1
|
Jevšinek Skok D, Bolha L, Hauptman N. Preservation of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Levels in LRIG1 across Genomic DNA and Cell-Free DNA in Glioma Patients. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:535. [PMID: 38790164 PMCID: PMC11120963 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has recently emerged as a promising minimally invasive diagnostic biomarker for various cancers. In this study, our aim was to identify cfDNA biomarkers by investigating genes that displayed significant differences between glioma patients and their corresponding controls. To accomplish this, we utilized publicly available data from the Gene Expression Omnibus, focusing on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) profiles in both cfDNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) from glioma patients and healthy individuals. The intersection of gene lists derived from these comparative analyses unveiled LRIG1 and ZNF703 as the two genes with elevated 5hmC levels in both the cfDNA of glioma patients and gDNA of glioma tissue compared to their respective controls. The gene expression data revealed both genes were upregulated in glioma tissue compared to normal brain tissue. Integration of 5hmC data revealed a strong positive correlation in the glioma tissue group between 5hmC and the gene expression of the LRIG1 gene. Furthermore, exploration using the AmiCa web tool indicated that LRIG1 gene expression was elevated compared to 17 other cancers included in the database, emphasizing its potential as a distinctive biomarker across multiple cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daša Jevšinek Skok
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Luka Bolha
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nina Hauptman
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao F, Jiang Y, Chang L, Du H, Chang D, Pan C, Huang X, Yu D, Zhang M, Fan Y, Bian X, Li K. High-throughput functional screen identifies YWHAZ as a key regulator of pancreatic cancer metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:431. [PMID: 37452033 PMCID: PMC10349114 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer death due to its early metastasis and limited response to the current therapies. Metastasis is a complicated multistep process, which is determined by complex genetic alterations. Despite the identification of many metastasis-related genes, distinguishing the drivers from numerous passengers and establishing the causality in cancer pathophysiology remains challenging. Here, we established a high-throughput and piggyBac transposon-based genetic screening platform, which enables either reduced or increased expression of chromosomal genes near the incorporation site of the gene search vector cassette that contains a doxycycline-regulated promoter. Using this strategy, we identified YWHAZ as a key regulator of pancreatic cancer metastasis. We demonstrated that functional activation of Ywhaz by the gene search vector led to enhanced metastatic capability in mouse pancreatic cancer cells. The metastasis-promoting role of YWHAZ was further validated in human pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpression of YWHAZ resulted in more aggressive metastatic phenotypes in vitro and a shorter survival rate in vivo by modulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Hence, our study established a high-throughput screening method to investigate the functional relevance of novel genes and validated YWHAZ as a key regulator of pancreatic cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Endoscopy Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Cell Resource Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhen Du
- Department of Pathology, Cell Resource Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - De Chang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Pan
- Department of Pathology, Cell Resource Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Donglin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongna Fan
- Department of Pathology, Cell Resource Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocui Bian
- Department of Pathology, Cell Resource Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China.
