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Lacko D, Prošek T, Čeněk J, Helísková M, Ugwitz P, Svoboda V, Počaji P, Vais M, Halířová H, Juřík V, Šašinka Č. Analytic and holistic cognitive style as a set of independent manifests: Evidence from a validation study of six measurement instruments. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287057. [PMID: 37310969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive styles are commonly studied constructs in cognitive psychology. The theory of field dependence-independence was one of the most important cognitive styles. Yet in the past, its measurement had significant shortcomings in validity and reliability. The theory of analytic and holistic cognitive styles attempted to extend this theory and overcome its shortcomings. Unfortunately, the psychometric properties of its measurement methods were not properly verified. Furthermore, new statistical approaches, such as analysis of reaction times, have been overlooked by current research. The aim of this pre-registered study was to verify the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity with intelligence and personality, and divergent, concurrent and predictive validity) of several methods routinely applied in the field. We developed/adapted six methods based on self-report questionnaires, rod-and-frame principles, embedded figures, and hierarchical figures. The analysis was conducted on 392 Czech participants, with two data collection waves. The results indicate that the use of methods based on the rod-and-frame principle may be unreliable, demonstrating no absence of association with intelligence. The use of embedded and hierarchical figures is recommended. The self-report questionnaire used in this study showed an unsatisfactory factor structure and also cannot be recommended without futher validation on independent samples. The findings also did not correspond with the original two-dimensional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lacko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Prošek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Čeněk
- Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Helísková
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ugwitz
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Svoboda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Počaji
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Vais
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Halířová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Juřík
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Čeněk Šašinka
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Akerman A, Etkovitch A, Kalanthroff E. Global-Local Processing in ADHD Is Not Limited to the Visuospatial Domain: Novel Evidence From the Auditory Domain. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:822-829. [PMID: 36779530 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231153952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Global-local visuospatial processing has been widely investigated in both healthy and clinical populations. Recent studies indicated that individuals with ADHD lack a global processing bias. However, the extant literature regarding global-local processing style focuses solely on the visual modality. METHODS ADHD (N = 21) and typically developed (TD) controls (N = 24) underwent an auditory global-local task, in which they had to decide whether the melody is ascending or descending in global or local conditions. RESULTS TD controls exhibited a classic global processing bias in the auditory task. The ADHD group exhibited no global processing bias, indicating similar processing for global and local dimensions, implying that individuals with ADHD are distracted by incongruent information in global and local conditions similarly, in both visual and auditory tasks. CONCLUSION A lack of global processing bias in ADHD is not limited to the visuospatial modality and likely reflects a broader and more general processing style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Akerman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Retzler C, Retzler J. Brief Report: Local-Global Processing and Co-occurrence of Anxiety, Autistic and Obsessive-Compulsive Traits in a Non-clinical Sample. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-022-05886-4. [PMID: 36738422 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased local-to-global interference has been found in those with ASD, AD and OCD, and as such, may represent a transdiagnostic marker. As a first step to investigating this, we aimed to assess the overlap in traits of these disorders in a non-clinical sample, and whether local-global processing relates to the traits of the three conditions. METHODS Participants (n = 149) completed questionnaires including the Autism Quotient (AQ), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R) and the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and an online version of the Navon task. Behavioural metrics of interference and precedence were extracted from the task and correlated with trait scores. RESULTS We found moderate to strong correlations between the total scores for ASD, anxiety and OCD. Most local-global processing indices did not relate to traits. CONCLUSION The study found evidence for an overlap in autism, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive traits in a non-clinical sample. However, local-global processing, as measured by the Navon task, did not appear to underpin symptomatology in the sample and could not be considered a transdiagnostic marker. Future research should investigate the value of alternate metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Retzler
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
| | - Jenny Retzler
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Remmers C, Zürn M, Anoschin A, Topolinski S, Zimmermann J. Intuition and meaning in life in persons with varying level of depressive symptoms and impairments in personality functioning. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:1398-1419. [PMID: 36693351 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current research explored the interplay between intuition, meaning in life, and psychopathology. Specifically, we investigated whether experiential and reflective components of meaning in life are associated with depressive symptoms and personality pathology, whether intuition is related to the experience of meaning, and whether psychopathology has disruptive effects on intuition as well as on the link between intuition and the experience of meaning. METHODS We tested our preregistered hypotheses in two independent studies. In Study 1, N = 448 participants completed self-report instruments assessing the experiential and the reflective dimensions of meaning in life, depressive symptoms, and impairments in personality functioning. Intuition was operationalized as the ability to intuitively detect semantic coherence in an experimental task. Additionally, self-reported confidence in intuition was assessed. In Study 2, we aimed to replicate our findings and hypotheses that emerged from Study 1 with a new sample of N = 1189 participants. RESULTS In both studies, participants with more depressive symptoms or higher levels of personality pathology experienced life as less meaningful but reflected significantly more about meaning in life. The intuitive ability to discriminate between coherence and incoherence in the experimental task was neither related to the experience of meaning in life nor to psychopathology, but more confidence in intuition was associated with experiencing life as more meaningful and with less psychopathological symptoms. It was tentatively supported that the association between meaning in life and intuition was moderated by psychopathology. CONCLUSION The findings are discussed in terms of their clinical implications and regarding the cognitive-affective processes potentially underlying people's experience of life being meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Remmers
