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Yang KH, Kepner W, Nijum A, Han BH, Palamar JJ. Prevalence and Correlates of Past Year Ecstasy/MDMA Use in the United States. J Addict Med 2023; 17:592-597. [PMID: 37788615 PMCID: PMC10593986 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (also known as "ecstasy" or "Molly") has regained attention in recent years for its efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder, and the drug was granted breakthrough therapy designation for such use by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017. However, little is known about the current epidemiology of recreational ecstasy/MDMA use. METHODS We estimated past-year prevalence and correlates of ecstasy/MDMA use based on a representative sample of noninstitutionalized US individuals 12 years or older from the 2015-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 315,661). RESULTS An estimated 0.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-1.0) of individuals used ecstasy/MDMA in the past year. Compared with those ages 35-49 years, all younger age groups were at increased odds for use, while those older than 50 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.08-0.23) were at low odds for use. Compared with heterosexual men, those identifying as bisexual women (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.02-1.72) were at increased odds for use, and compared with White individuals, those identifying as Asian (aOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.42-2.59), Black (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.41-2.06), or multiracial (aOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.19-2.16) were at increased odds for use. Past-year use of other drugs (e.g., cannabis, ketamine), prescription drug misuse (e.g., pain relievers, stimulants), nicotine dependence (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00-1.45), and alcohol use disorder (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.25-1.58) were also associated with increased odds for use. CONCLUSIONS While use of ecstasy/MDMA continues to be relatively rare, findings from this study can help inform prevention and harm reduction strategies, especially among certain subpopulations that are at high risk for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Yang
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wayne Kepner
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anamika Nijum
- University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Han
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph J. Palamar
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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2
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Burbage ML, Vidourek RA, Lin YH, King KA. Ecstasy Use among Youth: an Examination of Psychosocial Factors. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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3
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Ching TH, Williams MT, Wang JB, Jerome L, Yazar-Klosinski B, Emerson A, Doblin R. MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pooled analysis of ethnoracial differences in efficacy and safety from two Phase 2 open-label lead-in trials and a Phase 3 randomized, blinded placebo-controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:974-986. [PMID: 35727042 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited ethnoracial diversity in previous ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) trials for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has prompted questions concerning whether Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) also benefit from this treatment. METHODS Secondary analysis was conducted using a modified intent-to-treat sample pooled from two Phase 2 open-label trials and a Phase 3 randomized, blinded placebo-controlled trial to compare efficacy and safety of MDMA-AT for PTSD between BIPOC and non-Hispanic White participants. Four subgroups were of interest: MDMA-AT, BIPOC (n = 20); MDMA-AT, non-Hispanic White (n = 63); Placebo-assisted therapy (Placebo-AT), BIPOC (n = 17); and Placebo-AT, non-Hispanic White (n = 27). Planned comparisons tested subgroup differences in changes in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) scores from baseline to primary endpoint, controlling for study type and baseline scores. Adverse events (AEs) on the day of (day 0) to 2 days post-dosing were reported for each subgroup. RESULTS In the MDMA-AT group, no significant ethnoracial difference in CAPS-5 change scores was observed. In the Placebo-AT group, BIPOC participants trended toward greater reductions in CAPS-5 scores than non-Hispanic Whites. Among non-Hispanic Whites, MDMA-AT was accompanied by significantly greater reductions in CAPS-5 scores than Placebo-AT. No treatment difference emerged among BIPOC participants. AEs were mostly rated as mild or moderate across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary support for the efficacy and safety of MDMA-AT for treating PTSD across ethnoracial groups. There was also a trend toward greater efficacy with Placebo-AT among BIPOC participants. There was an imbalance in subgroups, highlighting the need for culturally responsive recruitment strategies to diversify future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Hw Ching
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, USA
| | | | - Julie B Wang
- MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Jerome
- MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Amy Emerson
- MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rick Doblin
- Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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4