| | - Kailong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Expression Analysis of Intestinal Cancer Stem Cell Marker Lgr5 in Colorectal Cancer Patients and the Correlation with Histopathological Markers. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:591-599. [PMID: 31422541 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have frequently been utilized in the cell characterization and identified responsible for tumor development, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. CSC surface markers function in cancer cell signaling and are indicated as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. As well, dysregulation of cancer-related signaling pathways could promote CSC development and progression. Our aim was to evaluate the expression of colorectal CSC markers and their correlation with cancer proliferation and angiogenesis. METHODS In this case-control study, total RNA was extracted from a total of 74 colorectal tumors and 74 adjacent normal tissue biopsies. Then, using a quantitative real-time PCR, the relative expression levels of Lgr5 and Lrig1 were measured in all malignant and healthy samples. Also, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of tumor tissues was performed for Ki-67 (proliferation) and CD34 (angiogenesis) markers, and the immunoexpression staining scores were obtained. The diagnostic value of the genes was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Possible correlation between CSC markers and immunohistochemical markers in CRC was analyzed by Pearson's correlation test and linear regression. RESULTS The expression level of Lgr5 in tumor samples showed a significant increase compared with normal samples (p < 0.001) with a fold change of 2.54 (± 0.182). However, there was no significant difference in the relative expression of Lrig1 gene in tissue samples of healthy subjects and patients. The analysis of the ROC showed an AUC of 0.92 for Lgr5 and sensitivity 80% and specificity 96%. Further analysis revealed a significant correlation between mRNA levels of Lgr5 and immunoexpression of Ki-67 (r2 = 0.680, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The high expression levels of Lgr5 found in tumor tissues were correlated with histological parameters, indicating a significant role in CRC development and diagnosis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji Y, Kumar R, Gokhale A, Chao HP, Rycaj K, Chen X, Li Q, Tang DG. LRIG1, a regulator of stem cell quiescence and a pleiotropic feedback tumor suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 82:120-133. [PMID: 33476721 PMCID: PMC8286266 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
LRIG1, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1, was discovered more than 20 years ago and has been shown to be downregulated or lost, and to function as a tumor suppressor in several cancers. Another well-reported biological function of LRIG1 is to regulate and help enforce the quiescence of adult stem cells (SCs). In both contexts, LRIG1 regulates SC quiescence and represses tumor growth via, primarily, antagonizing the expression and activities of ERBB and other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We have recently reported that in treatment-naïve human prostate cancer (PCa), LRIG1 is primarily regulated by androgen receptor (AR) and is prominently overexpressed. In castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), both LRIG1 and AR expression becomes heterogeneous and, frequently, discordant. Importantly, in both androgen-dependent PCa and CRPC models, LRIG1 exhibits tumor-suppressive functions. Moreover, LRIG1 induction inhibits the growth of pre-established AR+ and AR− PCa. Here, upon a brief introduction of the LRIG1 and the LRIG family, we provide an updated overview on LRIG1 functions in regulating SC quiescence and repressing tumor development. We further highlight the expression, regulation and functions of LRIG1 in treatment-naïve PCa and CRPC. We conclude by offering the perspectives of identifying novel cancer-specific LRIG1-interacting signaling partners and developing LRIG1-based anti-cancer therapeutics and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Abhiram Gokhale
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Hseu-Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics & Mol. Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Epigenetics & Mol. Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Epigenetics & Mol. Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Q, Liu B, Chao HP, Ji Y, Lu Y, Mehmood R, Jeter C, Chen T, Moore JR, Li W, Liu C, Rycaj K, Tracz A, Kirk J, Calhoun-Davis T, Xiong J, Deng Q, Huang J, Foster BA, Gokhale A, Chen X, Tang DG. LRIG1 is a pleiotropic androgen receptor-regulated feedback tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5494. [PMID: 31792211 PMCID: PMC6889295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LRIG1 has been reported to be a tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal tract and epidermis. However, little is known about the expression, regulation and biological functions of LRIG1 in prostate cancer (PCa). We find that LRIG1 is overexpressed in PCa, but its expression correlates with better patient survival. Functional studies reveal strong tumor-suppressive functions of LRIG1 in both AR+ and AR- xenograft models, and transgenic expression of LRIG1 inhibits tumor development in Hi-Myc and TRAMP models. LRIG1 also inhibits castration-resistant PCa and exhibits therapeutic efficacy in pre-established tumors. We further show that 1) AR directly transactivates LRIG1 through binding to several AR-binding sites in LRIG1 locus, and 2) LRIG1 dampens ERBB expression in a cell type-dependent manner and inhibits ERBB2-driven tumor growth. Collectively, our study indicates that LRIG1 represents a pleiotropic AR-regulated feedback tumor suppressor that functions to restrict oncogenic signaling from AR, Myc, ERBBs, and, likely, other oncogenic drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Hsueh-Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Collene Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Taiping Chen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - John R Moore
