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Bilotti K, Keep S, Sikkema AP, Pryor JM, Kirk J, Foldes K, Doyle N, Wu G, Freimanis G, Dowgier G, Adeyemi O, Tabatabaei SK, Lohman GJS, Bickerton E. One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of an avian infectious bronchitis virus reverse genetics system. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307655. [PMID: 39052682 PMCID: PMC11271894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is an acute respiratory disease of poultry of particular concern for global food security. Investigation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, via reverse genetics enables deeper understanding of virus biology and a rapid response to emerging variants. Classic methods of reverse genetics for IBV can be time consuming, rely on recombination for the introduction of mutations, and, depending on the system, can be subject to genome instability and unreliable success rates. In this study, we have applied data-optimized Golden Gate Assembly design to create a rapidly executable, flexible, and faithful reverse genetics system for IBV. The IBV genome was divided into 12 fragments at high-fidelity fusion site breakpoints. All fragments were synthetically produced and propagated in E. coli plasmids, amenable to standard molecular biology techniques for DNA manipulation. The assembly can be carried out in a single reaction, with the products used directly in subsequent viral rescue steps. We demonstrate the use of this system for generation of point mutants and gene replacements. This Golden Gate Assembly-based reverse genetics system will enable rapid response to emerging variants of IBV, particularly important to vaccine development for controlling spread within poultry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bilotti
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Sikkema
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Pryor
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ge Wu
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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2
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Liu H, Wang C, He Y, Wei X, Cheng J, Yang W, Shi K, Si H. Assessing a respiratory toxic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain: isolation, identification, pathogenicity, and immunological failure insights. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0399023. [PMID: 38904372 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03990-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is caused by avian coronavirus and poses a global economic threat to the poultry industry. In 2023, a highly pathogenic IBV strain, IBV/CN/GD20230501, was isolated and identified from chickens vaccinated with IBV-M41 in Guangdong, China. This study comprehensively investigated the biological characteristics of the isolated IBV strain, including its genotype, whole genome sequence analysis of its S1 gene, pathogenicity, host immune response, and serum non-targeted metabolomics. Through the analysis of the S1 gene sequence, serum neutralization tests, and comparative genomics, it was proven that IBV/CN/GD20230501 belongs to the GI-I type of strain and is serotype II. One alanine residue in the S1 subunit of the isolated strain was mutated into serine, and some mutations were observed in the ORF1ab gene and the terminal region of the genome. Animal challenge experiments using the EID50 and TCID50 calculations showed that IBV/CN/GD20230501 possesses strong respiratory pathogenicity, with early and long-term shedding of viruses and rapid viral spread. Antibody detection indicated that chickens infected with IBV/CN/GD20230501 exhibited delayed expression of early innate immune genes, while those infected with M41 showed rapid gene induction and effective viral control. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that this virus infection led to differential expression of 291 ions in chicken serum, mainly affecting the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle).IMPORTANCEThis study identified an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain isolated from vaccinated chickens in an immunized population that had certain sequence differences compared to IBV-M41, resulting in significantly enhanced pathogenicity and host defense. This strain has the potential to replace M41 as a more suitable challenge model for drug research. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis highlighting the citric acid cycle provides a new avenue for studying this highly virulent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
| | - Yang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaofang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
| | - Junze Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis Division, Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi grass station, Nanning, China
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3
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Keep S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Webb I, Fones A, Kirk J, Britton P, Bickerton E. The spike protein of the apathogenic Beaudette strain of avian coronavirus can elicit a protective immune response against a virulent M41 challenge. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297516. [PMID: 38265985 PMCID: PMC10807761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The avian Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes major economic losses in the poultry industry as the aetiological agent of infectious bronchitis, a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV causes major economic losses to poultry industries across the globe and is a concern for global food security. IBV vaccines are currently produced by serial passage, typically 80 to 100 times in chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) to achieve attenuation by unknown molecular mechanisms. Vaccines produced in this manner present a risk of reversion as often few consensus level changes are acquired. The process of serial passage is cumbersome, time consuming, solely dependent on the supply of CEE and does not allow for rapid vaccine development in response to newly emerging IBV strains. Both alternative rational attenuation and cell culture-based propagation methods would therefore be highly beneficial. The majority of IBV strains are however unable to be propagated in cell culture proving a significant barrier to the development of cell-based vaccines. In this study we demonstrate the incorporation of a heterologous Spike (S) gene derived from the apathogenic Beaudette strain of IBV into a pathogenic M41 genomic backbone generated a recombinant IBV denoted M41K-Beau(S) that exhibits Beaudette's unique ability to replicate in Vero cells, a cell line licenced for vaccine production. The rIBV M41K-Beau(S) additionally exhibited an attenuated in vivo phenotype which was not the consequence of the presence of a large heterologous gene demonstrating that the Beaudette S not only offers a method for virus propagation in cell culture but also a mechanism for rational attenuation. Although historical research suggested that Beaudette, and by extension the Beaudette S protein was poorly immunogenic, vaccination of chickens with M41K-Beau(S) induced a complete cross protective immune response in terms of clinical disease and tracheal ciliary activity against challenge with a virulent IBV, M41-CK, belonging to the same serogroup as Beaudette. This implies that the amino acid sequence differences between the Beaudette and M41 S proteins have not distorted important protective epitopes. The Beaudette S protein therefore offers a significant avenue for vaccine development, with the advantage of a propagation platform less reliant on CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isobel Webb
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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4
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Sives S, Keep S, Bickerton E, Vervelde L. Revealing Novel-Strain-Specific and Shared Epitopes of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Spike Glycoprotein Using Chemical Linkage of Peptides onto Scaffolds Precision Epitope Mapping. Viruses 2023; 15:2279. [PMID: 38005955 PMCID: PMC10675791 DOI: 10.3390/v15112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is an economically important infectious disease affecting chickens, with a diverse range of serotypes found globally. The major surface protein, spike (S), has high diversity between serotypes, and amino acid differences in the S1 sub-unit are thought to be responsible for poor cross-protection afforded by vaccination. Here, we attempt to address this, by using epitope mapping technology to identify shared and serotype-specific immunogenic epitopes of the S glycoprotein of three major circulating strains of IBV, M41, QX, and 4/91, via CLIPS peptide arrays based on peptides from the S1 sub-units. The arrays were screened with sera from chickens immunised with recombinant IBV, based on Beau-R backbone expressing heterologous S, generated in two independent vaccination/challenge trials. The screening of sera from rIBV vaccination experiments led to the identification of 52 immunogenic epitopes on the S1 of M41, QX, and 4/91. The epitopes were assigned into six overlapping epitope binding regions. Based on accessibility and location in the hypervariable regions of S, three sequences, 25YVYYYQSAFRPPNGWHLQGGAYAVVNSTN54, 67TVGVIKDVYNQSVASI82, and 83AMTVPPAGMSWSVS96, were selected for further investigation, and synthetic peptide mimics were recognised by polyclonal sera. These epitopes may have the potential to contribute towards a broader cross-protective IBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sives
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK (E.B.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK (E.B.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
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Chacón JL, Chacón RD, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Morín JG, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates of the Brazilian genotype BR-I (GI-11) of infectious bronchitis virus supports its recognition as BR-I serotype. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:323-338. [PMID: 37477586 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2228725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic and molecular characteristics of BR-I infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) isolated from Brazil are reported. IBVs isolated from commercial flocks with different clinical manifestations between 2003 and 2019 were submitted to antigenic and molecular characterization. The complete S1 glycoprotein gene of 11 field isolates was amplified and sequenced. The virus neutralization (VN) test showed 94.75% neutralization with a BR-I isolate and 30% or less against other worldwide reference strains. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses revealed 84.3-100% and 83.5-100% identity among them, respectively. The identity values ranged from 57.1 to 82.6% for nucleotides and from 46.6-84.4% for amino acids compared with those of other genotypes. By phylogenetic tree analysis, the Brazilian isolates were branched into the BR-I genotype (lineage GI-11), which was differentiated from foreign reference strains. Selective pressure analyses of BR-I IBVs revealed evolution under purifying selection (negative pressure) for the complete S1 gene but four specific sites (87, 121, 279, and 542) under diversifying selection (positive pressure). Profiles of cleavage sites and potential N-glycosylation sites differed from those of other genotypes. The low molecular relationship among the Brazilian viruses and foreign serotypes was concordant with the VN test results. The low antigenic relatedness (ranging from 5.3-30% between Brazilian genotype BR-I and reference IBV serotypes of North America, Europe, and Asia) indicates that the BR-I genotype is a different serotype, referred to for the first time and hereafter as serotype BR-I. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSStrains of the BR-I genotype presented robust antigenic and molecular similarity.BR-I strains evolved under purifying selection mode (negative pressure).The BR-I genotype originated in Brazil and dispersed to other countries.BR-I genotype viruses can be referred to as the BR-I serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Chacón
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian J Sánchez-Llatas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime G Morín
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Wajid A, Raheem A, Sherzada S, Batool A, Khosa AN. Phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial and backyard chickens in Pakistan, 2015-2018. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37470343 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a rapidly evolving virus affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated poultry flocks and is responsible for significant economic losses globally; hence, it is imperative to obtain a deeper understanding of this pathogen. In this study, seven IBV strains were isolated from commercial and backyard poultry flocks during 2015-2018. We obtained full-length IBV genomes of two viruses using the Illumina sequencing method, while five additional viruses were genetically characterized through full-length spike (S1) gene sequencing. Phylogenetic and distance analysis based on complete S1 gene and full-length genome sequences revealed that one IBV isolate belonged to genotype GI-1 and six viruses were clustered within genotype GI-13. Deduced amino acid sequences of GI-13 strains exhibited 31.8-37.2 % divergence with the commonly used classic vaccine strains (M41) and 2.7-12.6 % with variant vaccine strains (4/91) in Pakistan. High evolutionary distances suggest that the IBV viruses circulating in Pakistan are under continuous evolutionary pressure. Moreover, ch/IBV/Pak/AW-2/2017 was found to have originated from an intra-genotypic recombination event between the variant group (GI-23 lineage as a major parent) and variant vaccine strain (4/91-like as a minor parent) and is the first example of recombination within genotype GI-13 in Pakistan. Together, these findings provide genetic and evolutionary insights into the currently circulating IBV genotypes in Pakistan, which could help to better understand the origin, spread and evolution of IBVs, and to ascertain the importance of disease monitoring as well as re-evaluation forof currently used vaccines and vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Asif Raheem