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Michael Zürn
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albert Anoschin
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Cushing CA, Dawes AJ, Hofmann SG, Lau H, LeDoux JE, Taschereau-Dumouchel V. A generative adversarial model of intrusive imagery in the human brain. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgac265. [PMID: 36733294 PMCID: PMC9887942 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the subjective experiences of mental disorders remain poorly understood. This is partly due to long-standing over-emphasis on behavioral and physiological symptoms and a de-emphasis of the patient's subjective experiences when searching for treatments. Here, we provide a new perspective on the subjective experience of mental disorders based on findings in neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, we propose the subjective experience that occurs in visual imagination depends on mechanisms similar to generative adversarial networks that have recently been developed in AI. The basic idea is that a generator network fabricates a prediction of the world, and a discriminator network determines whether it is likely real or not. Given that similar adversarial interactions occur in the two major visual pathways of perception in people, we explored whether we could leverage this AI-inspired approach to better understand the intrusive imagery experiences of patients suffering from mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder. In our model, a nonconscious visual pathway generates predictions of the environment that influence the parallel but interacting conscious pathway. We propose that in some patients, an imbalance in these adversarial interactions leads to an overrepresentation of disturbing content relative to current reality, and results in debilitating flashbacks. By situating the subjective experience of intrusive visual imagery in the adversarial interaction of these visual pathways, we propose testable hypotheses on novel mechanisms and clinical applications for controlling and possibly preventing symptoms resulting from intrusive imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cushing
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexei J Dawes
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hakwan Lau
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
| | - Joseph E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science and Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Vincent Taschereau-Dumouchel
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1N 3M5, Canada
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Van Beveren ML, Braet J, De Raedt R, Grol M, Wante L, Braet C. Always look on the bright side of life: Individual differences in visual attentional breadth for understanding temperament and emotion regulation in adolescents. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1094108. [PMID: 36936000 PMCID: PMC10018151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1094108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive-affective models of depression show that negative and positive emotionality differentially confer risk for depression through maladaptive and adaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies respectively. Yet, no research has examined the mechanisms through which these temperament traits shape individual differences in ER. The current study explored the mediating role of attentional breadth for emotional information in the distinct pathways from temperament to ER strategies in adolescents. Methods The hypotheses were tested in a selected sample of 71 adolescents (M = 14.15, SD = 1.90; 62% girls) using a previously validated measure of visuospatial attentional breadth. Results First, positive emotionality was positively associated with attentional breadth for positive stimuli and temperamental vulnerable adolescents showed deficits in the processing of positive stimuli when presented far from the center of the visual field. Second, attentional breadth towards neutral stimuli was positively related to adaptive ER strategies. Third, no evidence was found for the proposed mediation models. However, post-hoc analyses provided preliminary evidence for a reversed mediation model in which adaptive ER strategies mediate the relationship between temperament and attentional breadth towards neutral stimuli. Discussion The results underscore the apparent complexity of the relations between temperament, attentional breadth, and ER and point out the need for further research in order to inform early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lotte Van Beveren
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jolien Braet,
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maud Grol
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Wante
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Decomposing Working Memory in Recurrent Major Depression: Impaired Encoding and Limited Maintenance Immune-to-Encoding Constraint. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010038. [PMID: 36672020 PMCID: PMC9856303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that working memory (WM) is dysfunctional in depression. However, whether this impaired performance originates from impaired encoding, maintenance or both stages is still unclear. Here, we aimed to decompose the abnormal characteristics of encoding and maintenance in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). Thirty patients and thirty-nine healthy controls completed a spatial working memory task where the encoding time and the retention time could vary under different load levels. Encoding performance was assessed by comparing accuracies between short and long encoding times, and maintenance performance was assessed by comparing accuracies between short and long retention times. The results show a lower performance in depression than the controls. However, while the decreased accuracy by long retention (vs. short retention) was increased by a short encoding time in the control group, the retention performance of the depression group did not further suffer from the short encoding time. The generally impaired encoding, together with limited maintenance of immunity against the constrained encoding time, suggests a common bias for fixed internal processing over external processing in recurrent MDD. The paradigm provided in this study can be a convenient and efficient clinical test for assessing the WM encoding and maintenance function.