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Amanda Tracz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jason Kirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Tammy Calhoun-Davis
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Qu Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University of School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Abhiram Gokhale
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
- Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200120, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu S, Yang M, Lim KM, Cho Y, Kim H, Lee K, Jeong SH, Coffey RJ, Goldenring JR, Nam KT. Expression of LRIG1, a Negative Regulator of EGFR, Is Dynamically Altered during Different Stages of Gastric Carcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2912-2923. [PMID: 30248341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG)-1 is a transmembrane protein that antagonizes epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in epithelial tissues. LRIG1 is down-regulated in various epithelial cancers, including bladder, breast, and colorectal cancer, suggesting that it functions as a tumor suppressor. However, its role in gastric carcinogenesis is not well understood. Here, we investigated the changes in LRIG1 expression during the stages of gastric cancer. We used a DMP-777-induced spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia mouse model and a tissue array of human gastric cancer lesions. The effects of LRIG1 knockdown were also assessed using the human gastric cancer cell line SNU638 in a xenograft model. LRIG1 expression varied over the course of gastric carcinogenesis, increasing in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia lesions but disappearing in intestinal metaplasia and cancer lesions, and the increase was concurrent with the up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor. In addition, LRIG1 knockdown promoted the tumorigenic potential in vitro, which was manifested as increased proliferation, invasiveness, and migration as well as increased tumor size in vivo in the xenograft model. Furthermore, LRIG1 expression was determined to be a positive prognostic biomarker for the survival of gastric cancer patients. Collectively, our findings indicate that LRIG1 expression is closely related wto gastric carcinogenesis and may play a vital role as a tumor suppressor through the modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungsook Yu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Yang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R Goldenring
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Section of Surgical Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Flanagan DJ, Austin CR, Vincan E, Phesse TJ. Wnt Signalling in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040178. [PMID: 29570681 PMCID: PMC5924520 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates several cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration, and is critical for embryonic development. Stem cells are defined by their ability for self-renewal and the ability to be able to give rise to differentiated progeny. Consequently, they are essential for the homeostasis of many organs including the gastrointestinal tract. This review will describe the huge advances in our understanding of how stem cell functions in the gastrointestinal tract are regulated by Wnt signalling, including how deregulated Wnt signalling can hijack these functions to transform cells and lead to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Flanagan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Chloe R Austin
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory and the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Toby J Phesse
- Cancer and Cell Signalling Laboratory, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang X, Li H. Overexpression of LRIG1 regulates PTEN via MAPK/MEK signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2045-2052. [PMID: 27698691 PMCID: PMC5038857 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the role of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domain protein 1 (LRIG1) in the regulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression in esophageal carcinogenesis. LRIG1 was overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines, and the effect of LRIG1 overexpression on the mRNA and protein expression levels of PTEN was evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Furthermore, the effects of LRIG1 overexpression on the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of ESCC cells were examined by flow cytometry. Various cell signaling pathway inhibitors were used to assess the effects of LRIG1 on downstream signaling in ESCC cell lines. In addition, the association between LRIG1 and PTEN expression was examined in 48 samples from patients with ESCC. LRIG1 overexpression was demonstrated to downregulate PTEN expression in ESCC