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Xiao M, Yao J, Shao Z, Chen X. Silk-Based 3D Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2827-2840. [PMID: 38690985 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibroin, extracted from the silk of the Bombyx mori silkworm, stands out as a biomaterial due to its nontoxic nature, excellent biocompatibility, and adjustable biodegradability. Porous scaffolds, a type of biomaterial, are crucial for creating an optimal microenvironment that supports cell adhesion and proliferation, thereby playing an essential role in tissue remodeling and repair. Therefore, this review focuses on 3D porous silk fibroin-based scaffolds, first summarizing their preparation methods and then detailing their regenerative effects on bone, cartilage, tendon, vascular, neural, skin, hepatic, and tracheal epithelial tissue engineering in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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Lee S, Son M, Lee J, Byun I, Kim JW, Kim J, Seonwoo H. Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis and Empirical Evaluation of Carboxymethylcellulose/Alginate 3D Bioprinting Inks for Screw-Based Microextrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1137. [PMID: 38675055 PMCID: PMC11054610 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional microextrusion bioprinting technology uses pneumatics, pistons, or screws to transfer and extrude bioinks containing biomaterials and cells to print biological tissues and organs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis can simulate the flow characteristics of bioinks in a control volume, and the effect on cell viability can be predicted by calculating the physical quantities. In this study, we developed an analysis system to predict the effect of a screw-based dispenser system (SDS) on cell viability in bioinks through rheological and CFD analyses. Furthermore, carboxymethylcellulose/alginate-based bioinks were used for the empirical evaluation of high-viscous bioinks. The viscosity of bioinks was determined by rheological measurement, and the viscosity coefficient for the CFD analysis was derived from a correlation equation by non-linear regression analysis. The mass flow rate derived from the analysis was successfully validated by comparison with that from the empirical evaluation. Finally, the cell viability was confirmed after bioprinting with bioinks containing C2C12 cells, suggesting that the developed SDS may be suitable for application in the field of bioengineering. Consequently, the developed bioink analysis system is applicable to a wide range of systems and materials, contributing to time and cost savings in the bioengineering industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Lee
- Department of Human Harmonized Robotics, College of Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Son
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School, College of Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Juo Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Iksong Byun
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jungsil Kim
- Department of Smart Bio-Industrial Mechanical Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Seonwoo
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergent Biosystems Engineering, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee S, Lim JW, Byun I, Jang KJ, Kim JW, Chung JH, Kim J, Seonwoo H. Development of Plum Seed-Derived Carboxymethylcellulose Bioink for 3D Bioprinting. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4473. [PMID: 38231895 PMCID: PMC10708124 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting represents an innovative platform for fabricating intricate, three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures that closely resemble natural tissues. The development of hybrid bioinks is an actionable strategy for integrating desirable characteristics of components. In this study, cellulose recovered from plum seed was processed to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 3D bioprinting. The plum seeds were initially subjected to α-cellulose recovery, followed by the synthesis and characterization of plum seed-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (PCMC). Then, hybrid bioinks composed of PCMC and sodium alginate were fabricated, and their suitability for extrusion-based bioprinting was explored. The PCMC bioinks exhibit a remarkable shear-thinning property, enabling effortless extrusion through the nozzle and maintaining excellent initial shape fidelity. This bioink was then used to print muscle-mimetic 3D structures containing C2C12 cells. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of PCMC was evaluated at different concentrations to determine the maximum acceptable concentration. As a result, cytotoxicity was not observed in hydrogels containing a suitable concentration of PCMC. Cell viability was also evaluated after printing PCMC-containing bioinks, and it was observed that the bioprinting process caused minimal damage to the cells. This suggests that PCMC/alginate hybrid bioink can be used as a very attractive material for bioprinting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juo Lee
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea;
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human Harmonized Robotics, College of Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woon Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Iksong Byun
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Je Jang
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Jungsil Kim
- Department of Bio-Industrial Machinery Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Seonwoo
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergent Biosystems Engineering, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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Madappura AP, Madduri S. A comprehensive review of silk-fibroin hydrogels for cell and drug delivery applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4868-4886. [PMID: 37860231 PMCID: PMC10583100 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds hold great promise for developing novel treatment strategies in the field of regenerative medicine. Within this context, silk fibroin (SF) has proven to be a versatile material for a wide range of tissue engineering applications owing to its structural and functional properties. In the present review, we report on the design and fabrication of different forms of SF-based scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications, particularly for skin, bone, and neural tissues. In particular, SF hydrogels have emerged as delivery systems for a wide range of bio-actives. Given the growing interest in the field, this review has a primary focus on the fabrication, characterization, and properties of SF hydrogels. We also discuss their potential for the delivery of drugs, stem cells, genes, peptides, and growth factors, including future directions in the field of SF hydrogel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alakananda Parassini Madappura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 300044 Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hahn J, Gögele C, Schulze-Tanzil G. Could an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Be Tissue-Engineered from Silk? Cells 2023; 12:2350. [PMID: 37830564 PMCID: PMC10571837 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk has a long history as an exclusive textile, but also as a suture thread in medicine; nowadays, diverse cell carriers are manufactured from