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Intact face detection in young patients with major depressive disorder revealed by the face-specific N170 component. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14099. [PMID: 35982109 PMCID: PMC9388644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the face perceptual processing, especially the perceptual computation in early stages of processing faces, impaired in young patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study, the face perception was investigated by analyzing the early ERP components in response to upright and inverted faces versus objects. Across all conditions, both the P1 and the N170 components were similar in MDD patients versus in the controls, regardless of latencies or amplitudes. Faces elicited larger N170 than objects (N170 face effect) and inverted faces elicited higher and delayed N170 (N170 inversion effect); however, none of these effects were modulated by depression. These findings suggest that there is intact perceptual mechanism of processing faces in young MDD patients, relying primarily on global/configural information versus non-face objects.
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Zhao L, Wang X, Sun G. Positive Classification Advantage of Categorizing Emotional Faces in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychol 2022; 13:734405. [PMID: 35846609 PMCID: PMC9284029 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.734405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether patients with MDD (major depressive disorder) have deficits in emotional face classification as well as the perceptual mechanism. We found that, compared with the control group, MDD patients exhibited slower speed and lower accuracy in emotional face classification. In normal controls, happy faces were classified faster than sad faces, i.e., positive classification advantage (PCA), which disappeared under the inverted condition. MDD patients showed PCA similar to the control group, although the inversion effects of happy and sad faces were more evident. These data suggest that the dysfunction of categorizing emotional faces in MDD patients could be due to general impairment in decoding facial expressions, reflecting the more common perceptual motion defects in face expression classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Zhao
- School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Gang Sun
- The Department of Medical Imaging, The 960 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Sun
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Abdolalizadeh A, Nabavi S. Visual Attention and Poor Sleep Quality. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:850372. [PMID: 35720693 PMCID: PMC9202476 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.850372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSleep deprivation disrupts visual attention; however, the effects of chronic poor sleep quality on it are not understood. The dorsal attention network (DAN) and the ventral attention network (VAN) are involved in visual attention and search (VSA), with the DAN being important for the serial attention network and the VAN for parallel “pop-out” visual search.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate correlation of sleep quality with visual attention and search, functional, and tracts’ properties of the DAN and VAN.Materials and MethodsWe recruited 79 young male subjects and assessed their sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), dividing subjects into poor sleepers (PSs) and good sleepers (GSs) based on a cutoff of 5. Daytime sleepiness, sleep hygiene, depression, and anxiety levels were also evaluated. We assessed VSA using a computerized match-to-sample (MTS) task. We extracted functional networks and tracts of the VAN and DAN and statistically assessed group differences in task performance and imaging covarying age, depression, and anxiety. An interaction model with MTS × group was also done on imaging.ResultsIn total, 43.67% of subjects were PSs. Sleep quality significantly correlated with daytime sleepiness, sleep hygiene, depression, and anxiety (all p < 0.001). No between-group differences were seen in task performance and functional or tract properties of the attention networks. Interaction analysis showed that the task performance was highly reliant on the DAN in PSs and on the VAN in GSs.ConclusionOur findings show no association between sleep quality and VSA in task performance and imaging correlates of the attention network. However, unlike the GS group, poor sleep quality is associated with VSA being more reliant on the DAN than on the VAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhussein Abdolalizadeh
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nabavi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Samaneh Nabavi,
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Shi H, Sun G, Zhao L. The effect of age on the early stage of face perception in depressed patients: An ERP study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:710614. [PMID: 35966461 PMCID: PMC9366469 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.710614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the age effect on face perceptual processing in MDD patients by analyzing the N170 component in response to faces and objects presented in upright and inverted conditions. For controls, although the N170 amplitude, overall, did not differ between young and middle-aged participants, the size of N170 inversion effect was larger for young than for middle-aged controls, but the N170 face effect was not influenced by age. For young participants, MDD patients showed N170 amplitude similar to controls and neither the N170 face effect nor the N170 inversion effect were influenced by depression. For middle-aged participants, MDD patients revealed larger N170 than did controls, and both the size of N170 inversion effect and the N170 face effect were larger for MDD patients than controls. These data indicate that, at least at the early stage of face perception, there is altered face perception in middle-aged but not in young MDD patients. This research could provide new evidence for clinical assessment of cognitive function in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- School of Foreign Languages, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Gang Sun