cell lines, and promote their proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. In addition, LRIG1-mediated suppression of PTEN expression was inhibited by the U0126 inhibitor, which suggests that LRIG1 may inhibit the activation of PTEN signaling molecules by triggering the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/MAPK kinase 1 (MEK) signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that overexpression of LRIG1 significantly and adversely affected the survival of ESCC cells, and that the MAPK/MEK signaling pathway may be responsible for the repression of PTEN expression and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Huiwu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China; Tumor Institute, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu Y, Soo P, Walker F, Zhang HH, Redpath N, Tan CW, Nicola NA, Adams TE, Garrett TP, Zhang JG, Burgess AW. LRIG1 extracellular domain: structure and function analysis. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1934-48. [PMID: 25765764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have expressed and purified three soluble fragments of the human LRIG1-ECD (extracellular domain): the LRIG1-LRR (leucine-rich repeat) domain, the LRIG1-3Ig (immunoglobulin-like) domain, and the LRIG1-LRR-1Ig fragment using baculovirus vectors in insect cells. The two LRIG1 domains crystallised so that we have been able to determine the three-dimensional structures at 2.3Å resolution. We developed a three-dimensional structure for the LRIG1-ECD using homology modelling based on the LINGO-1 structure. The LRIG1-LRR domain and the LRIG1-LRR-1Ig fragment are monomers in solution, whereas the LRIG1-3Ig domain appears to be dimeric. We could not detect any binding of the LRIG1 domains or the LRIG1-LRR-1Ig fragment to the EGF receptor (EGFR), either in solution using biosensor analysis or when the EGFR was expressed on the cell surface. The FLAG-tagged LRIG1-LRR-1Ig fragment binds weakly to colon cancer cells regardless of the presence of EGFRs. Similarly, neither the soluble LRIG1-LRR nor the LRIG1-3Ig domains nor the full-length LRIG1 co-expressed in HEK293 cells inhibited ligand-stimulated activation of cell-surface EGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Xu
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Priscilla Soo
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Francesca Walker
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hui Hua Zhang
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Redpath
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Timothy E Adams
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Garrett
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Antony W Burgess
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Surgery, RMH, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tian P, Peng C, Zhang L. Biodegradable polymeric gene delivering nanoscale hybrid micelles enhance the suppression effect of LRIG1 in breast cancer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymeric gene delivering nanoscale hybrid micelles enhance the suppression effect of LRIG1 in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tian
- Chengdu Medical College – The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - ChaoMing Peng
- Chengdu Medical College – The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Chengdu Medical College – The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are the most commonly prescribed medicines for osteoporosis and skeletal metastases. The drugs have also been shown to reduce cancer progression, but only in certain patient subgroups, suggesting that there is a molecular entity that mediates bisphosphonate action on tumor cells. Using connectivity mapping, we identified human epidermal growth factor receptors (human EGFR or HER) as a potential new molecular entity for bisphosphonate action. Protein thermal shift and cell-free kinase assays, together with computational modeling, demonstrated that N-containing bisphosphonates directly bind to the kinase domain of HER1/2 to cause a global reduction in downstream signaling. By doing so, the drugs kill lung, breast, and colon cancer cells that are driven by activating mutations or overexpression of HER1. Knocking down HER isoforms thus abrogates cell killing by bisphosphonates, establishing complete HER dependence and ruling out a significant role for other receptor tyrosine kinases or the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Consistent with this finding, colon cancer cells expressing low levels of HER do not respond to bisphosphonates. The results suggest that bisphosphonates can potentially be repurposed for the prevention and therapy of HER family-driven cancers.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal treatment decisions for cancer patients require reliable prognostic and predictive information. However, this information is inadequate in many cases. Several recent studies suggest that the leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) genes, transcripts, and proteins have prognostic implications in various cancer types. MATERIAL AND METHODS Relevant literature was identified on PubMed using the key words lrig1, lrig2, and lrig3. LRIG mRNA expression in cancer versus normal tissues was investigated using the Oncomine database. RESULTS The three human LRIG genes, LRIG1, LRIG2, and LRIG3, encode single-pass transmembrane proteins. LRIG1 is a negative regulator of growth factor signaling that has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo in mice. The functions of LRIG2 and