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Sherzada
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Nawaz Khosa
- Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan
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7
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Trevisol IM, Caron L, Mores MAZ, Voss-Rech D, da Silva Zani G, Back A, Marchesi JAP, Esteves PA. Pathogenicity of GI-23 Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051200. [PMID: 37243283 DOI: 10.3390/v15051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IBV variants belonging to the GI-23 lineage have circulated since 1998 in the Middle East and have spread to several countries over time. In Brazil, the first report of GI-23 occurred in 2022. The study aimed to evaluate the in vivo pathogenicity of exotic variant GI-23 isolates. Biological samples were screening by real-time RT-PCR and classified in to GI-1 or G1-11 lineages. Interestingly, 47.77% were not classified in these lineages. Nine of the unclassified strains were sequenced and showed a high similarity to the GI-23 strain. All nine were isolated and three, were studied for pathogenicity. At necropsy, the main observations were the presence of mucus in the trachea and congestion in the tracheal mucosa. In addition, lesions on the tracheas showed marked ciliostasis, and the ciliary activity confirmed the high pathogenicity of isolates. This variant is highly pathogenic to the upper respiratory tract and can cause severe kidney lesions. This study confirm a circulation of GI-23 strain in the country and report, to first time, the isolation of an exotic variant of IBV in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel da Silva Zani
- Department of Veterinary Preventive, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Alberto Back
- MercoLab Laboratórios, Cascavel 85816-280, PR, Brazil
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Keep S, Dowgier G, Lulla V, Britton P, Oade M, Freimanis G, Tennakoon C, Jonassen CM, Tengs T, Bickerton E. Deletion of the s2m RNA Structure in the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Human Astrovirus Results in Sequence Insertions. J Virol 2023; 97:e0003823. [PMID: 36779761 PMCID: PMC10062133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00038-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect a wide variety of host species, resulting in a range of diseases in both humans and animals. The coronavirus genome consists of a large positive-sense single-stranded molecule of RNA containing many RNA structures. One structure, denoted s2m and consisting of 41 nucleotides, is located within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) and is shared between some coronavirus species, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, as well as other pathogens, including human astrovirus. Using a reverse genetic system to generate recombinant viruses, we investigated the requirement of the s2m structure in the replication of IBV, a globally distributed economically important Gammacoronavirus that infects poultry causing respiratory disease. Deletion of three nucleotides predicted to destabilize the canonical structure of the s2m or the deletion of the nucleotides corresponding to s2m impacted viral replication in vitro. In vitro passaging of the recombinant IBV with the s2m sequence deleted resulted in a 36-nucleotide insertion in place of the deletion, which was identified to be composed of a duplication of flanking sequences. A similar result was observed following serial passage of human astrovirus with a deleted s2m sequence. RNA modeling indicated that deletion of the nucleotides corresponding to the s2m impacted other RNA structures present in the IBV 3' UTR. Our results indicated for both IBV and human astrovirus a preference for nucleotide occupation in the genome location corresponding to the s2m, which is independent of the specific s2m sequence. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses infect many species, including humans and animals, with substantial effects on livestock, particularly with respect to poultry. The coronavirus RNA genome consists of structural elements involved in viral replication whose roles are poorly understood. We investigated the requirement of the RNA structural element s2m in the replication of the Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus, an economically important viral pathogen of poultry. Using reverse genetics to generate recombinant IBVs with either a disrupted or deleted s2m, we showed that the s2m is not required for viral replication in cell culture; however, replication is decreased in tracheal tissue, suggesting a role for the s2m in the natural host. Passaging of these viruses as well as human astrovirus lacking the s2m sequence demonstrated a preference for nucleotide occupation, independent of the s2m sequence. RNA modeling suggested deletion of the s2m may negatively impact other essential RNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Lulla
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Oade
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Yin HC, Liu ZD, Zhang WW, Yang QZ, Yu TF, Jiang XJ. Chicken intestinal microbiota modulation of resistance to nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection through IFN-I. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:162. [PMID: 36192807 PMCID: PMC9527382 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian intestinal microbiomes are necessary for antagonizing systemic viral infections. However, very few studies have identified whether poultry commensal bacteria play a crucial role in protecting against systemic viral infections. Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogenic coronavirus that causes high morbidity and multiorgan infection tropism in chickens. RESULTS In this study, we used broad-spectrum oral antibiotics (ABX) to treat specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens to deplete the microbiota before infection with nephropathogenic IBV to analyze the impact of microbiota on IBV infections in vivo. Depletion of the SPF chicken microbiota increases pathogenicity and viral burden following IBV infection. The gnotobiotic chicken infection model further demonstrated that intestinal microbes are resistant to nephropathogenic IBV infection. In addition, ABX-treated chickens showed a severe reduction in macrophage activation, impaired type I IFN production, and IFN-stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the spleen. Lactobacillus isolated from SPF chickens could restore microbiota-depleted chicken macrophage activation and the IFNAR-dependent type I IFN response to limit IBV infection. Furthermore, exopolysaccharide metabolites of Lactobacillus spp. could induce IFN-β. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the resistance mechanism of SPF chicken intestinal microbiota to nephropathogenic IBV infection, providing new ideas for preventing and controlling nephropathogenic IBV. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chang Yin
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Liu
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qing-Zhu Yang
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tian-Fei Yu
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xin-Jie Jiang
- College of Life Science and Agriculture Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.
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10
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Petzoldt D, Vogel N, Bielenberg W, Haneke J, Bischoff H, Liman M, Rönchen S, Behr KP, Menke T. IB80-A Novel Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotype (GVIII). Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-8. [PMID: 36106909 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since mid-2015, there has been an increasing number of chicken samples that are positive for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in a screening PCR but which do not show positive results in any established, variant-specific PCR tests (793B, QX, D1466, Massachusetts, D274, Italy 02, Arkansas, Variant 2, Q1). Partial sequencing of the viral genome of those samples shows great similarities, but nucleotide similarity in the S1 gene is only about 57%-61% when compared to any other known GI-GVII IBV genotype and lineage. With nucleotide identity in the S1 gene of approximately 80%, the closest related strain in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (as of March 15, 2020) is the North American PA/1220/98 isolate (AY789942) designated as a unique variant by Valastro et al. in 2016. Due to its divergence from other IBV strains, we propose that strain, designated IB80, is the type strain of a novel IBV genotype GVIII. So far, IB80 has been detected in commercial layer and broiler parent flocks, frequently showing severe drops in egg production as well as in broiler flocks in Europe and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Petzoldt
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany,
| | - N Vogel
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - W Bielenberg
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - J Haneke
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - H Bischoff
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - M Liman
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - S Rönchen
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - K-P Behr
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | - T Menke
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Muehlenstrasse 13, 49685 Hoeltinghausen, Germany
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11
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A Temperature-Sensitive Recombinant of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Provides Complete Protection against Homologous Challenge. J Virol 2022; 96:e0110022. [PMID: 35972294 PMCID: PMC9472628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01100-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of infectious bronchitis, an acute highly contagious economically relevant respiratory disease of poultry. Vaccination is used to control IBV infections, with live-attenuated vaccines generated via serial passage of a virulent field isolate through embryonated hens' eggs. A fine balance must be achieved between attenuation and the retention of immunogenicity. The exact molecular mechanism of attenuation is unknown, and vaccines produced in this manner present a risk of reversion to virulence as few consensus level changes are acquired. Our previous research resulted in the generation of a recombinant IBV (rIBV) known as M41-R, based on a pathogenic strain M41-CK. M41-R was attenuated in vivo by two amino acid changes, Nsp10-Pro85Leu and Nsp14-Val393Leu; however, the mechanism of attenuation was not determined. Pro85 and Val393 were found to be conserved among not only IBV strains but members of the wider coronavirus family. This study demonstrates that the same changes are associated with a temperature-sensitive (ts) replication phenotype at 41°C in vitro, suggesting that the two phenotypes may be linked. Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with M41-R induced 100% protection against clinical disease, tracheal ciliary damage, and challenge virus replication following homologous challenge with virulent M41-CK. Temperature sensitivity has been used to rationally attenuate other viral pathogens, including influenza, and the identification of amino acid changes that impart both a ts and an attenuated phenotype may therefore offer an avenue for future coronavirus vaccine development. IMPORTANCE Infectious bronchitis virus is a pathogen of economic and welfare concern for the global poultry industry. Live-attenuated vaccines against are generated by serial passage of a virulent isolate in embryonated eggs until attenuation is achieved. The exact mechanisms of attenuation are unknown, and vaccines produced have a risk of reversion to virulence. Reverse genetics provides a method to generate vaccines that are rationally attenuated and are more stable with respect to back selection due to their clonal origin. Genetic populations resulting from molecular clones are more homogeneous and lack the presence of parental pathogenic viruses, which generation by multiple passage does not. In this study, we identified two amino acids that impart a temperature-sensitive replication phenotype. Immunogenicity is retained and vaccination results in 100% protection against homologous challenge. Temperature sensitivity, used for the development of vaccines against other viruses, presents a method for the development of coronavirus vaccines.
