme, on drug metabolising enzyme activities were investigated in four groups of five growing ducks by daily oral administration over 12 days. No lethality or sign of toxicosis occurred. The liver and kidney weights were increased, whereas microsomal and cytosolic tissue fractions were unaffected. Although the total microsomal P450 content was unaffected, benzphetamine, ethylmorphine, erythromycin N-demethylases and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities were together increased (respectively by 114, 242, 57 and 27% with 5 mg/kg/day and 1024, 969, 200 and 147% with 45 mg/kg/day). By contrast, aminopyrine and nitrosodimethylamine N-demethylases, methoxyresorufin and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylases, and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities were only increased by using 45 mg/kg/day, whereas glutathione S-transferases activities remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raynal
- Mycotoxicology Laboratory, Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse, France
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45
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Kpodo K, Thrane U, Hald B. Fusaria and fumonisins in maize from Ghana and their co-occurrence with aflatoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 61:147-57. [PMID: 11078165 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen maize samples from four markets and processing sites in Accra, Ghana were analysed for fumonisins B1, B2, and B3. All samples contained fumonisins. Total fumonisin levels for 14 samples ranged from 70 to 4222 microg kg(-1). One sample of visibly mouldy kernels contained 52 670 microg kg(-1) total fumonisins. Mycological examination of the samples showed Aspergillus spp. as the most dominant fungi (76.4%) followed by Penicillium spp. (19.9%). Fusarium formed 2.6% with Fusarium verticillioides as the predominant Fusarium species. Thirty-two Fusarium strains representing five species isolated from the maize samples were tested for the production of fumonisins in maize substrates. From 95% (21 of 22) of the F. verticillioides strains tested, all three types of fumonisins were produced. Total fumonisin levels ranged from 127 to 11 052 microg g(-1). Additional studies on maize samples from 15 processing sites in Accra revealed a co-occurrence of both fumonisins and aflatoxins in 53% (8 of 15) of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kpodo
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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46
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Lee HB, Magan N. Impact of environment and interspecific interactions between spoilage fungi and Aspergillus ochraceus on growth and ochratoxin production in maize grain. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 61:11-6. [PMID: 11028955 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Using layers of irradiated but still fertile maize grain, the effects of water activity (0.995, 0.95 a(w)) and temperature (18, 30 degrees C) on interspecific interactions between Aspergillus ochraceus and five other spoilage fungi were examined. Asp. ochraceus was not competitive against Asp. flavus, Asp. niger, or Alternaria alternata at 18 degrees C when water was freely available (0.995 a(w)), while at 0.95 a(w) it was dominant against Asp. candidus, Asp. flavus and Alt. alternata. At 30 degrees C and 0.995 a(w), Asp. ochraceus was dominated by other fungi, except Alt. alternata, and was mutually antagonistic to Asp. candidus and Eurotium amstelodami. However, at 30 degreees C and 0.95 a(w), it was competitive against Asp. candidus and Alt. alternata, but not against the other species examined. The overall Index of Dominance showed that Asp. ochraceus was not competitive under the conditions examined here. At 18 degrees C ochratoxin production by Asp. ochraceus was inhibited significantly by Asp. candidus (0.995 and 0.95 a(w)) and Asp. niger (0.995 a(w)). When grown on maize grain at 30 degrees C, ochratoxin production by Asp. ochraceus was significantly inhibited by other spoilage fungi when both were grown on maize grain, especially by Asp. niger and E. amstelodami (0.995 a(w)) and Asp. flavus at 0.95 a(w). These results suggest that, to a large extent, A. ochraceus is not as competitive as some other spoilage fungi in primary resource capture on maize grain at a(w) of 0.95 or above, although it may modify resource quality and influence secondary colonisation by other species under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Lee
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK
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Medina-Martínez MS, Martínez AJ. Mold occurrence and aflatoxin B(1) and fumonisin B(1) determination in corn samples in Venezuela. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:2833-2836. [PMID: 10898632 DOI: 10.1021/jf991241x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum, which have been associated with several animal and human diseases. Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Both have been reported at high levels in corn. This study was pursued to determine mold, aflatoxin B(1) (AFTB(1)), and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) levels in white and yellow corn. Mold levels were determined using potato dextrose agar and identification of the main genus of molds present in corn, AFTB(1) levels by immunoaffinity chromatography, and FB(1) levels by a Bond-Elut SAX cartridge and HPLC. AFTB(1) an
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Medina-Martínez
- Cátedra de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado Postal 47097, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