- The Department of Medical Imaging, The 960th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Runia N, Yücel DE, Lok A, de Jong K, Denys DAJP, van Wingen GA, Bergfeld IO. The neurobiology of treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:433-448. [PMID: 34890601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a debilitating condition associated with higher medical costs, increased illness burden, and reduced quality of life compared to non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). The question arises whether TRD can be considered a distinct MDD sub-type based on neurobiological features. To answer this question we conducted a systematic review of neuroimaging studies investigating the neurobiological differences between TRD and non-TRD. Our main findings are that patients with TRD show 1) reduced functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN), 2) reduced FC between components of the DMN and other brain areas, and 3) hyperactivity of DMN regions. In addition, aberrant activity and FC in the occipital lobe may play a role in TRD. The main limitations of most studies were related to inherent confounding factors for comparing TRD with non-TRD, such as differences in disease chronicity/severity and medication history. Future studies may use prospective longitudinal neuroimaging designs to delineate which effects are present in treatment-naive patients and which effects are the result of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Runia
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dilan E Yücel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Lok
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kiki de Jong
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damiaan A J P Denys
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isidoor O Bergfeld
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Hartikainen KM. Emotion-Attention Interaction in the Right Hemisphere. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1006. [PMID: 34439624 PMCID: PMC8394055 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemispheric asymmetries in affective and cognitive functions have been extensively studied. While both cerebral hemispheres contribute to most affective and cognitive processes, neuroscientific literature and neuropsychological evidence support an overall right hemispheric dominance for emotion, attention and arousal. Emotional stimuli, especially those with survival value such as threat, tend to be prioritized in attentional resource competition. Arousing unpleasant emotional stimuli have prioritized access, especially to right-lateralized attention networks. Interference of task performance may be observed when limited resources are exhausted by task- and emotion-related processing. Tasks that rely on right hemisphere-dependent processing, like attending to the left visual hemifield or global-level visual features, are especially vulnerable to interference due to attention capture by unpleasant emotional stimuli. The aim of this review is to present literature regarding the special role of the right hemisphere in affective and attentional brain processes and their interaction. Furthermore, clinical and technological implications of this interaction will be presented. Initially, the effects of focal right hemisphere lesion or atrophy on emotional functions will be introduced. Neurological right hemisphere syndromes including aprosodia, anosognosia and neglect, which further point to the predominance of the intact right hemisphere in emotion, attention and arousal will be presented. Then there will be a brief review of electrophysiological evidence, as well as evidence from patients with neglect that support attention capture by emotional stimuli in the right hemisphere. Subsequently, experimental work on the interaction of emotion, attention and cognition in the right hemispheres of healthy subjects will be presented. Finally, clinical implications for better understanding and assessment of alterations in emotion-attention interaction due to brain disorder or treatment, such as neuromodulation, that impact affective brain functions will be discussed. It will be suggested that measuring right hemispheric emotion-attention interactions may provide basis for novel biomarkers of brain health. Such biomarkers allow for improved diagnostics in brain damage and disorders and optimized treatments. To conclude, future technological applications will be outlined regarding brain physiology-based measures that reflect engagement of the right hemisphere in affective and attentional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M. Hartikainen
- Behavioral Neurology Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland; or
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Čeněk J, Tsai JL, Šašinka Č. Cultural variations in global and local attention and eye-movement patterns during the perception of complex visual scenes: Comparison of Czech and Taiwanese university students. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242501. [PMID: 33196671 PMCID: PMC7668589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on cross-cultural differences in visual attention has been inconclusive. Some studies have suggested the existence of systematic differences in global and local attention and context sensitivity, while others have produced negative or mixed results. The objective in this study was to examine the similarities and differences in holistic and analytic cognitive styles in a sample of Czech and Taiwanese university students. Two cognitive tasks were conducted: a Compound Figures Test and a free-viewing scene perception task which manipulated several focal objects and measured eye-movement patterns. An analysis of the reaction times in the Compound Figures Test showed no clear differences between either sample. An analysis of eye-movement metrics showed certain differences between the samples. While Czechs tended to focus relatively more on the focal objects measured by the number of fixations, the Taiwanese subjects spent more time fixating on the background. The results were consistent for scenes with one or two focal objects. The results of a correlation analysis of both tasks showed that they were unrelated. These results showed certain differences between the samples in visual perception but were not as systematic as the theory of holistic and analytic cognitive styles would suggest. An alternative model of cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Čeněk
- Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jie-Li Tsai
- Laboratory of Eye-Movements and Reading, Centre for the Mind, Brain and Learning, Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Čeněk Šašinka
- Division of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Beatteay A, Wilbiks JMP. The effects of major depressive disorder symptoms on audiovisual integration. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1825452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Beatteay
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick – Saint John, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. P. Wilbiks
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick – Saint John, Saint John, NB, Canada
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16
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Uldall SW, Madsen KH, Siebner HR, Lanius R, Frewen P, Fischer E, Madsen CG, Leffers AM, Rostrup E, Carlsson JL, Nejad AB. Processing of Positive Visual Stimuli Before and After Symptoms Provocation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Trauma-Affected Male Refugees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:2470547020917623. [PMID: 32518887 PMCID: PMC7254584 DOI: 10.1177/2470547020917623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Symptoms of anhedonia are often central to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it is unclear how anhedonia is affected by processes induced by reliving past traumatic memories. Methods Sixty-nine male refugees (PTSD = 38) were interviewed and scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing positive, neutral and Scrambled Pictures after being read personalized scripts evoking an emotionally neutral memory and a traumatic memory. We further measured postprovocation state symptoms, physiological measures and PTSD symptoms. We tested whether neural activity associated with positive picture viewing in participants with PTSD was differentially affected by symptom provocation compared to controls. Results For the pictures > scrambled contrast (Positive contrast), PTSD participants had significantly less activity than controls in fusiform gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus and left middle occipital gyrus. The Positive contrast activity in fusiform gyrus scaled negatively with anhedonia symptoms in PTSD participants after controlling for total PTSD severity. Relative to the emotionally Neutral Script, the Trauma Script decreased positive picture viewing activity in posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and left calcarine gyrus, but there was no difference between PTSD participants and controls. Conclusions We found reduced responsiveness of higher visual processing of emotionally positive pictures in PTSD. The significant correlation found between positive picture viewing activity and anhedonia suggests the reduced responsiveness to be due to the severity of anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd W Uldall
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry (CTP), Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer H Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ruth Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada
| | - Paul Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada
| | - Elvira Fischer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark.,iMotions, Denmark
| | - Camilla G Madsen
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Leffers
- Department of Radiology, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) & Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jessica L Carlsson
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry (CTP), Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ayna B Nejad
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark.,Translational Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology & Translational Medicine, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
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17
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Response interference by central foils is modulated by dimensions of depression and anxiety. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:1818-1834. [PMID: 31925735 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We used a maximum-likelihood-based model selection approach to investigate what aspects of affective traits influence flanker interference in a nonaffective task. A total of 153 undergraduates completed measures of anhedonic depression, anxious arousal, anxious apprehension, and a modified flanker task with two levels of perceptual load. For central foils, the most parsimonious model included load, depression, and anxious arousal. Participants scoring low on the depression and anxious arousal scales exhibited a typical perceptual load effect, with larger interference effects observed under low perceptual load compared with high perceptual load conditions. Increased depression symptoms were associated with a reduced perceptual load effect. However, the load effect reemerged in individuals who scored high on both depression and anxious arousal scales, but to a lesser extent than those scoring low on both. This pattern of results underscores the importance of studying co-occurring affective traits and their interactions in the same sample. For peripherally presented foils, the model that only included load as a factor was more parsimonious than any of the models incorporating affective traits. These findings suggest avenues for future research and highlight the role of diverse affective symptoms on various aspects of nonemotional attentional processing.