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The Genetic Stability, Replication Kinetics and Cytopathogenicity of Recombinant Avian Coronaviruses with a T16A or an A26F Mutation within the E Protein Is Cell-Type Dependent. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081784. [PMID: 36016406 PMCID: PMC9415719 DOI: 10.3390/v14081784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a small-membrane protein present in two forms during infection: a monomer and a pentameric ion channel. Each form has an independent role during replication; the monomer disrupts the secretory pathway, and the pentamer facilitates virion production. The presence of a T16A or A26F mutation within E exclusively generates the pentameric or monomeric form, respectively. We generated two recombinant IBVs (rIBVs) based on the apathogenic molecular clone Beau-R, containing either a T16A or A26F mutation, denoted as BeauR-T16A and BeauR-A26F. The replication and genetic stability of the rIBVs were assessed in several different cell types, including primary and continuous cells, ex vivo tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) and in ovo. Different replication profiles were observed between cell cultures of different origins. BeauR-A26F replicated to a lower level than Beau-R in Vero cells and in ovo but not in DF1, primary chicken kidney (CK) cells or TOCs. Genetic stability and cytopathic effects were found to differ depending on the cell system. The effect of the T16A and A26F mutations appear to be cell-type dependent, which, therefore, highlights the importance of cell type in the investigation of the IBV E protein.
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Hassan MSH, Buharideen SM, Ali A, Najimudeen SM, Goldsmith D, Coffin CS, Cork SC, van der Meer F, Abdul-Careem MF. Efficacy of Commercial Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines against Canadian Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection in Layers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081194. [PMID: 36016082 PMCID: PMC9416550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most important way to control infectious bronchitis (IB) in chickens. Since the end of 2015, the Delmarva (DMV)/1639 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has caused significant damage to the layer flocks in Eastern Canada. The efficacy of a combination of existing IB vaccines licensed in Canada was assessed against experimental challenge with this IBV strain. The layer pullets were vaccinated during the rearing phase with live attenuated IB vaccines of Massachusetts (Mass) + Connecticut (Conn) types followed by an inactivated IB vaccine of Mass + Arkansas (Ark) types and then challenged with the Canadian IBV DMV/1639 strain at 30 weeks of age. Protection was evaluated based on the egg laying performance, immune responses, viral shedding, and viral genome loads and lesions in IBV target organs. The vaccinated challenged hens were protected from the drop in egg production observed in the non-vaccinated challenged hens. Early (5 dpi) anamnestic serum antibody response was measured in the vaccinated challenged hens as well as a significant level of antibodies was detected in the oviduct washes (14 dpi). In contrast, hens in the non-vaccinated challenged group showed delayed (12 dpi) and significantly lower serum antibody response. Viral RNA loads were reduced in the respiratory, alimentary, and reproductive tissues of the vaccinated challenged hens compared to the non-vaccinated challenged hens. Compared to the control groups, the vaccinated challenged hens had less marked microscopic lesions in the trachea, kidney, magnum, and uterus. Our experimental model demonstrated inconclusive results for cell-mediated immune responses and viral shedding. Overall, the vaccination program used in this study minimized viral replication and histopathological changes in most IBV target organs and protected challenged hens against drop in egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. H. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sabrina M. Buharideen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Shahnas M. Najimudeen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Dayna Goldsmith
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Carla S. Coffin
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Susan C. Cork
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (M.S.H.H.); (S.M.B.); (A.A.); (S.M.N.); (D.G.); (S.C.C.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-4462; Fax: +1-403-210-9740
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Jang I, Thai TN, Lee JI, Kwon YK, Kim HR. Nationwide Surveillance for Infectious Bronchitis Virus in South Korea from 2020 to 2021. Avian Dis 2022; 66:135-140. [PMID: 35510473 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major pathogen in poultry. The genotypes of IBV vary considerably, and their antigenicity may differ. Nationwide surveillance in South Korea was performed to determine the prevalence and distribution of IBV and its genotypes. By both active and passive surveillance, a total of 939 samples were collected and tested for IBV detection by pathogen-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR. IBV RNA-positive samples were inoculated in embryonated eggs for virus isolation. IBV was genotyped and analyzed phylogenetically based on a partial nucleotide sequence of the S1 gene. A total of 114 IBV strains were isolated; 34 (30.9%) of the 110 samples obtained by passive surveillance, and 80 (9.7%) of the 829 samples obtained by active surveillance, were positive. Most IBVs in both groups were isolated from broilers. Five genotypes (QX-like, B4-like, KM91-like, K40/09-like, and 20AD17-like) were observed in South Korea, with the QX-like genotype being the most common, and the 20AD17-like genotype being a novel genotype. These findings will help to maximize protection against IBV infection by providing a reference for the selection of an avian vaccine for IBV in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Jang
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyet Ngan Thai
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea,
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Laurén I, Havervall S, Ng H, Lord M, Pettke A, Greilert-Norin N, Gabrielsson L, Chourlia A, Amoêdo-Leite C, Josyula VS, Eltahir M, Kerzeli I, Falk AJ, Hober J, Christ W, Wiberg A, Hedhammar M, Tegel H, Burman J, Xu F, Pin E, Månberg A, Klingström J, Christoffersson G, Hober S, Nilsson P, Philipson M, Dönnes P, Lindsay R, Thålin C, Mangsbo S. Long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific and cross-reactive cellular immune responses correlate with humoral responses, disease severity, and symptomatology. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e595. [PMID: 35349756 PMCID: PMC8962644 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular immune memory responses post coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have been difficult to assess due to the risks of contaminating the immune response readout with memory responses stemming from previous exposure to endemic coronaviruses. The work herein presents a large‐scale long‐term follow‐up study investigating the correlation between symptomology and cellular immune responses four to five months post seroconversion based on a unique severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐specific peptide pool that contains no overlapping peptides with endemic human coronaviruses. Methods Peptide stimulated memory T cell responses were assessed with dual interferon‐gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)‐2 Fluorospot. Serological analyses were performed using a multiplex antigen bead array. Results Our work demonstrates that long‐term SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific memory T cell responses feature dual IFNγ and IL‐2 responses, whereas cross‐reactive memory T cell responses primarily generate IFNγ in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 peptide stimulation. T cell responses correlated to long‐term humoral immune responses. Disease severity as well as specific COVID‐19 symptoms correlated with the magnitude of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific memory T cell response four to five months post seroconversion. Conclusion Using a large cohort and a SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific peptide pool we were able to substantiate that initial disease severity and symptoms correlate with the magnitude of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific memory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Laurén
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Havervall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henry Ng
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lord
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Pettke
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Greilert-Norin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Gabrielsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aikaterini Chourlia
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catarina Amoêdo-Leite
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vijay S Josyula
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Eltahir
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iliana Kerzeli
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - August J Falk
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Hober
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wiberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - My Hedhammar
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mia Philipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Robin Lindsay
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bali K, Kaszab E, Marton S, Hamdiou SH, Bentaleb RK, Kiss I, Palya V, Bányai K. Novel Lineage of Infectious Bronchitis Virus from Sub-Saharan Africa Identified by Random Amplification and Next-Generation Sequencing of Viral Genome. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040475. [PMID: 35454966 PMCID: PMC9028189 DOI: 10.3390/life12040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is among the major viral respiratory and reproductive diseases of chickens caused by Avian coronavirus. In the African continent, IB was first described in countries located in the Mediterranean basin. In other parts of the continent, the epidemiological situation of IB remains unclear. In this study, the complete genome sequences of five IBV strains, originating from the sub-Saharan area were determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length S1 sequences identified three lineages (GI-14, GI-16, and GI-19) common in Africa and revealed that a strain, D2334/11/2/13/CI, isolated in Ivory Coast may represent a novel lineage within genotype GI. The maximum inter- and intragenotype sequence identities between this strain and other IBVs were 67.58% and 78.84% (nucleotide) and 64.44% and 78.6% (amino acid), respectively. The whole-genome nucleotide identity of the novel variant shared the highest values with a reference Belgian nephropathogenic strain (B1648, 92.4%) and with another study strain from Ivory Coast (D2334/12/2/13/CI, 94.6%). This study illustrates the importance of epidemiological monitoring of IBV in sub-Saharan Africa, as the area may serve as a focal point for newly emerging viral lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | | | | | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (K.B.)