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Tseng TC, Liu CY. Natural occurrence of fumonisins B(1) and B(2) in domestic maize of Taiwan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:4799-4801. [PMID: 10552892 DOI: 10.1021/jf990172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Samples of maize grown in various districts of Taiwan were collected and analyzed for the presence of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Forty-nine (44.5%) and 2 (1.8%) of 110 samples were found to contain FB(1) (109-1148 ng/g) and FB(2) (222-255 ng/g), respectively. The frequency of detection and also the maximum FB(1) concentration were found in samples from Penton (2/2, 262 ng/g), followed by Chiayi (18/26, 264 ng/g), Tainan (8/16, 160 ng/g), Hualinen (5/14, 1148 ng/g), Taitung (7/20, 109 ng/g), and Yunlin (9/26, 361 ng/g). Of the 110 samples examined, only 2 samples from Hualinen had been detected containing FB(2). During an analysis of the distribution pattern of FB(1), it became apparent that >79% of tested samples had FB(1) concentrations <100 ng/g, whereas 2.7% (or 3 samples) contained FB(1) >300 ng/g. These results clearly illustrated that domestically produced maize for human consumption is frequently contaminated with FB(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Tseng
- Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Turner PC, Nikiema P, Wild CP. Fumonisin contamination of food: progress in development of biomarkers to better assess human health risks. Mutat Res 1999; 443:81-93. [PMID: 10415433 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(99)00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins, fungal toxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, contaminate maize based foods and feeds throughout the world. They cause liver and kidney toxicity in animals in addition to leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary edema in pigs. Fumonisin B(1) is carcinogenic in rats and mice. Ecological studies have linked consumption of fumonisin contaminated maize with oesophageal cancer in human populations in South Africa and China. This review discusses the potential health risks for people exposed to the fumonisins, and describes how mechanistic studies of toxicity in animal models have allowed the development of putative biomarkers of fumonisin exposure at the individual level. The requirements for an applicable biomarker include sample availability as well as a high specificity and sensitivity for the exposure of interest. Most environmental toxic insults involve complex exposures both to other toxins and to infections; these confounding factors need to be considered in assessing both the validity of the biomarker and the exposure-disease associations. Fumonisins can be detected in the urine of animals in feeding studies but the sensitivity of the current methodology means only highly exposed people could be monitored. Mechanistic studies indicate that ceramide synthase, an enzyme involved in sphingolipid synthesis, is one cellular target for fumonisin toxicity and carcinogenicity, and this disruption to sphingolipid metabolism increases the ratio of two sphingoid precursors, sphinganine and sphingosine. The altered ratio has been observed in tissues, serum and urine for a number of animal models suggesting it as a good candidate marker of fumonisin exposure. Despite development of analytical methods to measure this biomarker there have been no studies to date correlating it to fumonisin intake in people. Given the toxic effects of fumonisins in animals and the widespread human exposure, which has been calculated to reach 440 micrograms kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in a population consuming high quantities (460 g day(-1)) of contaminated maize, then the development of biomarkers and their application in epidemiological studies should be a priority for research on these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Turner
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Algernon Firth Building, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Marín S, Sanchis V, Arnau F, Ramos AJ, Magan N. Colonisation and competitiveness of Aspergillus and Penicillium species on maize grain in the presence of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 45:107-17. [PMID: 9924941 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different steady-state water activity levels (a(w), 0.93, 0.95 and 0.98) and temperature (15 and 25 degrees C) on colonisation patterns of Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., when colonising irradiated maize grain in the presence of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum were assayed in terms of populations (colony forming units, CFUs g grain(-1)), seed infection and colonisation rates. The activity of F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum in grain reduced the presence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus to some extent, particularly at 15 degrees C and higher water availabilities (0.95-0.98 a(w)). In contrast, colonisation patterns of Penicillium implicatum on maize grain were unaffected by either Fusarium spp. in terms of CFUs or seed infection. Correlations were made between CFUs, seed infection, growth rates and niche overlap indices and hyphal interactions to try and link key indicators of competitiveness and dominance by an individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marín
- Food Technology Dept., CeRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure, Spain
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