silk. Its advantages are manifold, including high biocompatibility, biomechanical strength and processability (approved for nearly all manufacturing techniques). Silk's limitations, such as scarcity and batch to batch variations, are overcome by gene technology, which allows for the upscaled production of recombinant "designed" silk proteins. For processing thin fibroin filaments, the sericin component is generally removed (degumming). In contrast to many synthetic biomaterials, fibroin allows for superior cell adherence and growth. In addition, silk grafts demonstrate superior mechanical performance and long-term stability, making them attractive for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue engineering. Looking at these promising properties, this review focusses on the responses of cell types to silk variants, as well as their biomechanical properties, which are relevant for ACL tissue engineering. Meanwhile, sericin has also attracted increasing interest and has been proposed as a bioactive biomaterial with antimicrobial properties. But so far, fibroin was exclusively used for experimental ACL tissue engineering approaches, and fibroin from spider silk also seems not to have been applied. To improve the bone integration of ACL grafts, silk scaffolds with osteogenic functionalization, silk-based tunnel fillers and interference screws have been developed. Nevertheless, signaling pathways stimulated by silk components remain barely elucidated, but need to be considered during the development of optimized silk cell carriers for ACL tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hahn
- Workgroup BioEngineering, Institute of Polymer Materials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Shi HH, Tariq A, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. Additive manufacturing of sustainable biomaterials for biomedical applications. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100812. [PMID: 37274921 PMCID: PMC10238852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications. They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties, including bioactivity, renewability, bioresorbability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilicity. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology, which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing, drug delivery systems, medical implants and tissue engineering. The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion, vat polymerization, laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting techniques. This review also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds. This work also addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AM techniques. Ideally, there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas. We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Western University, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ali Tariq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Milazzo M, Fitzpatrick V, Owens CE, Carraretto IM, McKinley GH, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ. 3D Printability of Silk/Hydroxyapatite Composites for Microprosthetic Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1285-1295. [PMID: 36857509 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro-prosthetics requires the fabrication of mechanically robust and personalized components with sub-millimetric feature accuracy. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have had a major impact on manufacturing such miniaturized devices for biomedical applications; however, biocompatibility requirements greatly constrain the choice of usable materials. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and its composites have been widely employed to fabricate bone-like structures, especially at the macroscale. In this work, we investigate the rheology, printability, and prosthetic mechanical properties of HA and HA-silk protein composites, focusing on the roles of composition and water content. We correlate key linear and nonlinear shear rheological parameters to geometric outcomes of printing and explain how silk compensates for the inherent brittleness of printed HA components. By increasing ink ductility, the inclusion of silk improves the quality of printed items through two mechanisms: (1) reducing underextrusion by lowering the required elastic modulus and, (2) reducing slumping by increasing the ink yield stress proportional to the modulus. We demonstrate that the elastic modulus and compressive strength of parts fabricated from silk-HA inks are higher than those for rheologically comparable pure-HA inks. We construct a printing map to guide the manufacturing of HA-based inks with excellent final properties, especially for use in biomedical applications for which sub-millimetric features are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Milazzo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts Avenue 77, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Crystal E Owens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Igor M Carraretto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Lambruschini 4a, 20156 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Gareth H McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts Avenue 77, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Dadashzadeh A, Moghassemi S, Shavandi A, Amorim CA. A review on biomaterials for ovarian tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:48-63. [PMID: 34454083 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable challenges in engineering the female reproductive tissue are the follicle's unique architecture, the need to recapitulate the extracellular matrix, and tissue vascularization. Over the years, various strategies have been developed for preserving fertility in women diagnosed with cancer, such as embryo, oocyte, or ovarian tissue cryopreservation. While autotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue is a viable choice to restore fertility in prepubertal girls and women who need to begin chemo- or radiotherapy soon after the cancer diagnosis, it is not suitable for all patients due to the risk of having malignant cells present in the ovarian fragments in some types of cancer. Advances in tissue engineering such as 3D printing and ovary-on-a-chip technologies have the potential to be a translational strategy for precisely recapitulating normal tissue in terms of physical structure, vascularization, and molecular and cellular spatial distribution. This review first introduces the ovarian tissue structure, describes suitable properties of biomaterials for ovarian tissue engineering, and highlights recent advances in tissue engineering for developing an artificial ovary. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The increase of survival rates in young cancer patients has been accompanied by a rise in infertility/sterility in cancer survivors caused by the gonadotoxic effect of some chemotherapy regimens or radiotherapy. Such side-effect has a negative impact on these patients' quality of life as one of their main concerns is generating biologically related children. To aid female cancer patients, several research groups have been resorting to tissue engineering strategies to develop an artificial ovary. In this review, we discuss the numerous biomaterials cited in the literature that have been tested to encapsulate and in vitro culture or transplant isolated preantral follicles from human and different animal models. We also summarize the recent advances in tissue engineering that can potentially be optimal strategies for developing an artificial ovary.