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Identification of Amino Acids within Nonstructural Proteins 10 and 14 of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus That Result in Attenuation In Vivo and In Ovo. J Virol 2022; 96:e0205921. [PMID: 35044208 PMCID: PMC8941869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02059-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious global pathogen prevalent in all types of poultry flocks. IBV is responsible for economic losses and welfare issues in domestic poultry, resulting in a significant risk to food security. IBV vaccines are currently generated by serial passage of virulent IBV field isolates through embryonated hens' eggs. The different patterns of genomic variation accumulated during this process means that the exact mechanism of attenuation is unknown and presents a risk of reversion to virulence. Additionally, the passaging process adapts the virus to replicate in chicken embryos, increasing embryo lethality. Vaccines produced in this manner are therefore unsuitable for in ovo application. We have developed a reverse genetics system, based on the pathogenic IBV strain M41, to identify genes which can be targeted for rational attenuation. During the development of this reverse genetics system, we identified four amino acids, located in nonstructural proteins (nsps) 10, 14, 15, and 16, which resulted in attenuation both in vivo and in ovo. Further investigation highlighted a role of amino acid changes, Pro85Leu in nsp 10 and Val393Leu in nsp 14, in the attenuated in vivo phenotype observed. This study provides evidence that mutations in nsps offer a promising mechanism for the development of rationally attenuated live vaccines against IBV, which have the potential for in ovo application. IMPORTANCE The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the etiological agent of infectious bronchitis, an acute, highly contagious, economically important disease of poultry. Vaccination is achieved using a mixture of live attenuated vaccines for young chicks and inactivated vaccines as boosters for laying hens. Live attenuated vaccines are generated through serial passage in embryonated hens' eggs, an empirical process which achieves attenuation but retains immunogenicity. However, these vaccines have a risk of reversion to virulence, and they are lethal to the embryo. In this study, we identified amino acids in the replicase gene which attenuated IBV strain M41, both in vivo and in ovo. Stability assays indicate that the attenuating amino acids are stable and unlikely to revert. The data in this study provide evidence that specific modifications in the replicase gene offer a promising direction for IBV live attenuated vaccine development, with the potential for in ovo application.
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Houta MH, Hassan KE, Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Abdel-Moneim AS, Cecchinato M, El-Sawah AA, Ali A, Franzo G. Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113182. [PMID: 34827914 PMCID: PMC8614413 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the main infectious agents affecting the avian industry. The remarkable evolutionary rate of this virus represents an often unsurmountable challenge to its control, leading to the emergence of different lineages featured by different biological properties and limited cross-protection. In the present study, the origin, spreading and evolution of GI-23, one of the most important IBV emerging lineages, has been reconstructed using a phylodynamic approach. To this purpose, the broadest available collection of complete and partial S1 sequences was downloaded from GenBank and merged with specifically sequenced European strains. After a likely ancient origin, GI-23 circulated undetected in the Middle East for a considerable time, thereafter emerging as a threat in parallel with the intensification of the poultry industry and its introduction in other countries. An intensive viral circulation affecting mainly neighbouring countries or those with strong economic and political relationships was demonstrated, even though some nations appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size, and potentially fitness, compared to previously circulating variants. Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Kareem E. Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia M. Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Azza A. El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (M.H.H.); (K.E.H.); (A.A.E.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (G.F.)
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Zhang Y, Xu Z, Cao Y. Host Antiviral Responses against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV): Focus on Innate Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:1698. [PMID: 34578280 PMCID: PMC8473314 DOI: 10.3390/v13091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important gammacoronavirus. The virus is highly contagious, can infect chickens of all ages, and causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been published regarding pathogenicity, vaccination, and host immunity-virus interaction. In particular, innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against invasive pathogens and plays an important role in the pathogenetic process of IBV infection. This review focuses on fundamental aspects of host innate immune responses after IBV infection, including identification of conserved viral structures and different components of host with antiviral activity, which could provide useful information for novel vaccine development, vaccination strategies, and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
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Replication and vaccine protection of multiple infectious bronchitis virus strains in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104980. [PMID: 34182190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain M41, which is pathogenic for chickens, is nonpathogenic for pheasants. However, M41 replicated in the respiratory tracts of most inoculated pheasants and the virus was shed from their respiratory tracts in the early stages of infection (4 and 8 dpc). Similarly, the attenuated IBV H120 vaccine strain also replicated and the virus was shed from their respiratory tracts of most inoculated pheasants, whereas the pheasant coronavirus (PhCoV) I0623/17 replicated in the respiratory tracts of all challenged pheasants, which then shed virus for a long period of time. Strain M41 also replicated in selected tissues of the inoculated pheasants, including the lung, kidney, proventriculus, and cecal tonsil, although the viral titers were very low. Therefore, it was important to establish whether the H120 vaccine, which has a limited replication capacity in pheasants, induces a protective immune response to both "homologous" M41 and "heterologous" I0623/17 challenge. Vaccination with H120 induced humoral responses, and the replication of M41 was reduced or restricted in the tissues of the H120-vaccinated pheasants compared with its replication in unvaccinated birds. This implies that partial protection was conferred on pheasants by vaccination with the H120 vaccine. Prolonged viral replication and a large number of birds shedding virus into the respiratory tract were also observed in the unvaccinated pheasants after inoculation with M41. However, only limited protection against challenge with PhCoV I0623/17 was conferred on pheasants vaccinated with H120, largely because the replication of H120 in pheasants was limited, thus, limiting the immune responses induced by it. The low amino acid identity of the S1 subunit of the S proteins of H120 and I0623/17 might also account, at least in part, for the poor cross-protective immunity induced by H120. These results suggest that further work is required to rationally design vaccines that confer effective protection against PhCoV infection in commercial pheasant stocks.
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Transcriptome analysis of primary chicken cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus strain K047-12 isolated in Korea. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2291-2298. [PMID: 34089367 PMCID: PMC8178662 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an avian coronavirus, is highly contagious. Chickens with IBV infection develop acute pathogenesis in multiple organs, including the respiratory and urogenital tracts. Frequent recombination in the spike (S) glycoprotein gene has made vaccine strategies ineffective. To understand IBV pathogenesis, we analyzed the genetic distance between Korean IBV isolates and other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. To obtain comprehensive information about early immune responses such as innate cytokine production and associated immune regulation during IBV infection, we infected primary chicken embryonic kidney cells and performed transcriptome analysis. We observed that the functional pathways of innate immunity are regulated and confirmed expression of genes that coordinate early immune responses. Understanding the immune profile of the host cell may assist in vaccine development.
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Abdel-Sabour MA, Rohaim MA, Salman OJA, Abodalal SE, Mohammad FF, Madkour MS, Abdel-Wanis NA, Munir M. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101670. [PMID: 33992864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious viral disease and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry, worldwide. To mitigate the IB-associated losses, multiple vaccines are being applied in the sector with variable successes and thus necessitating the development of a potent vaccine to protect against the IB in the poultry. In the present study, we investigated a bivalent live attenuated vaccine consisting of IB virus (IBV) strain H120 (GI-1 lineage) and D274 (GI-12 lineage) to evaluate its protection against heterologous variant of IBV (GI-23 lineage) in chicken. Protection efficacy was evaluated based on the serology, clinical signs, survival rates, tracheal and kidney histopathology and the viral shedding. Results demonstrated that administering live H120 and D274 (named here Classivar®) vaccine in one day-old and 14 days-old provided 100 % protection. We observed a significant increase in the mean antibody titers, reduced virus shedding, and ameliorated histopathology lesions compared to routinely used vaccination regimes. These results revealed that usage of different IBV vaccines combination can successfully ameliorate the clinical outcome and pathology in vaccinated chicks especially after booster vaccination regime using Classivar®. In conclusions, our data indicate that Classivar® vaccine is safe in chicks and may serve as an effective vaccine against the threat posed by commonly circulating IBV strains in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Abdel-Sabour
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Owais J A Salman
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Samah E Abodalal
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Faten F Mohammad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S Madkour
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Nabil A Abdel-Wanis
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
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Recombination Events Shape the Genomic Evolution of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040535. [PMID: 33804824 PMCID: PMC8063831 DOI: 10.3390/v13040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis of chicken is a high morbidity and mortality viral disease affecting the poultry industry worldwide; therefore, a better understanding of this pathogen is of utmost importance. The primary aim of this study was to obtain a deeper insight into the genomic diversity of field infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains using phylogenetic and recombination analysis. We sequenced the genome of 20 randomly selected strains from seven European countries. After sequencing, we created a genome sequence data set that contained 36 European origin field isolates and 33 vaccine strains. When analyzing these 69 IBV genome sequences, we identified 215 recombination events highlighting that some strains had multiple recombination breaking points. Recombination hot spots were identified mostly in the regions coding for non-structural proteins, and multiple recombination hot spots were identified in the nsp2, nsp3, nsp8, and nsp12 coding regions. Recombination occurred among different IBV genotypes and involved both field and vaccine IBV strains. Ninety percent of field strains and nearly half of vaccine strains showed evidence of recombination. Despite the low number and the scattered geographical and temporal origin of whole-genome sequence data collected from European Gammacoronaviruses, this study underlines the importance of recombination as a major evolutionary mechanism of IBVs.