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Hong JS, Wang M, Kim DH, VanHook CR, Clark Goings TT, Voisin DR. Subtypes of Bullying and Types of Substance Use among Urban African American Adolescents: Who Is Likely to Use What? SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 37:484-498. [PMID: 35068388 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2022.2029788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the types of drugs likely to be used by bullies, victims, and bully/victims. Participants comprise African American adolescents from three high schools, one youth church group, two community youth programs, and four public venues in low-income communities in Chicago's Southside. A series of logistic regression analyses and latent class analyses were employed. Victims are likely to use alcohol, marijuana, and lean/krokodil. Bullies were likely to use alcohol and marijuana. Bully/victims were not at risk of any of the substances. Our LCA findings revealed a lower occurrence of substance use among victims although 30% used alcohol and marijuana; more than half of bullies showed high levels of alcohol, marijuana, and lean/krokodil use; a diverse pattern of drug use was shown among bully/victims although their lean/krokodil and crack/cocaine use was higher than other subgroups of bullying. The drugs of choice for African American bullies, victims, or bully/victims are variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Chungwoon University, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Cortney R VanHook
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trenette T Clark Goings
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dexter R Voisin
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Basedow LA, Kuitunen‐Paul S. Motives for the use of serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:1391-1403. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Kuitunen‐Paul
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Technische Universität Chemnitz Chemnitz Germany
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6
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Liebregts N, Rigoni R, Petruželka B, Barták M, Rowicka M, Zurhold H, Schiffer K. Different phases of ATS use call for different interventions: a large qualitative study in Europe. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35413972 PMCID: PMC9004030 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are globally widely used. Scientific literature generally defines four phases of substance use (initiation, continuation, increase and decrease); however, there is limited understanding of what influences these different phases of ATS use. The ATTUNE study investigated which factors shape individual phases of use, or ATS use patterns. In this article, we report on these phases into and out of ATS use, and propose a set of recommendations for prevention, harm reduction and treatment of the different phases of ATS use. METHODS Qualitative, semi-structured interviews (n = 237) were conducted in five different European countries with participants who had used ATS, varying from a few times in a lifetime to daily. RESULTS Amphetamine and MDMA were the most commonly used ATS. Yet, types of ATS used differed between the countries. We found that people who use ATS have various motives for and dynamic patterns of ATS use with alternating phases of increase, continuation, decrease and sometimes dependence. Cessation was pursued in different ways and for diverse reasons, such as mental health problems and maturing out. Availability seemed not an issue, regardless of the type of ATS, phase or country. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that tailor-made interventions are needed for the diverse types of people who use ATS and different phases or patterns of ATS use, to reduce possible harms of use. We recommended a set of interventions for the different ATS phases. These include drug checking services, peer-led information, self-management of ATS use, mental health support to help people cope with stressful life events and prevent uncontrolled use, and follow-up support after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Liebregts
- Correlation-European Harm Reduction Network, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Bonger Institute of Criminology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rafaela Rigoni
- Correlation-European Harm Reduction Network, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Petruželka
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Barták
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Rowicka
- Institute of Psychology, Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Heike Zurhold
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Addiction Research of Hamburg University (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schiffer
- Correlation-European Harm Reduction Network, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Jahn ZW, Lopez J, de la Salle S, Faber S, Williams MT. Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence of hallucinogen use by age cohort: Findings from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2021.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Few studies have assessed the epidemiology of hallucinogenic substance use among racial and ethnic groups of varying age cohorts. Use of psychedelic substances may differ among people of color (POC), due to factors such as stigma and discriminatory drug enforcement practices against POC. The lack of inclusion of POC in psychedelic research further underscores the importance of identifying differences in use among racial/ethnic groups and age cohorts.
Methods
Data from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used for this analysis (N = 56,313, unweighted), representative of the non-institutionalized U.S. population. Proportions of lifetime hallucinogen use by race/ethnicity were compared. Proportions of past year rates of use were compared to examine differences by race/ethnicity and age cohort.
Results
Approximately 15.9% of the U.S. population over 12 had used a hallucinogen at some point in their lifetime and 2.0% had used in the past year. Lifetime hallucinogen use was most prevalent among non-Hispanic White and multi-racial individuals, while Black/African Americans reported the lowest rates of use. White and multi-racial groups also reported the highest proportions of past year use among 12–34 year olds, and White individuals reported the highest proportions among 35–49 year olds. Hispanic individuals reported higher proportions of use among the 12–17 cohort, but lower proportions among the 26–49 year old cohorts. Black/African Americans reported the lowest rates of past year use among the 12–25 year old cohorts. 50+ and older cohorts reported the lowest rates of hallucinogen use in the past year.
Limitations
Data is cross-sectional and self-reported. “Race” is a social construction is subject to change over time, and NSDUH ethnoracial categories are limited. Institutionalized populations are not included in the study.