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18
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Barbour T, Holmes AJ, Farabaugh AH, DeCross SN, Coombs G, Boeke EA, Wolthusen RPF, Nyer M, Pedrelli P, Fava M, Holt DJ. Elevated Amygdala Activity in Young Adults With Familial Risk for Depression: A Potential Marker of Low Resilience. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:194-202. [PMID: 31948836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amygdala overactivity has been frequently observed in patients with depression, as well as in nondepressed relatives of patients with depression. A remaining unanswered question is whether elevated amygdala activity in those with familial risk for depression is related to the presence of subthreshold symptoms or to a trait-level vulnerability for illness. METHODS To examine this question, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected in nondepressed young adults with (family history [FH+]) (n = 27) or without (FH-) (n = 45) a first-degree relative with a history of depression while they viewed images of "looming" or withdrawing stimuli (faces and cars) that varied in salience by virtue of their apparent proximity to the subject. Activation of the amygdala and 2 other regions known to exhibit responses to looming stimuli, the dorsal intraparietal sulcus (DIPS) and ventral premotor cortex (PMv), were measured, as well as levels of resilience, anxiety, and psychotic and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Compared with the FH- group, the FH+ group exhibited significantly greater responses of the amygdala, but not the dorsal intraparietal sulcus or ventral premotor cortex, to looming face stimuli. Moreover, amygdala responses in the FH+ group were negatively correlated with levels of resilience and unrelated to levels of subthreshold symptoms of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that elevated amygdala activity in nondepressed young adults with a familial history of depression is more closely linked to poor resilience than to current symptom state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Barbour
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amy H Farabaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie N DeCross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Garth Coombs
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emily A Boeke
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Rick P F Wolthusen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Nyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paola Pedrelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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19
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Association between dynamic resting-state functional connectivity and ketamine plasma levels in visual processing networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11484. [PMID: 31391479 PMCID: PMC6685940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrate ketamine’s influence on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Seed-based and static rsFC estimation methods may oversimplify FC. These limitations can be addressed with whole-brain, dynamic rsFC estimation methods. We assessed data from 27 healthy subjects who underwent two 3 T resting-state fMRI scans, once under subanesthetic, intravenous esketamine and once under placebo, in a randomized, cross-over manner. We aimed to isolate only highly robust effects of esketamine on dynamic rsFC by using eight complementary methodologies derived from two dynamic rsFC estimation methods, two functionally defined atlases and two statistical measures. All combinations revealed a negative influence of esketamine on dynamic rsFC within the left visual network and inter-hemispherically between visual networks (p < 0.05, corrected), hereby suggesting that esketamine’s influence on dynamic rsFC is highly stable in visual processing networks. Our findings may be reflective of ketamine’s role as a model for psychosis, a disorder associated with alterations to visual processing and impaired inter-hemispheric connectivity. Ketamine is a highly effective antidepressant and studies have shown changes to sensory processing in depression. Dynamic rsFC in sensory processing networks might be a promising target for future investigations of ketamine’s antidepressant properties. Mechanistically, sensitivity of visual networks for esketamine’s effects may result from their high expression of NMDA-receptors.