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Wu Q, Lin Z, Wu J, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. Peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to IBV vaccine. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:51. [PMID: 33494765 PMCID: PMC7830047 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, is one of the most important poultry pathogens worldwide due to its multiple serotypes and poor cross-protection. Vaccination plays a vital role in controlling the disease. The efficacy of vaccination in chicken flocks can be evaluated by detecting neutralizing antibodies with the neutralization test. However there are no simple and rapid methods for detecting the neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS In this study, a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA) as a possible alternative to the neutralization test for evaluating the immune response to IBV vaccine was developed. The pELISA could indirect evaluate neutralizing antibody titers against different types of IBV in all tested sera. The titers measured with the pELISA had a coefficient of 0.83 for neutralizing antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS The pELISA could detect antibodies against different types of IBV in all tested sera. The pELISA has the potential to evaluate samples for IBV-specific neutralizing antibodies and surveillance the infection of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Houta MH, Hassan KE, El-Sawah AA, Elkady MF, Kilany WH, Ali A, Abdel-Moneim AS. The emergence, evolution and spread of infectious bronchitis virus genotype GI-23. Arch Virol 2021; 166:9-26. [PMID: 33416996 PMCID: PMC7791962 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease, caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), that leads to severe losses in the poultry industry all over the world. Since the 1950s, IBV has circulated in the Middle East and North Africa, and no tangible evidence has shown any effects of measures taken to control its spread or evolution. Furthermore, new IBV variants are continually discovered. Although several genetic studies on IBV have been conducted, many IBV strains from this region have either been misclassified or remain unclassified. The genotype 23 (GI-23) variant emerged and has prevailed in the Middle East by continuously evolving through inter- and/or intra-genotypic recombination. The GI-23 genotype is currently enzootic throughout Europe and Asia. Although many studies of protection against the circulating strains have been conducted, they have not been standardized according to regulatory requirements. In this review, we provide an overview of the evolution and genetic diversity of IBV genotypes and a genetic classification of IBV strains, with a focus on the GI-23 genotype. The high prevalence of IBV GI-23 strains necessitates the adoption of vaccination schemes using GI-23-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Houta
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Kareem E Hassan
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Azza A El-Sawah
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Magdy F Elkady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 264, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt. .,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Keep S, Oade MS, Lidzbarski-Silvestre F, Bentley K, Stevenson-Leggett P, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Sanderson N, Hammond JA, Jones RC, Britton P, Bickerton E. Multiple novel non-canonically transcribed sub-genomic mRNAs produced by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1103-1118. [PMID: 32720890 PMCID: PMC7660457 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus sub-genomic mRNA (sgmRNA) synthesis occurs via a process of discontinuous transcription involving complementary transcription regulatory sequences (TRSs), one (TRS-L) encompassing the leader sequence of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), and the other upstream of each structural and accessory gene (TRS-B). Several coronaviruses have an ORF located between the N gene and the 3'-UTR, an area previously thought to be non-coding in the Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) due to a lack of a canonical TRS-B. Here, we identify a non-canonical TRS-B allowing for a novel sgmRNA relating to this ORF to be produced in several strains of IBV: Beaudette, CR88, H120, D1466, Italy-02 and QX. Interestingly, the potential protein produced by this ORF is prematurely truncated in the Beaudette strain. A single nucleotide deletion was made in the Beaudette strain allowing for the generation of a recombinant IBV (rIBV) that had the potential to express a full-length protein. Assessment of this rIBV in vitro demonstrated that restoration of the full-length potential protein had no effect on viral replication. Further assessment of the Beaudette-derived RNA identified a second non-canonically transcribed sgmRNA located within gene 2. Deep sequencing analysis of allantoic fluid from Beaudette-infected embryonated eggs confirmed the presence of both the newly identified non-canonically transcribed sgmRNAs and highlighted the potential for further yet unidentified sgmRNAs. This HiSeq data, alongside the confirmation of non-canonically transcribed sgmRNAs, indicates the potential of the coronavirus genome to encode a larger repertoire of genes than has currently been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Filip Lidzbarski-Silvestre
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kirsten Bentley
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Sanderson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Richard C. Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
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Lin CH, Yang CY, Ou SC, Wang M, Lo CY, Tsai TL, Wu HY. The Impacts of Antivirals on the Coronavirus Genome Structure and Subsequent Pathogenicity, Virus Fitness and Antiviral Design. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E376. [PMID: 32987828 PMCID: PMC7601523 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global threat of SARS-CoV-2, much effort has been focused on treatment and disease control. However, how coronaviruses react to the treatments and whether the surviving viruses have altered their characteristics are also unanswered questions with medical importance. To this end, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), which is in the same genus as SARS-CoV-2, was used as a test model and the findings were as follows. With the treatment of antiviral remdesivir, the selected BCoV variant with an altered genome structure developed resistance, but its pathogenicity was not increased in comparison to that of wild type (wt) BCoV. Under the selection pressure of innate immunity, the genome structure was also altered; however, neither resistance developed nor pathogenicity increased for the selected BCoV variant. Furthermore, both selected BCoV variants showed a better efficiency in adapting to alternative host cells than wt BCoV. In addition, the previously unidentified feature that the spike protein was a common target for mutations under different antiviral treatments might pose a problem for vaccine development because spike protein is a common target for antibody and vaccine designs. The findings derived from this fundamental research may contribute to the disease control and treatments against coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-L.T.)
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-L.T.)
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Yu Lo
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-L.T.)
| | - Tsung-Lin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-L.T.)
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-Y.L.); (T.-L.T.)
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28
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Characterization of S1 gene sequence variations of attenuated QX-like and variant infectious bronchitis virus strains and the pathogenicity of the viruses in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2777-2788. [PMID: 32964293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Besides the vaccine strains, the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like are the predominant IBVs detected on commercial poultry farms. These two virus strains are distinct based on genomic and pathogenicity studies. In this study, we determined the sequence of the S1 gene and compared the pathogenicity of serial passage 70 (P70) of Malaysian QX-like (QX/P70) and MV (MV/P70) strains with that of their respective wild-type viruses. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the complete S1 genes of QX/P70 and MV/P70 showed 1.4 to 1.6% and 3.0 to 3.3% variation, respectively, when compared to the wild-type virus. Most of the mutations were insertions and substitutions in the hypervariable regions (HVRs), primarily in HVR 3. Furthermore, selection pressure analysis showed that both viruses are under purifying selection. A pathogenicity study in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed a reduction in respiratory and kidney lesions in chickens inoculated with MV/P70, but not with QX/P70, when compared to the respective wild-type viruses. However, MV/P70 is still pathogenic and can cause ciliary damage. In conclusion, the MV IBV strain is more responsive than the QX-like IBV strain following the attenuation process used for the development of a live attenuated IBV vaccine.
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A Novel Mucosal Adjuvant System for Immunization against Avian Coronavirus Causing Infectious Bronchitis. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01016-20. [PMID: 32669327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01016-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is currently a major threat to chicken health, with multiple outbreaks being reported in the United States over the past decade. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines used in the field can persist and provide the genetic material needed for recombination and emergence of novel IBV serotypes. Inactivated and subunit vaccines overcome some of the limitations of MLV with no risk of virulence reversion and emergence of new virulent serotypes. However, these vaccines are weakly immunogenic and poorly protective. There is an urgent need to develop more effective vaccines that can elicit a robust, long-lasting immune response. In this study, we evaluate a novel adjuvant system developed from Quil-A and chitosan (QAC) for the intranasal delivery of nucleic acid immunogens to improve protective efficacy. The QAC adjuvant system forms nanocarriers (<100 nm) that efficiently encapsulate nucleic acid cargo, exhibit sustained release of payload, and can stably transfect cells. Encapsulation of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing IBV nucleocapsid (N) protein by the QAC adjuvant system (pQAC-N) enhanced immunogenicity, as evidenced by robust induction of adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses postvaccination and postchallenge. Birds immunized with pQAC-N showed reduced clinical severity and viral shedding postchallenge on par with protection observed with current commercial vaccines without the associated safety concerns. Presented results indicate that the QAC adjuvant system can offer a safer alternative to the use of live vaccines against avian and other emerging coronaviruses.IMPORTANCE According to 2017 U.S. agriculture statistics, the combined value of production and sales from broilers, eggs, turkeys, and chicks was $42.8 billion. Of this number, broiler sales comprised 67% of the industry value, with the production of >50 billion pounds of chicken meat. The economic success of the poultry industry in the United States hinges on the extensive use of vaccines to control infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other poultry pathogens. The majority of vaccines currently licensed for poultry health include both modified live vaccine and inactivated pathogens. Despite their proven efficacy, modified live vaccine constructs take time to produce and could revert to virulence, which limits their safety. The significance of our research stems from the development of a safer and potent alternative mucosal vaccine to replace live vaccines against IBV and other emerging coronaviruses.