Conclusions
Significant differences in hallucinogen use among ethnoracial groups by substance and age cohorts were observed. Findings from this work may inform education, interventions, and therapeutic psychedelic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe W. Jahn
- 1 Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, USA
| | - Joel Lopez
- 2 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Monnica T. Williams
- 3 School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 5 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Williams MT, Reed S, George J. Culture and psychedelic psychotherapy: Ethnic and racial themes from three Black women therapists. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPsychedelic medicine is an emerging field of research and practice that examines the psychotherapeutic effects of substances classified as hallucinogens on the human mind, body, and spirit. Current research explores the safety and efficacy of these substances for mental health disorders including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although current studies explore psychotherapeutic effects from a biomedical perspective, gaps in awareness around cultural issues in the therapeutic process are prominent. African Americans have been absent from psychedelic research as both participants and researchers, and little attention has been paid to the potential of psychedelics to address traumas caused by racialization. This paper examines cultural themes and clinical applications from the one-time use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as part of an US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical trial and training exercise for three African American female therapists. The primary themes that emerged across the varied experiences centered on strength, safety, connection, and managing oppression/racialization. The participants' experiences were found to be personally meaningful and instructive for how Western models of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy could be more effective and accessible to the Black community. Included is a discussion of the importance of facilitator training to make best use of emerging material when it includes cultural, racial, and spiritual themes. A lack of knowledge and epistemic humility can create barriers to treatment for underserved populations. Implications for future research and practice for marginalized cultural groups are also discussed, including consideration of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) as an adjunct to the psychedelic-therapy approaches currently advanced. As women of color are among the most stigmatized groups of people, it is essential to incorporate their perspectives into the literature to expand conversations about health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T. Williams
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- 2Behavioral Wellness Clinic, LLC, Tolland, CT, USA
- 3School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Reed
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- 2Behavioral Wellness Clinic, LLC, Tolland, CT, USA
| | - Jamilah George
- 1Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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9
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Nicholson HL, Wheeler PB. Prescription Drug Misuse among African Americans and Afro Caribbeans: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:962-970. [PMID: 33769198 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1901928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misuse of prescription medications is an understudied topic among the non-Hispanic Black population in the U.S. Even less is known about the prevalence and correlates of misuse among African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans, despite documented differences in their substance use behaviors. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of lifetime prescription drug misuse among African Americans and Afro Caribbeans using data from the National Survey of American Life. METHODS A national household probability sample of non-institutionalized African Americans and Afro Caribbeans from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys was used. Pooled and ethnicity-stratified logistic regressions were estimated. RESULTS Findings showed no significant differences between African Americans (6.36%) and Afro-Caribbeans (5.71%) in lifetime prescription drug misuse. Several correlates were found to be associated with misuse among only African American or Afro-Caribbean respondents. CONCLUSIONS While research has shown prescription drug misuse is an issue among Blacks overall, our results show that the role of ethnicity must not be overlooked, especially when tailoring prevention and intervention programs. Limitations of this study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Paris B Wheeler
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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10
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Rigg KK, Mills A. Sexual Risk Behaviors among African Americans Who Use MDMA (Molly/Ecstasy): Implications for HIV Prevention. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 35:282-292. [PMID: 32543311 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1781013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have linked sexual risk taking to recreational use of MDMA. Questions remain, however, regarding the extent and type of sexual risk behaviors that occur among MDMA users, especially African Americans who use the drug. Because the MDMA literature has historically relied on samples with little minority representation, little is known about Black MDMA users and their sexual risk taking. The primary goal of this study, therefore, was to describe patterns of sexual risk behaviors among African Americans who use MDMA. This study used survey data to identify (a) which sexual risk behaviors occurred among Black MDMA users and (b) the prevalence of each behavior. Qualitative interview data are also presented to contextualize the role that MDMA and the club/nightlife environment might play in contributing to these behaviors. Results show that sexual risk taking (e.g., sex without a condom, "hooking up," sex on MDMA, and group sex) was prevalent and that the mind-set and context in which MDMA was consumed are contributing factors. The current study adds to the limited amount of data on African Americans who use MDMA and is a step toward better understanding the link between MDMA and sexual risk taking. These data can be used to inform social workers in their efforts to prevent HIV in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khary K Rigg
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra Mills
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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11
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Neitzke-Spruill L. Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims
Set and setting function both as a concept that guides research and practice with psychedelic drugs and as a meme aimed at reducing harm among psychedelic users. Referring to non-pharmacological factors that shape drug experiences, the concept of set and setting was popularized in the West during the mid-20th century. However, little theoretical development has occurred regarding what falls under the umbrella of set and setting since its conception.
Methods
By bridging set and setting theory with research from the fields of social psychology and sociology of medicine, this review calls attention to how race can contribute the set and setting for a psychedelic experience.
Results
I argue that psychosocial factors influencing racial differences in mental health also constitute meaningful differences in set. Furthermore, I suggest that the character of race relations in the United States provides a distinct cultural setting for racialized psychedelic users, both in therapeutic and naturalistic contexts. In turn, racial identification may contribute to the variation in framing and interpretation of psychedelic experiences.