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Abstract
Silk fibroin has been explored as a suitable biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, tunable degradability, low toxicity, and mechanical properties. To harness silk fibroin's innate properties, it is purified from native silkworm cocoons by removing proteins and debris that have the potential to cause inflammatory responses. Typically, within the purification and fabrication steps, chemical solvents, energy-intensive equipment, and large quantities of water are used to reverse engineer silk fibroin into an aqueous solution and then process into the final material format. Gentler, green methods for extraction and fabrication have been developed that reduce or remove the need for harmful chemical additives and energy-inefficient equipment while still producing mechanically robust biomaterials. This review will focus on the alternative green processing and fabrication methods that have proven useful in creating silk fibroin materials for a range of applications including consumer and medical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K DeBari
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Claude I King
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tahlia A Altgold
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rosalyn D Abbott
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Mu X, Agostinacchio F, Xiang N, Pei Y, Khan Y, Guo C, Cebe P, Motta A, Kaplan DL. Recent Advances in 3D Printing with Protein-Based Inks. Prog Polym Sci 2021; 115:101375. [PMID: 33776158 PMCID: PMC7996313 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a transformative manufacturing strategy, allowing rapid prototyping, customization, and flexible manipulation of structure-property relationships. Proteins are particularly appealing to formulate inks for 3D printing as they serve as essential structural components of living systems, provide a support presence in and around cells and for tissue functions, and also provide the basis for many essential ex vivo secreted structures in nature. Protein-based inks are beneficial in vivo due to their mechanics, chemical and physical match to the specific tissue, and full degradability, while also to promoting implant-host integration and serving as an interface between technology and biology. Exploiting the biological, chemical, and physical features of protein-based inks can provide key opportunities to meet the needs of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Despite these benefits, protein-based inks impose nontrivial challenges to 3D printing such as concentration and rheological features and reconstitution of the structural hierarchy observed in nature that is a source of the robust mechanics and functions of these materials. This review introduces photo-crosslinking mechanisms and rheological principles that underpins a variety of 3D printing techniques. The review also highlights recent advances in the design, development, and biomedical utility of monolithic and composite inks from a range of proteins, including collagen, silk, fibrinogen, and others. One particular focus throughout the review is to introduce unique material characteristics of proteins, including amino acid sequences, molecular assembly, and secondary conformations, which are useful for designing printing inks and for controlling the printed structures. Future perspectives of 3D printing with protein-based inks are also provided to support the promising spectrum of biomedical research accessible to these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Francesca Agostinacchio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Ning Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ying Pei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yousef Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Vanaei S, Parizi M, Vanaei S, Salemizadehparizi F, Vanaei H. An Overview on Materials and Techniques in 3D Bioprinting Toward Biomedical Application. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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12
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Mu X, Sahoo JK, Cebe P, Kaplan DL. Photo-Crosslinked Silk Fibroin for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2936. [PMID: 33316890 PMCID: PMC7763742 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin in material formats provides robust mechanical properties, and thus is a promising protein for 3D printing inks for a range of applications, including tissue engineering, bioelectronics, and bio-optics. Among the various crosslinking mechanisms, photo-crosslinking is particularly useful for 3D printing with silk fibroin inks due to the rapid kinetics, tunable crosslinking dynamics, light-assisted shape control, and the option to use visible light as a biocompatible processing condition. Multiple photo-crosslinking approaches have been applied to native or chemically modified silk fibroin, including photo-oxidation and free radical methacrylate polymerization. The molecular characteristics of silk fibroin, i.e., conformational polymorphism, provide a unique method for crosslinking and microfabrication via light. The molecular design features of silk fibroin inks and the exploitation of photo-crosslinking mechanisms suggest the exciting potential for meeting many biomedical needs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Jugal Kishore Sahoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA;
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (X.M.); (J.K.S.)