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30
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Sariol A, Perlman S. Lessons for COVID-19 Immunity from Other Coronavirus Infections. Immunity 2020; 53:248-263. [PMID: 32717182 PMCID: PMC7359787 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is developing an effective vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. Protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. However, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by previous studies of immune responses to non-human coronaviruses, common cold coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we review the literature describing these responses and discuss their relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is developing an effective vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. Protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. However, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by previous studies of immune responses to non-human coronaviruses, common cold coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we review the literature describing these responses and discuss their relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Shao G, Chen T, Feng K, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Li H, Lin W, Xie Q. Efficacy of commercial polyvalent avian infectious bronchitis vaccines against Chinese QX-like and TW-like strain via different vaccination strategies. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4786-4794. [PMID: 32988513 PMCID: PMC7380215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an acute and highly contagious disease, which affects chickens of all ages. Vaccination is the most important way to control this disease. Nevertheless, novel variant strains are constantly reported because of the lack of proofreading capabilities of RNA polymerase and high frequency of homologous RNA recombination. Cross-protection studies has demonstrated that the vaccines could provide great protective effects against viruses of same serotype or genotype. However, the protective effect of different commercial vaccines and vaccine combinations against the prevalent IBV strains in China has rarely been studied. Owing to the multiple genotype or serotype IBV strains prevalence in China, the polyvalent vaccines and their composition were used to expanding the protection spectrum of vaccine in practical application. To evaluate the protection of Chinese commercial IBV polyvalent vaccines against prevalent strains (QX-like and TW I-like), an immune challenge test was conducted. Four polyvalent vaccines, containing 4/91, H120, YX10p90, LDT3-A, and 28/86, were combined to form 8 vaccination strategies, almost all of which could provide more than 70% protection effects against challenge with QX-like strain. Particularly, the best protection rate (93%) was generated by administration the polyvalent vaccine C (H120 + 28/86 + 4/91) at 1 D of age and the polyvalent vaccine B (H120 + 4/91 + YX10p90) at 10 D of age. However, all the vaccination strategies in this study cannot provide great protective effects against TW-like strain, and more vaccines should be included in studies to expand the protection spectrum of vaccine. Therefore, for the newly emerging IBV strains, immunization with polyvalent vaccines via different vaccination strategies could be used to control the prevalence of IBV in a short time, whereas developing the homologous vaccines was not always necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Shao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Tong Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Keyu Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Hongxin Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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Keep S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Steyn A, Oade MS, Webb I, Stuart J, Vervelde L, Britton P, Maier HJ, Bickerton E. Temperature Sensitivity: A Potential Method for the Generation of Vaccines against the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E754. [PMID: 32674326 PMCID: PMC7412246 DOI: 10.3390/v12070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious economically important respiratory pathogen of domestic fowl. Reverse genetics allows for the molecular study of pathogenic determinants to enable rational vaccine design. The recombinant IBV (rIBV) Beau-R, a molecular clone of the apathogenic Beaudette strain, has previously been investigated as a vaccine platform. To determine tissues in which Beau-R could effectively deliver antigenic genes, an in vivo study in chickens, the natural host, was used to compare the pattern of viral dissemination of Beau-R to the pathogenic strain M41-CK. Replication of Beau-R was found to be restricted to soft tissue within the beak, whereas M41-CK was detected in beak tissue, trachea and eyelid up to seven days post infection. In vitro assays further identified that, unlike M41-CK, Beau-R could not replicate at 41 °C, the core body temperature of a chicken, but is able to replicate a 37 °C, a temperature relatable to the very upper respiratory tract. Using a panel of rIBVs with defined mutations in the structural and accessory genes, viral replication at permissive and non-permissive temperatures was investigated, identifying that the Beau-R replicase gene was a determinant of temperature sensitivity and that sub-genomic mRNA synthesis had been affected. The identification of temperature sensitive allelic lesions within the Beau-R replicase gene opens up the possibility of using this method of attenuation in other IBV strains for future vaccine development as well as a method to investigate the functions of the IBV replicase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Angela Steyn
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Michael S. Oade
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Isobel Webb
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Jamie Stuart
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Helena J. Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
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Keep S, Sives S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Britton P, Vervelde L, Bickerton E. Limited Cross-Protection against Infectious Bronchitis Provided by Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Expressing Heterologous Spike Glycoproteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E330. [PMID: 32580371 PMCID: PMC7350270 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. Protective immunity is associated with the major structural protein, spike (S) glycoprotein, which induces neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. Cross-protective immunity between serotypes is limited and can be difficult to predict. In this study, the ability of two recombinant IBV vaccine candidates, BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S), to induce cross-protection against a third serotype, QX, was assessed. Both rIBVs are genetically based on the Beaudette genome with only the S gene derived from either M41 or 4/91, two unrelated serotypes. The use of these rIBVs allowed for the assessment of the potential of M41 and 4/91 S glycoproteins to induce cross-protective immunity against a heterologous QX challenge. The impact of the order of vaccination was also assessed. Homologous primary and secondary vaccination with BeauR-M41(S) or BeauR-4/91(S) resulted in a significant reduction of infectious QX load in the trachea at four days post-challenge, whereas heterologous primary and secondary vaccination with BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S) reduced viral RNA load in the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). Both homologous and heterologous vaccination regimes reduced clinical signs and birds recovered more rapidly as compared with an unvaccinated/challenge control group. Despite both rIBV BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S) displaying limited replication in vivo, serum titres in these vaccinated groups were higher as compared with the unvaccinated/challenge control group. This suggests that vaccination with rIBV primed the birds for a boosted humoral response to heterologous QX challenge. Collectively, vaccination with the rIBV elicited limited protection against challenge, with failure to protect against tracheal ciliostasis, clinical manifestations, and viral replication. The use of a less attenuated recombinant vector that replicates throughout the respiratory tract could be required to elicit a stronger and prolonged protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
| | - Samantha Sives
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; (S.S.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; (S.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
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Brown Jordan A, Fusaro A, Blake L, Milani A, Zamperin G, Brown G, Carrington CVF, Monne I, Oura CAL. Characterization of novel, pathogenic field strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in poultry in Trinidad and Tobago. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2775-2788. [PMID: 32438523 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and turkey coronavirus (TCoV), are economically important viruses affecting poultry worldwide. IBV is responsible for causing severe losses to the commercial poultry sector globally. The objectives of this study were to identify the viruses that were causing outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in chickens in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) and to characterize the strains. Swab samples were collected from birds showing severe respiratory signs in five farms on the island of Trinidad. Samples were tested for the presence of IBV, as well as avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All samples from the five farms tested negative for AIV, NDV and aMPV; however, samples from clinically affected birds in all five of the farms tested positive for IBV. Genetic data revealed the presence of TCoV in chickens on two of the farms. Interestingly, these two farms had never reared turkeys. Phylogenetic analysis showed that IBV S1 sequences formed two distinct clusters. Two sequences grouped with vaccine strains within the GI-1 lineage, whereas three sequences grouped together, but separately from other defined lineages, forming a likely new lineage of IBV. Pairwise comparison revealed that the three unique variant strains within the distinct lineage of IBV were significantly different in their S1 nucleotide coding regions from viruses in the closest lineage (16% difference) and locally used vaccine strains (>20% difference). Results also suggested that one of the samples was a recombinant virus, generated from a recombination event between a Trinidad virus of the GI-1 lineage and a Trinidad virus of the newly defined lineage. Many amino acid differences were also observed between the S1 coding regions of the circulating field and vaccine strains, indicating that the IBV vaccines may not be protective. Vaccine-challenge studies are however needed to prove this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Brown Jordan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Mount Hope, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lemar Blake
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Mount Hope, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Zamperin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gabriel Brown
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Mount Hope, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Mount Hope, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Isabella Monne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Christopher A L Oura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Mount Hope, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