LRIG3 are less well defined. LRIG gene and protein expression are commonly dysregulated in human cancer. In early stage breast cancer, LRIG1 copy number was recently shown to predict early and late relapse in addition to overall survival; in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, loss of LRIG1 is also associated with poor survival. LRIG gene and protein expression have prognostic value in breast cancer, uterine cervical cancer, head-and-neck cancer, glioma, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. In general, expression of LRIG1 and LRIG3 is associated with good survival, whereas expression of LRIG2 is associated with poor survival. Additionally, LRIG1 regulates cellular sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs, which indicates a possible role as a predictive marker. CONCLUSIONS LRIG gene statuses and mRNA and protein expression are clinically relevant prognostic indicators in several types of human cancer. We propose that LRIG analyses could become important when making informed and individualized clinical decisions regarding the management of cancer patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/mortality
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/mortality
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lindquist
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Samuel Kvarnbrink
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: H. Hedman, Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden. Tel: + 46 90 785 2881. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
HER. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
14
|
Chang L, Shi R, Yang T, Li F, Li G, Guo Y, Lang B, Yang W, Zhuang Q, Xu H. Restoration of LRIG1 suppresses bladder cancer cell growth by directly targeting EGFR activity. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2013; 32:101. [PMID: 24314030 PMCID: PMC3880093 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1), a negative regulator of EGFR, was discovered is a novel agent for suppressing bladder cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of LRIG1 on the biological features of aggressive bladder cancer cells and the possible mechanisms of enhanced apoptosis induced by upregulation of LRIG1. Methods In this study, we examined the mRNA and protein expression of LRIG1 and EGFR in bladder cancers and normal bladder. Meanwhile, we overexpressed LRIG1 with adenovirus vector in T24/5637 bladder cancer cell lines, and we used real time-PCR, western blot, and co-immunoprecipitation analysis in order to examine the effects of LRIG1 gene on EGFR. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of LRIG1 gene on the function of human bladder cancer cells and EGFR signaling. Results The expression of LRIG1 was decreased, while the expression of EGFR was increased in the majority of bladder cancer, and the ratio of EGFR/LRIG1 was increased in tumors versus normal tissue. We found that upregulation of LRIG1 induced cell apoptosis and cell growth inhibition, and further reversed invasion in bladder cancer cell lines in vitro by inhibiting phosphorylation of downstream MAPK and AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion Taken together, our findings provide us with an insight into LRIG1 function, and we conclude that LRIG1 evolved in bladder cancer as a rare feedback negative attenuator of EGFR, thus could offer a novel therapeutic target to treat patients with bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qi XC, Xie DJ, Yan QF, Wang YR, Zhu YX, Qian C, Yang SX. LRIG1 dictates the chemo-sensitivity of temozolomide (TMZ) in U251 glioblastoma cells via down-regulation of EGFR/topoisomerase-2/Bcl-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:565-72. [PMID: 23850692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to understand the potential role of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) in TMZ-resistance of U251 glioma cells. We established TMZ-resistant U251 clones (U251/TMZ cells), which expressed low level of LRIG1, but high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), topoisomerase-2 (Topo-2) and Bcl-2. Depletion of LRIG1 by the targeted RNA interference (RNAi) upregulated EGFR/Topo-2/Bcl-2 in U251 cells, and the cells were resistant to TMZ. Reversely, over-expression of LRIG1 in U251 cells downregulated EGFR/Topo-2/Bcl-2 expressions, and cells were hyper-sensitive to TMZ. Our data suggested EGFR-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation was important for Topo-2 and Bcl-2 expressions in U251/TMZ cells. The EGFR inhibitor and the mTOR inhibitor downregulated Topo-2/Bcl-2 expressions, both inhibitors also restored TMZ sensitivity in U251/TMZ cells. Finally, inhibition of Topo-2 or Bcl-2 by targeted RNAi(s) knockdown or by the corresponding inhibitor re-sensitized U251/TMZ cells to TMZ, indicating that both Topo-2 and Bcl-2 were important for TMZ resistance in the resistant U251 cells. Based on these results, we concluded that LRIG1 inhibits EGFR expression and the downstream signaling activation, interferes with Bcl-2/Topo-2 expressions and eventually sensitizes glioma cells to TMZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-chen Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gambogic acid induces EGFR degradation and Akt/mTORC1 inhibition through AMPK dependent-LRIG1 upregulation in cultured U87 glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:397-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Rafidi H, Mercado F, Astudillo M, Fry WHD, Saldana M, Carraway KL, Sweeney C. Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein-1 (Lrig1) negative regulatory action toward ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases is opposed by leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 3 (Lrig3). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21593-605. [PMID: 23723069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.486050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lrig1 is the founding member of the Lrig family of transmembrane leucine-rich repeat proteins, which also includes Lrig2 and Lrig3. Lrig1 is a negative regulator of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, including ErbB and Met receptors, and promotes receptor degradation. Lrig1 has recently emerged as both a tumor suppressor and a key regulator of epidermal and epithelial stem cell quiescence. Despite this, little is known of the mechanisms by which Lrig1 is regulated. Lrig3 was recently reported to increase ErbB receptor expression suggesting that it may function in a manner opposite to Lrig1. In this study, we explore the interaction between Lrig1 and Lrig3 and demonstrate that Lrig1 and Lrig3 functionally oppose one another. Lrig3 opposes Lrig1 negative regulatory activity and stabilizes ErbB receptors. Conversely, Lrig1 destabilizes Lrig3, limiting Lrig3's positive effects on receptors and identifying Lrig3 as a new target of Lrig1. These studies provide new insight into the regulation of Lrig1 and uncover a complex cross-talk between Lrig1 and Lrig3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanine Rafidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
LRIG1 is a triple threat: ERBB negative regulator, intestinal stem cell marker and tumour suppressor. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1765-70. [PMID: 23558895 PMCID: PMC3658528 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In baseball parlance, a triple threat is a person who can run, hit and throw with aplomb. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) is a cell surface protein that antagonises ERBB receptor signalling by downregulating receptor levels. Over 10 years ago, Hedman et al postulated that LRIG1 might be a tumour suppressor. Recently, Powell et al provided in vivo evidence substantiating that claim by demonstrating that Lrig1 loss in mice leads to spontaneously arising, highly penetrant intestinal adenomas. Interestingly, Lrig1 also marks stem cells in the gut, suggesting a potential role for Lrig1 in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the ability of LRIG1 to act as a triple threat: pan-ERBB negative regulator, intestinal stem cell marker and tumour suppressor. We will summarise studies of LRIG1 expression in human cancers and discuss possible related roles for LRIG2 and LRIG3.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Z, Huang J. Intestinal stem cells - types and markers. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:406-14. [PMID: 23471862 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium is a rapidly cycling tissue, always renewing every 4-5 days under normal conditions, which is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Using the fluorescence labelling trace, ISCs can be divided into two different types: active intestinal stem cells (A-ISCs) located in bottom of the intestinal crypt and the quiescent intestinal stem cells (Q-ISCs) in the +4 position of the crypt. There is a complex signal regulation net between the ISCs and other intestinal cells, such as Wnt and Notch pathways. ISCs have an intimate relationship with the colorectal cancer (CRC). However, a deficiency of stem cells markers severely limits research on the biological characteristics of ISCs. We have reviewed several ISCs markers, including Lgr5, PHLDA1, Bmi1 and Lrig1. These markers have widely different biological functions, but also have a close relationship with cancers, especially CRC. Our hypothesis concerns the reasons for ISCs having two distinct types and why endless ISCs markers have emerged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang L, Komurov K, Wright WE, Shay JW. Identification of novel driver tumor suppressors through functional interrogation of putative passenger mutations in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:732-7. [PMID: 22753261 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer genome sequencing efforts are leading to the identification of genetic mutations in many types of malignancy. However, the majority of these genetic alterations have been considered random passengers that do not directly contribute to tumorigenesis. We have previously conducted a soft agar-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen within colorectal cancer (CRC) candidate driver genes (CAN-genes) using a karyotypically diploid hTERT- and CDK4-immortalized human colonic epithelial cell (HCEC) model and discovered that depletion of 65 of the 151 CAN-genes enhanced anchorage-independent growth in HCECs with ectopic expression of K-Ras(V12) and/or TP53 knockdown. We now constructed an interaction map of the confirmed CAN-genes with CRC non-CAN-genes and screened for functional tumor suppressors. Remarkably, depletion of 15 out of 25 presumed passenger genes that interact with confirmed CAN-genes (60%) promoted soft agar growth in HCECs with TP53 knockdown compared to only 7 out of 55 (12.5%) of presumed passenger genes that do not interact. We have thus demonstrated a pool of driver mutations among the putative CRC passenger/incidental mutations, establishing the importance of employing biological filters, in addition to bioinformatics, to identify driver mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Powell AE, Wang Y, Li Y, Poulin EJ, Means AL, Washington MK, Higginbotham JN, Juchheim A, Prasad N, Levy SE, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Aronow BJ, Haigis KM, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ. The pan-ErbB negative regulator Lrig1 is an intestinal stem cell marker that functions as a tumor suppressor. Cell 2012; 149:146-58. [PMID: 22464327 PMCID: PMC3563328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lineage mapping has identified both proliferative and quiescent intestinal stem cells, but the molecular circuitry controlling stem cell quiescence is incompletely understood. By lineage mapping, we show Lrig1, a pan-ErbB inhibitor, marks predominately noncycling, long-lived stem cells that are located at the crypt base and that, upon injury, proliferate and divide to replenish damaged crypts. Transcriptome profiling of Lrig1(+) colonic stem cells differs markedly from the profiling of highly proliferative, Lgr5(+) colonic stem cells; genes upregulated in the Lrig1(+) population include those involved in cell cycle repression and response to oxidative damage. Loss of Apc in Lrig1(+) cells leads to intestinal adenomas, and genetic ablation of Lrig1 results in heightened ErbB1-3 expression and duodenal adenomas. These results shed light on the relationship between proliferative and quiescent intestinal stem cells and support a model in which intestinal stem cell quiescence is maintained by calibrated ErbB signaling with loss of a negative regulator predisposing to neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Powell
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yina Li
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily J. Poulin
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L. Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James N. Higginbotham
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alwin Juchheim
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806
| | - Shawn E. Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Franklin
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Anchoring the dog to its relatives reveals new evolutionary breakpoints across 11 species of the Canidae and provides new clues for the role of B chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2011; 19:685-708. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-011-9233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
23
|
Krig SR, Frietze S, Simion C, Miller JK, Fry WHD, Rafidi H, Kotelawala L, Qi L, Griffith OL, Gray JW, Carraway KL, Sweeney C. Lrig1 is an estrogen-regulated growth suppressor and correlates with longer relapse-free survival in ERα-positive breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1406-17. [PMID: 21821674 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lrig1 is the founding member of the Lrig family and has been implicated in the negative regulation of several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases including ErbB2. Lrig1 is expressed at low levels in several cancer types but is overexpressed in some prostate and colorectal tumors. Given this heterogeneity, whether Lrig1 functions to suppress or promote tumor growth remains a critical question. Previously, we found that Lrig1 was poorly expressed in ErbB2-positive breast cancer, suggesting that Lrig1 has a growth-inhibitory role in this tumor type. However, breast cancer is a complex disease, with ErbB2-positive tumors accounting for just 25% of all breast cancers. To gain a better understanding of the role of Lrig1 in breast cancer, we examined its expression in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive disease which accounts for the majority of breast cancers. We find that Lrig1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in ERα-positive disease than in ERα-negative disease. Our study provides a molecular rationale for Lrig1 enrichment in ERα-positive disease by showing that Lrig1 is a target of ERα. Estrogen stimulates Lrig1 accumulation and disruption of this induction enhances estrogen-dependent tumor cell growth, suggesting that Lrig1 functions as an estrogen-regulated growth suppressor. In addition, we find that Lrig1 expression correlates with prolonged relapse-free survival in ERα-positive breast cancer, identifying Lrig1 as a new prognostic marker in this setting. Finally, we show that ErbB2 activation antagonizes ERα-driven Lrig1 expression, providing a mechanistic explanation for Lrig1 loss in ErbB2-positive breast cancer. This work provides strong evidence for a growth-inhibitory role for Lrig1 in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl R Krig
- Division of Basic Sciences, University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abraira VE, Satoh T, Fekete DM, Goodrich LV. Vertebrate Lrig3-ErbB interactions occur in vitro but are unlikely to play a role in Lrig3-dependent inner ear morphogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8981. [PMID: 20126551 PMCID: PMC2813878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Lrig genes encode a family of transmembrane proteins that have been implicated in tumorigenesis, psoriasis, neural crest development, and complex tissue morphogenesis. Whether these diverse phenotypes reflect a single underlying cellular mechanism is not known. However, Lrig proteins contain evolutionarily conserved ectodomains harboring both leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin domains, suggesting an ability to bind to common partners. Previous studies revealed that Lrig1 binds to and inhibits members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases by inducing receptor internalization and degradation. In addition, other receptor tyrosine kinase binding partners have been identified for both Lrig1 and Lrig3, leaving open the question of whether defective ErbB signaling is responsible for the observed mouse phenotypes. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report that Lrig3, like Lrig1, is able to interact with ErbB receptors in vitro. We examined the in vivo significance of these interactions in the inner ear, where Lrig3 controls semicircular canal formation by determining the timing and extent of Netrin1 expression in the otic vesicle epithelium. We find that ErbB2 and ErbB3 are present in the early otic epithelium, and that Lrig3 acts cell-autonomously here, as would be predicted if Lrig3 regulates ErbB2/B3 activity. However, inhibition of ErbB activation in the chick otic vesicle has no detectable effect on Netrin gene expression or canal morphogenesis. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that although both Lrig1 and Lrig3 can interact with ErbB receptors in vitro, modulation of Neuregulin signaling is unlikely to contribute to Lrig3-dependent processes of inner ear morphogenesis. These results highlight the similar binding properties of Lrig1 and Lrig3 and underscore the need to determine how these two family members bind to and regulate different receptors to affect diverse aspects of cell behavior in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. Abraira
- Department of Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Donna M. Fekete
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa V. Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goldoni S, Iozzo RV. Tumor microenvironment: Modulation by decorin and related molecules harboring leucine-rich tandem motifs. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2473-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
26
|
Abraira VE, Del Rio T, Tucker AF, Slonimsky J, Keirnes HL, Goodrich LV. Cross-repressive interactions between Lrig3 and netrin 1 shape the architecture of the inner ear. Development 2008; 135:4091-9. [PMID: 19004851 DOI: 10.1242/dev.029330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The sense of balance depends on the intricate architecture of the inner ear, which contains three semicircular canals used to detect motion of the head in space. Changes in the shape of even one canal cause drastic behavioral deficits, highlighting the need to understand the cellular and molecular events that ensure perfect formation of this precise structure. During development, the canals are sculpted from pouches that grow out of a simple ball of epithelium, the otic vesicle. A key event is the fusion of two opposing epithelial walls in the center of each pouch, thereby creating a hollow canal. During the course of a gene trap mutagenesis screen to find new genes required for canal morphogenesis, we discovered that the Ig superfamily protein Lrig3 is necessary for lateral canal development. We show that this phenotype is due to ectopic expression of the axon guidance molecule netrin 1 (Ntn1), which regulates basal lamina integrity in the fusion plate. Through a series of genetic experiments, we show that mutually antagonistic interactions between Lrig3 and Ntn1 create complementary expression domains that define the future shape of the lateral canal. Remarkably, removal of one copy of Ntn1 from Lrig3 mutants rescues both the circling behavior and the canal malformation. Thus, the Lrig3/Ntn1 feedback loop dictates when and where basement membrane breakdown occurs during canal development, revealing a new mechanism of complex tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Abraira
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Miller JK, Shattuck DL, Ingalla EQ, Yen L, Borowsky AD, Young LJT, Cardiff RD, Carraway KL, Sweeney C. Suppression of the negative regulator LRIG1 contributes to ErbB2 overexpression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8286-94. [PMID: 18922900 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in approximately 25% of breast tumors and contributes to poor patient prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Here, we examine the role of the recently discovered ErbB negative regulator LRIG1 in ErbB2(+) breast cancer. We observe that LRIG1 protein levels are significantly suppressed in ErbB2-induced mammary tumors in transgenic mice as well as in the majority of ErbB2(+) human breast tumors. These observations raise the possibility that LRIG1 loss could contribute to the initiation or growth of ErbB2(+) breast tumors. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous LRIG1 in the ErbB2-overexpressing breast tumor cell lines MDA-MB-453 and BT474 further elevates ErbB2 in these cells and augments cellular proliferation. In contrast, ectopic expression of LRIG1 reverses these trends. Interestingly, we observe that LRIG1 protein levels are suppressed in response to ErbB receptor activation in breast tumor cells but are unaffected by ErbB activation in immortalized nontransformed breast epithelial cells. Our observations indicate that the suppression of LRIG1 protein levels is a common feature of breast tumors. Moreover, our observations point to the existence of a feed-forward regulatory loop in breast tumor cells where aberrant ErbB2 signaling suppresses LRIG1 protein levels, which in turn contributes to ErbB2 overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Miller
- School of Medicine, Davis Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|