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13
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Chakraborty J, Ghosh S. Cellular Proliferation, Self-Assembly, and Modulation of Signaling Pathways in Silk Fibroin Gelatin-Based 3D Bioprinted Constructs. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8309-8320. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chakraborty
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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14
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Dorishetty P, Dutta NK, Choudhury NR. Silk fibroins in multiscale dimensions for diverse applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33227-33247. [PMID: 35515035 PMCID: PMC9056751 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk biomaterials in different forms such as particles, coatings and their assemblies, represent unique type of materials in multiple scales and dimensions. Herein, we provide an overview of multi-scale silk fibroin materials including silk particles, silk coatings and silk assemblies, each of which represents a unique type of material with wide range of applications. They feature tunable structures and mechanical properties with excellent biocompatibility, which are essentially required for various biomedical and drug delivery applications. The review focuses on bringing a new perspective on the utilization of regenerated silk fibroins in modern biomedicine by beginning with the fabrication of silk in multiscale dimensions and their state-of-the-art applications in various biomedical and bioelectronic fields. It covers the fundamentals of processing silk fibroins in multi-dimensions (sizes and shapes) with a specific emphasis on its structural tunability at various length scales (nano-micro) by using the latest fabrication methods/mechanisms and advanced fabrication technologies, followed by their recent applications in diverse fields of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Dorishetty
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
| | - Naba K Dutta
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3000 Australia
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15
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Mu X, Fitzpatrick V, Kaplan DL. From Silk Spinning to 3D Printing: Polymer Manufacturing using Directed Hierarchical Molecular Assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901552. [PMID: 32109007 PMCID: PMC7415583 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silk spinning offers an evolution-based manufacturing strategy for industrial polymer manufacturing, yet remains largely inaccessible as the manufacturing mechanisms in biological and synthetic systems, especially at the molecular level, are fundamentally different. The appealing characteristics of silk spinning include the sustainable sourcing of the protein material, the all-aqueous processing into fibers, and the unique material properties of silks in various formats. Substantial progress has been made to mimic silk spinning in artificial manufacturing processes, despite the gap between natural and artificial systems. This report emphasizes the universal spinning conditions utilized by both spiders and silkworms to generate silk fibers in nature, as a scientific and technical framework for directing molecular assembly into high-performance structures. The preparation of regenerated silk feedstocks and mimicking native spinning conditions in artificial manufacturing are discussed, as is progress and challenges in fiber spinning and 3D printing of silk-composites. Silk spinning is a biomimetic model for advanced and sustainable artificial polymer manufacturing, offering benefits in biomedical applications for tissue scaffolds and implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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16
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Guo C, Li C, Mu X, Kaplan DL. Engineering Silk Materials: From Natural Spinning to Artificial Processing. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2020; 7:011313. [PMID: 34367402 PMCID: PMC8340942 DOI: 10.1063/1.5091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Silks spun by the arthropods are "ancient' materials historically utilized for fabricating high-quality textiles. Silks are natural protein-based biomaterials with unique physical and biological properties, including particularly outstanding mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Current goals to produce artificially engineered silks to enable additional applications in biomedical engineering, consumer products, and device fields, have prompted considerable effort towards new silk processing methods using bio-inspired spinning and advanced biopolymer processing. These advances have redefined silk as a promising biomaterial past traditional textile applications and into tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biodegradable medical devices. In this review, we highlight recent progress in understanding natural silk spinning systems, as well as advanced technologies used for processing and engineering silk into a broad range of new functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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17
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Gottardi R. Advances in bioprinting: a toolbox for tissue engineering. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:115-116. [PMID: 32081098 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1715573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Gottardi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
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18
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Senthil Kumar K, Chen PY, Ren H. A Review of Printable Flexible and Stretchable Tactile Sensors. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 2019:3018568. [PMID: 31912031 PMCID: PMC6944518 DOI: 10.34133/2019/3018568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable tactile sensors that are printable, nonplanar, and dynamically morphing are emerging to enable proprioceptive interactions with the unstructured surrounding environment. Owing to its varied range of applications in the field of wearable electronics, soft robotics, human-machine interaction, and biomedical devices, it is required of these sensors to be flexible and stretchable conforming to the arbitrary surfaces of their stiff counterparts. The challenges in maintaining the fundamental features of these sensors, such as flexibility, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity, and durability, are tackled by the progress in the fabrication techniques and customization of the material properties. This review is aimed at summarizing the recent progress of rapid prototyping of sensors, printable material preparation, required printing properties, flexible and stretchable mechanisms, and promising applications and highlights challenges and opportunities in this research paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthika Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Mechatronics Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585
| | - Hongliang Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Mechatronics Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
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