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Erfanmanesh A, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Nikaein D, Hosseini H, Mohajerfar T. Evaluation of inactivated vaccine of the variant 2 (IS-1494 /GI-23) genotype of avian infectious bronchitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101497. [PMID: 32505764 PMCID: PMC7260563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the cause of avian infectious bronchitis (IB). IB is one of the most highly contagious diseases, which results in many economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The nature of this virus is such that it generates new genotypes continuously. Proper vaccination is the most suitable way of combatting IB. One of the novel genotypes of IBV, which has been circulating in the Middle Eastern countries, is the variant 2 (IS-1494/GI-23) genotype. This study aims to design and produce an autogenous variant 2 vaccines. After isolation and characterization of the Iranian variant 2, the inactivated vaccine was formulated according to the OIE guidelines, and its different aspects (Purity, titration, inactivation, immunization) were evaluated. The designed vaccine passed all of OIE quality control standards. In the assessment process, the protection rate in the groups receiving the variant 2 and commercial vaccines was 67 % and 60 %, respectively. Although the differences were not significant, they indicated better protection, and the viral load in the feces and the kidney of the group receiving the variant 2 vaccine was lower than that in the commercial vaccine. It is suggested that the variant2 strain should be added as one of the local strains to the commercial inactivated vaccines in areas affected by this genotype. The use of this vaccine in layer and breeder flocks can help to protect them against variant 2 during the production phase. Also, the transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring can provide strain-specific immunity for one-day-old chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Erfanmanesh
- The Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Donya Nikaein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohajerfar
- The Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Abdelsabour MA, Mohamed MHA, El-Sabagh IM, Munir M. Evolutionary Analysis of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Reveals Marked Genetic Diversity and Recombination Events. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E605. [PMID: 32486006 PMCID: PMC7348897 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, frequent outbreaks of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are observed in both broiler and layer chicken flocks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in spite of extensive usage of vaccines. The IBV is a widespread avian coronavirus affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated chicken flocks and is attributed to significant economic losses, around the globe. In the present study, 58 (n = 58) samples were collected from four different commercial poultry flocks from 8 KSA districts during 2019. A total of nine positive isolates (9/58; 15.5%), based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene, were used for further genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis. Genetic characterization of the partial spike (S1) gene revealed the clustering of the reported isolates into three different genotypes, whereas four additional isolates were grouped within 4/91 genotype, two isolates within IS/885 genotype, one isolate was closely related to IS/1494/06, and two isolates were grouped within classic serotype (vaccine-like strains). Phylodynamic revealed clustering of four isolated viruses within GI-13 lineage, three isolates within GI-23 lineage, and two isolates within GI-1 lineage. Results indicate that there are high evolutionary distances between the newly identified IBV strains in this study and the commercially used vaccines (GI-1), suggesting that IBV strains circulating in the KSA are under constant evolutionary pressures. Selective pressure biostatistics analyses consistently demonstrate the presence of a higher positive score which highlights the role of natural selection, a mechanism of virus evolution on sites located on the protein surface, within or nearby domains involved in viral attachment or related functions. Recombination analysis revealed emergence of two isolates through recombination events resulting in new recombinant viruses. Taken together, these finding demonstrate the genetic and evolutionary insights into the currently circulating IBV genotypes in KSA, which could help to better understand the origin, spread, and evolution of infectious bronchitis viruses, and to ascertain the importance of disease monitoring as well as re-evaluation for the currently used vaccines and vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdelsabour
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
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Ababneh M, Ababneh O, Al-Zghoul MB. High-resolution melting curve analysis for infectious bronchitis virus strain differentiation. Vet World 2020; 13:400-406. [PMID: 32367941 PMCID: PMC7183480 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.400-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Belonging to the Coronaviridae family, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory, reproductive, and renal diseases in poultry. Preventative measures lie mainly in vaccination, while the gold standard for IBV classification and differentiation is based on the sequence analysis of the spike 1 (S1) gene. In this study, we tested a new assay for IBV strain classification that is less expensive and requires reduced time and effort to perform. We carried out a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by high-resolution melting (qRT-PCR/HRM) curve analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, qRT-PCR was conducted on a partial fragment S1 gene followed by a high resolution melting curve analysis (qRT-PCR/HRM) on 23 IBV-positive samples in Jordan. For this assay, we utilized the most common IBV vaccine strains (Mass and 4/91) as a reference in the HRM assay. To evaluate the discrimination power of the qRT-PCR/HRM, we did the sequencing of the partial S1 gene. Results: It was shown that HRM was able to classify IBV samples into four clusters based on the degree of similarity between their melting points: The first cluster exhibited the highest similarity to the 4/91 strain, while the second was similar to the Mass-related IBV strain. Although the third cluster contained the highest number of samples, it displayed no similarity to any of the reference vaccine strains, and, after comparing them with the sequencing results, we found that the samples in the third cluster were similar to the variant II-like (IS-1494-06) IBV field strain. Finally, the fourth cluster comprised one unique sample that was found to belong to the Q1 IBV strain. Conclusion: Our developed qRT-PCR/HRM curve analysis was able to detect and rapidly identify novel and vaccine-related IBV strains as confirmed by S1 gene nucleotide sequences, making it a rapid and cost-effective tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ola Ababneh
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Borhan Al-Zghoul
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus H120 with the spike protein S1 gene of the nephropathogenic IBYZ strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:3157-3168. [PMID: 32057575 PMCID: PMC7115396 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious viral disease responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry. A reverse genetic vaccine is a safe, rapid, and effective method of achieving IB prevention and control. In this study, we constructed the recombinant strain, rH120-S1/YZ, using a reverse genetic system, based on the backbone of the H120 vaccine strain, with the S1 gene replaced with that of the QX-like nephropathogenic strain, ck/CH/IBYZ/2011, isolated in China. The results of dwarf chicken embryos, growth kinetics, and viral titration in the embryos demonstrated that the biological characteristics of the recombinant virus remained unchanged. Like the rH120-infected group and in contrast to the rIBYZ-infected group, no mortality, clinical signs, or lesions were observed in the lungs or kidneys of young chickens inoculated with rH120-S1/YZ. The viral loads in various tissues, cloacal, and oral swabs was lower in most types of samples, indicating that the rH120-S1/YZ strain was highly safe in chicks. Compared to rH120 vaccination group, when the efficacy of this strain was evaluated against the QX-like IBV strain, better protection, with 100% survival rate and no disease symptom or gross lesion was observed in the chickens vaccinated with rH120-S1/YZ. Increased levels of IBV-specific antibodies were detected in the serum of the rH120-S1/YZ-vaccinated animals 14 days post-vaccination. Collectively, our results suggest that the recombinant strain, rH120-S1/YZ, may represent a promising vaccine candidate against QX-like IBVs.
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Mo J, Angelichio M, Gow L, Leathers V, Jackwood MW. Validation of specific quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay panel for Infectious Bronchitis using synthetic DNA standards and clinical specimens. J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113773. [PMID: 31712094 PMCID: PMC7113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR assays were developed for six different IBV types. Rapid detection of IBV type is important for control. Analytical sensitivity was evaluated using synthetic DNA standards. Specificity was determined using clinical and biological specimens. Linearity over a 5 log10 dynamic range and a limit of detection of ≤10 target copies was realized.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which has various serotypes that do not cross-protect. Vaccine control strategies for this virus are only effective when designed around the currently circulating serotypes. It is essential to not only rapidly detect IBV but also to identify the type of virus causing disease. Six TaqMan™-based quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays (Universal, Ark, Mass, DE/GA98, GA07, GA08) were developed and examined the sensitivity and specificity for each assay. Assays were developed targeting the hypervariable region in the S1 gene subunit. The analytical sensitivity of TaqMan™-based quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays (qRT-PCR) assays was evaluated using synthetic DNA standards that were identical with the target sequence and specificity was further validated using clinical and biological specimens. All developed assays performed equivalently when using synthetic DNA templates as standard material, as it achieved linearity over a 5 log10 dynamic range with a reproducible limit of detection of ≤10 target copies per reaction, with high calculated amplification efficiencies ranging between 90%–115%. Further validation of specificity using clinical and biological specimens was also successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | | | - Lisa Gow
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Valerie Leathers
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Mark W Jackwood
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States.
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A Recombinant La Sota Vaccine Strain Expressing Multiple Epitopes of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Protects Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Chickens against IBV and NDV Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040170. [PMID: 31683905 PMCID: PMC6963182 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two major infectious diseases that are a threat to the domestic poultry industry. In this study, we successfully generated a recombinant LaSota candidate vaccine strain, rNDV-IBV-T/B, which expresses a short, synthetic, previously identified IBV S1 multi-epitope cassette using the reverse genetic system. The recombinant virus was propagated in nine-day-old embryonated chicken eggs for 20 passages and genetic stability was confirmed by whole genome DNA sequencing. The recombinant virus had a hemagglutination (HA) titer of 210, mean death time (MDT) of 118 hours, and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 0.05. None of these were significantly different from the parental Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota strain (p > 0.05). Vaccination of white leghorn chickens at one day of age with 106 EID50 rNDV-IBV-T/B provided 90% protection against virulent IBV M41 challenge at three weeks of age, which was significantly higher than the protection of the control group vaccinated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (p < 0.05). The ciliostasis scores of rNDV-IBV-T/B-vaccinated and LaSota-vaccinated groups were 4.2 and 37.6, respectively, which indicated that rNDV-IBV-T/B vaccination reduced the pathogenicity of IBV toward the trachea. Furthermore, real-time RT-PCR assay showed that the rNDV-IBV-T/B vaccination resulted in low levels of viral load (647.80 ± 49.65 RNA copies) in the trachea four days post-challenge, which is significantly lower than groups vaccinated with PBS (8591.25 ± 311.10 RNA copies) or LaSota (7742.60 ± 298.50 RNA copies) (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the same dose of rNDV-IBV-T/B vaccination provided complete protection against velogenic NDV F48E9 challenge. These results demonstrate that the rNDV-IBV-T/B strain is a promising vaccine candidate to control both IB and ND simultaneously. Furthermore, epitope-based live vector vaccines provide an alternative strategy for the development of cost-effective and, broadly, cross-protective vaccines.