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20
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Ji LJ, Yap S, Best MW, McGeorge K. Global Processing Makes People Happier Than Local Processing. Front Psychol 2019; 10:670. [PMID: 30984079 PMCID: PMC6448006 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research demonstrates that mood can influence level of perceptual processing (global vs. local). The present research shows that level of perceptual processing can influence mood as well. In four studies, we manipulated people's level of perceptual processing using a Navon letter task (Study 1), landscape scenery (Study 2), and Google Maps Street View images (Studies 3 and 4). Results from these studies and a meta-analysis support the conclusion that global processing results in higher happiness than local processing. In conjunction with previous findings that mood affects level of cognitive processing, these results suggest that the link between level of processing and mood may be reciprocal and bidirectional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Suhui Yap
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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21
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The local perceptual bias of a non-remote and educated population. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1211-1222. [PMID: 30806811 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 1977, Navon argued that perception is biased towards the processing of global as opposed to local visual information (or the forest before the trees) and implicitly assumed this to be true across places and cultures. Previous work with normally developing participants has supported this assumption except in one extremely remote African population. Here, we explore local-global perceptual bias in normally developing African participants living much less remotely than the African population tested previously. These participants had access to modern artefacts and education but presented with a local bias on a similarity-matching Navon task, contrary to Navon's assumptions. Nevertheless, the urban and more educated amongst these participants showed a weaker local bias than the rural and less educated participants, suggesting an effect of urbanicity and education in driving differences in perceptual bias. Our findings confirm the impact of experience on perceptual bias and suggest that differences in the impact of education and urbanicity on lifestyles around the world can result in profound differences in perceptual style. In addition, they suggest that local bias is more common than previously thought; a global bias might not be universal after all.
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22
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Becker KR, Plessow F, Coniglio KA, Tabri N, Franko DL, Zayas LV, Germine L, Thomas JJ, Eddy KT. Global/local processing style: Explaining the relationship between trait anxiety and binge eating. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:1264-1272. [PMID: 28963792 PMCID: PMC5766013 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety is a risk factor for disordered eating, but the mechanisms by which anxiety promotes disordered eating are poorly understood. One possibility is local versus global cognitive processing style, defined as a relative tendency to attend to details at the expense of the "big picture." Anxiety may narrow attention, in turn, enhancing local and/or compromising global processing. We examined relationships between global/local processing style, anxiety, and disordered eating behaviors in a transdiagnostic outpatient clinical sample. We hypothesized that local (vs. global) processing bias would mediate the relationship between anxiety and disordered eating behaviors. METHOD Ninety-three participants completed the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-trait subscale, and the Navon task (a test of processing style in which large letters are composed of smaller letters both congruent and incongruent with the large letter). The sample was predominantly female (95%) with a mean age of 27.4 years (SD = 12.1 years). RESULTS Binge eating, but not fasting, purging, or excessive exercise, was correlated with lower levels of global processing style. There was a significant indirect effect between anxiety and binge eating via reduced global level global/local processing. DISCUSSION In individuals with disordered eating, being more generally anxious may encourage a detailed-oriented bias, preventing individuals from maintaining the bigger picture and making them more likely to engage in maladaptive behaviors (e.g., binge eating).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra R. Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence: Dr. Kendra R. Becker, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200 Boston, MA 02114.
| | - Franziska Plessow
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence: Dr. Kendra R. Becker, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2 Longfellow Place, Suite 200 Boston, MA 02114.