Conclusion
These considerations have important implications beyond understanding non-pharmacological influences on psychedelic experiences, including developing protocols for clinical applications of psychedelics, educating future practitioners, and meeting the needs of diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Neitzke-Spruill
- 1 Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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12
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Ching THW. Intersectional insights from an MDMA-assisted psychotherapy training trial: An open letter to racial/ethnic and sexual/gender minorities. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The road to the current psychedelic renaissance in research on ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) – the active ingredient of the drug Ecstasy – for addressing treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder has been fraught with political and academic bias, as well as cultural stigma among underserved populations, all of which serve as barriers to minority inclusion and participation. In this open letter to ethnic/racial and sexual/gender minorities, the author details intersectional insights from his own experience being administered MDMA legally as part of a therapist training trial for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, in hopes of radically destigmatizing this treatment approach for marginalized populations. Themes covered include: set and setting; cultural pride; LGBTQIA+ pride; acceptance of intersectionality; and patience, perspective, and strength in retrospection. This letter concludes by tasking current investigators of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to emphasize issues of intersecting identities (e.g., in terms of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity) in their research agenda, attempt to improve minority participation in a culturally attuned manner, as well as increase minority stakeholdership in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence H. W. Ching
- 1 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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George JR, Michaels TI, Sevelius J, Williams MT. The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of psychedelic science has resurfaced as scientists and therapists are again exploring its potential to treat an array of psychiatric conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. The scientific progress and clinical promise of this movement owes much of its success to the history of indigenous healing practices; yet the work of indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other disenfranchised groups is often not supported or highlighted in the mainstream narrative of psychedelic medicine. This review addresses this issue directly: first, by highlighting the traditional role of psychedelic plants and briefly summarizing the history of psychedelic medicine; second, through exploring the historical and sociocultural factors that have contributed to unequal research participation and treatment, thereby limiting the opportunities for minorities who ought to be acknowledged for their contributions. Finally, this review provides recommendations for broadening the Western medical framework of healing to include a cultural focus and additional considerations for an inclusive approach to treatment development and dissemination for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah R. George
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- 2 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Timothy I. Michaels
- 2 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jae Sevelius
- 3 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monnica T. Williams
- 2 Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- 4 School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Vera B, Vidal Giné C, Lozano O, Fernández Calderón F. Harm reduction behaviors among polysubstance users who consume ecstasy: can they reduce the negative consequences? An exploratory study. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2018.1544225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vera
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPSI, UNC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Oscar Lozano
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Experimental, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Fermín Fernández Calderón
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Experimental, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
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Akhgari M, Moradi F, Ziarati P. The Texture of Psychoactive Illicit Drugs in Iran: Adulteration with Lead and other Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 50:451-459. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2018.1508791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhgari
- Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ziarati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Akhgari M, Moradi F, Ziarati P. The Texture of Psychoactive Illicit Drugs in Iran: Adulteration with Lead and other Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1508791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhgari
- Forensic Toxicology Department, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ziarati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Rigg KK, Sharp A. Nonmedical prescription drug use among African Americans who use MDMA (ecstasy/molly): Implications for risk reduction. Addict Behav 2018; 79:159-165. [PMID: 29291506 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that both nonmedical prescription drug and MDMA (ecstasy/molly) use have risen among African Americans. However, studies investigating these two forms of drug use among African Americans are rare. As a result, very little is known about African-American MDMA users and their nonmedical use of prescription medications. The primary goal of this study, therefore, was to describe patterns of nonmedical prescription drug use among African Americans who use MDMA. We also assessed alcohol and illicit drug use among the sample. Surveys (n=100) and in-depth interviews (n=15) were conducted with African-American young adults in Southwest Florida between August 2014 and November 2015. Survey results show that a significant proportion of the sample used MDMA in conjunction with prescription medications (benzodiazepines=59%; opioids=35%; stimulants=13%). Qualitative findings suggest that benzodiazepine medications were used to alleviate MDMA comedown symptoms, opioids were used to achieve a different quality high, and stimulants were used to provide added energy throughout the night. These results suggest that treatment practitioners and harm reduction professionals should pay particular attention to informing users of the potential hazards of combining MDMA with prescription medications. Although additional research is clearly needed, these findings are an important first step towards understanding both nonmedical prescription drug and MDMA use among African Americans, and could be used to tailor treatment and risk reduction interventions to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khary K Rigg
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, United States.
| | - Amanda Sharp
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, United States
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Rigg KK, Sharp A. Deaths related to MDMA (ecstasy/molly): Prevalence, root causes, and harm reduction interventions. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1436607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khary K. Rigg
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Sharp
- College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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