| | - Kathryn A. Coniglio
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debra L Franko
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lazaro V. Zayas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Germine
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,McLean Hospital, Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer J. Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kamryn T. Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Bellaera L, von Mühlenen A. The effect of induced sadness and moderate depression on attention networks. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1140-1152. [PMID: 27322353 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1197101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates how sadness and minor/moderate depression influences the three functions of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive control using the Attention Network Test. The aim of the study is to investigate whether minor-to-moderate depression is more similar to sadness or clinical depression with regard to attentional processing. It was predicted that both induced sadness and minor-to-moderate depression will influence executive control by narrowing spatial attention and in turn this will lead to less interference from the flanker items (i.e. less effects of congruency) due to a focused attentional state. No differences were predicted for alerting or orienting functions. The results from the two experiments, the first inducing sadness (Experiment 1) and the second measuring subclinical depression (Experiment 2), show that, as expected, participants who are sad or minor to moderately depressed showed less flanker interference compared to participants who were neither sad nor depressed. This study provides strong evidence, that irrespective of its aetiology, sadness and minor/moderate depression have similar effects on spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bellaera
- a Faculty of Education , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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24
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Ballantyne CJ, Núñez M. Developmental trajectories of hierarchical visuo-spatial processing in fragile X syndrome and ASD: Within- and cross-syndrome variability. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 51-52:103-115. [PMID: 26809150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Despite the advances in understanding visuo-spatial processing in developmental disorders such as ASD and fragile X syndrome (FXS), less is known about the profile of those with a comorbid diagnosis, or the role of within-disorder disparities between individuals across the ASD spectrum. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Using a developmental trajectory approach, we tested 5 groups of children: Typically developing, FXS, FXS+ASD, ASD individuals who had low-moderate symptoms (HFA) and ASD individuals who had severe symptoms (LFA). Symptoms of ASD were assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: CARS and hierarchical visuo-spatial processing was assessed using the Navon task. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Crucially, results differed between HFA and LFA participants. Furthermore, the pattern of results differed between those who had a diagnosis of FXS only and FXS+ASD. Poorer performance within the FXS groups and the group who are low functioning on the ASD spectrum indicated a delayed developmental rate compared to typical controls. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study showed that diagnosis and severity of symptoms are indicative of differences in visuo-spatial processing styles. It is important that heterogeneity within FXS and ASD populations are considered in subsequent studies and look beyond diagnostic group differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Ballantyne
- Division of Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
| | - María Núñez
- Division of Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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25
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Zmigrod S, Zmigrod L, Hommel B. Zooming into creativity: individual differences in attentional global-local biases are linked to creative thinking. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1647. [PMID: 26579030 PMCID: PMC4626568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While recent studies have investigated how processes underlying human creativity are affected by particular visual-attentional states, we tested the impact of more stable attention-related preferences. These were assessed by means of Navon’s global-local task, in which participants respond to the global or local features of large letters constructed from smaller letters. Three standard measures were derived from this task: the sizes of the global precedence effect, the global interference effect (i.e., the impact of incongruent letters at the global level on local processing), and the local interference effect (i.e., the impact of incongruent letters at the local level on global processing). These measures were correlated with performance in a convergent-thinking creativity task (the Remote Associates Task), a divergent-thinking creativity task (the Alternate Uses Task), and a measure of fluid intelligence (Raven’s matrices). Flexibility in divergent thinking was predicted by the local interference effect while convergent thinking was predicted by intelligence only. We conclude that a stronger attentional bias to visual information about the “bigger picture” promotes cognitive flexibility in searching for multiple solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Zmigrod
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernhard Hommel
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
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26
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Wilson NA, Batchelor J. Examining Rey Complex Figure Test organization in healthy adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:1052-61. [PMID: 26325340 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1075473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Grol M, Raedt RD. Effects of positive mood on attentional breadth for emotional stimuli. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1277. [PMID: 25426089 PMCID: PMC4227488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although earlier studies have related positive emotions to attentional broadening, recent findings point out the complexity of this relation and show that these broadening effects interact with factors such as characteristics of the information that is presented. Besides stimuli characteristics, individual characteristics such as the presence of depressive symptoms could also influence the broadening effects as depressive symptoms have previously been related to a more narrow attentional scope. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate the attentional broadening effects of positive emotions, testing whether this is influenced by the emotional valence of the information presented and secondly, how the presence of depressive symptoms might interact with this relationship. We used a performance-based measure to assess fluctuations in attentional broadening for positive, neutral, and negative stimuli. We assessed the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in an unselected study sample and tested whether these symptoms moderate the relationship between induced positive mood and attentional breadth for emotional information. Results showed no direct relation between positive mood and attentional breadth, regardless of the emotional valence of the stimuli. However, the presence of depressive symptoms moderated this relationship in such a way that among low levels of depressive symptoms, positive mood was related to attentional broadening specifically when positive information was presented, while at high levels of depressive symptoms this relation was reversed. The current findings suggest that both stimuli characteristics, individual characteristics and their interplay should be taken into account when investigating the broadening effects of positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Grol
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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