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Andoh K, Ashikaga K, Suenaga K, Endo S, Yamazaki K. Identification of Novel Linear Epitopes Located in the Infectious Bronchitis Virus Spike S2 Region. Avian Dis 2019; 62:210-217. [PMID: 29944406 DOI: 10.1637/11796-011518-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We identified novel linear epitopes on the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) spike S2 region. The conformational structure of the IBV spike protein was predicted from a homologous protein, human coronavirus NL63 spike. Although the obtained structure was incomplete, most of the IBV spike protein structure was predicted; the N-terminus of the S1 region could not be predicted due to its variability. In the model, the region located in the proximity of the fusion peptide appeared to be well conserved, and we evaluated the antigenicity of these domains, which are involved in the membrane fusion machinery. Western blotting revealed that IBV TM86 spike residues 686-723 were antigenic. Epitope mapping analysis using synthesized peptides revealed that IBV TM86 spike 669-685 (SNFSTGAFNISLLLTPP), 686-697 (SNPRGRSFIEDL), and 692-703 (SFIEDLLFTSVE) residues were major linear epitopes; two identified epitopes (686-697 and 692-703) were covered by the fusion peptide, and the other epitope (669-685) was adjacent to the fusion peptide. Although the identified epitopes are identically located as the neutralizing epitope in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the recombinant protein that includes those epitopes could not elicit neutralizing antibodies against IBV. This is the first report describing IBV spike S2 epitopes located in the proximity of the fusion peptide, and it is suggested that the spike fusion machinery of IBV may differ from that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or, alternatively, IBV may have another mechanism to penetrate the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Andoh
- A Animal Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
| | - Kanako Ashikaga
- A Animal Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Suenaga
- A Animal Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
| | - Shun Endo
- A Animal Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamazaki
- A Animal Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
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Sultan HA, Ali A, El Feil WK, Bazid AHI, Zain El-Abideen MA, Kilany WH. Protective Efficacy of Different Live Attenuated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Regimes Against Challenge With IBV Variant-2 Circulating in the Middle East. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:341. [PMID: 31649942 PMCID: PMC6794438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Six vaccination regimes using classical (Mass-type) and variant (IB-VAR2 and IB-793B) live vaccines were evaluated against Middle Eastern variant-2 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. Six groups of SPF chicks (30 birds/group) were vaccinated using prime-boost regimes at day-1 and day-14 using; IB-M41:IB-VAR2, IB-VAR2:IB-VAR2, IB-VAR2:IB-M41, IB-Ma5:IB-793B, IB-793B:IB-793B, and IB-793B:IB-Ma5, respectively. Ciliostasis and lesion scores were evaluated at day-5 after each vaccination. Birds were challenged intranasally at 14-day post 2nd vaccination using 105EID50/0.1 ml/bird of wild-type IBV (Eg/1212B/2012). At 3, 5, and 7-day post challenge (DPC) virus shedding was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. Five chicks/group were euthanized at 7DPC for ciliostasis and lesion scoring and histopathology was conducted on 3 chicks/group. Seroconversion was evaluated at 14 DPC. All groups primed with the 793B vaccine showed relatively higher ciliostasis scores compared to other groups. The IB-VAR2 vaccinated groups showed the highest protection rates (80–100%) and high protection score (67.6–73.2%) compared to the 793B vaccine groups (50–60%). The virus shedding was significantly reduced at 3 and 5DPC in groups received the IBV-VAR2 (prime or booster) compared to those received the 793B vaccine. In conclusion, the homologous IBV-VAR2 vaccine showed superior results compared to 793B or Mass-type vaccines confirming the importance of IBV vaccine seed homology to the circulating IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A Sultan
- Birds and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Wael K El Feil
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Abdel Hamid I Bazid
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Chacón RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Chacón JL, Nuñez LFN, De la Torre DI, Piantino Ferreira AJ. A seminested RT-PCR for molecular genotyping of the Brazilian BR-I Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain (GI-11). Mol Cell Probes 2019; 47:101426. [PMID: 31365883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the avian diseases with the greatest impact on poultry farming worldwide. In Brazil, strain BR-I (GI-11) is the most prevalent in poultry flocks. The present study aimed to develop a seminested RT-PCR assay specific for the diagnosis of BR-I IBV in Brazilian samples, targeting subunit 1 of the S gene. The detection limit of this assay was 10 copies of the IBV genome. In this study, 62.24% of 572 organ pools from the 5 regions of Brazil tested positive in a 3'UTR screening, and 84.83% were typed as BR-I IBV. BR-I was detected in the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts in pooled samples from all Brazilian geographical regions and in all the breeding systems analyzed. Specificity and sensitivity tests as well as phylogenetic analysis successfully confirmed the expected clustering of the sequences detected by this assay with the BR-I (GI-11) group. The nested PCR described in this study represents a suitable and valuable tool in the diagnosis, epidemiology, monitoring and vaccination decisions of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis F N Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Fujisawa S, Murata S, Takehara M, Katakura K, Hmoon MM, Win SY, Ohashi K. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplama synoviae, and infectious bronchitis virus in poultry in Myanmar. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:261. [PMID: 31345206 PMCID: PMC6659308 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, poultry farming is a major industry. In order to manage and maintain stable productivity, it is important to establish policies for biosecurity. Infectious respiratory diseases are a major threat to poultry farming. Avian influenza and Newcastle disease have been reported in Myanmar, but no scientific information is available for other respiratory pathogens, such as mycoplasmas and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Identifying the genotypes and serotypes of IBVs is especially important to inform vaccination programs. In this study, we detected Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), and IBV in several poultry farms in Myanmar. RESULTS Samples were collected from 20 farms in three major poultry farming areas in Myanmar, and MG, MS, and IBV were detected on two, four, and eight farms, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the observed MG and MS isolates were not identical to vaccine strains. Three different genotypes of IBV were detected, but none was an unknown variant. CONCLUSIONS Mycoplasmas and IBV were detected on poultry farms in Myanmar. Periodic surveillance is required to establish the distribution of each pathogen, and to institute better vaccine protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Fujisawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takehara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Shwe Yee Win
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is a highly infectious disease of the domestic chicken of all ages and type, affecting the respiratory, renal and reproductive systems. Secondary bacterial infections are common and have a serious economic and welfare impact. Many genotypic and serotypic variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) exist worldwide, making diagnosis difficult, and challenging control strategies. Vaccination, requiring the use of both live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, is needed to control IBV infections; to date, attempts to develop vectored vaccines as effective as the traditional vaccines have been unsuccessful.
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Zhao Y, Xie D, Zhang K, Cheng J, Xu G, Zhang G. Pathogenicity of a GI-22 genotype infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China and protection against it afforded by GI-19 vaccine. Virus Res 2019; 267:59-66. [PMID: 31082454 PMCID: PMC7172295 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A GI-22 genotype IBV strain LGD was isolated in northern China in 2018. We investigated the molecular characteristics and pathogenecity of LGD. The GI-19 type vaccine was efficacious against LGD challenge.
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a globally circulating bird disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In China, the most prevalent IBV genotype is GI-19/QX-like because the protective efficiency of the classical IBV vaccine is low, and new GI-19 vaccines are under development. In 2018, a GI-22 genotype strain CK/CH/LGD/2018 (abbreviated ‘LGD’) was isolated in northern China, which caused 10%–30% morality in H120-vaccinated chickens. A phylogenetic analysis showed that this new isolate displays novel features compared with other earlier-isolated reference strains. To monitor the epidemic trend of IBV in China, the pathogenicity of LGD was first evaluated in 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens. LGD induced classical IBV damage in the trachea and kidney, whereas it also infected and damaged the bursa of Fabricius, an important immune organ of chickens. The efficacy of our earlier-developed GI-19 vaccine, strain SZ200, against LGD was also evaluated in this study. The GI-19 genotype vaccine provided sufficient protection against the new GI-22 genotype strain, and may be a promising candidate vaccine with which to control both wild GI-19 and GI-22 strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deqiong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Liu IL, Lin YC, Lin YC, Jian CZ, Cheng IC, Chen HW. A Novel Immunochromatographic Strip for Antigen Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092216. [PMID: 31064083 PMCID: PMC6540333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide, including Taiwan. IBV is among the most important pathogens in chickens, and it spreads rapidly among flocks. In addition to dozens of known serotypes, new viral variants have emerged due to the viral evolution and antigenic variation in IBVs. Therefore, the development of a sensitive, specific, and easily performed assay is crucial for the rapid detection and surveillance of IBV infections. A rapid and simple immunochromatographic strip (ICS) was developed in this study by employing monoclonal antibodies against spike and nucleocapsid proteins of IBV as the tracer and the capture antibody. The ICS showed high specificity in detecting IBV antigens, including several IBV genotypes and novel variants, as opposed to three other common avian respiratory viruses. The detection limit of the strip reached 104.4 50% embryo-infective dose. Moreover, in the experimental chicken model, the strip test demonstrated consistency in detecting IBV with RT-PCR gene detection. Taken together, this antigen detection strip has the potential to serve as an on-farm rapid test for IBV; therefore, it may facilitate surveillance and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Li Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yong-Chong Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Cai-Zhen Jian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ivan-Chen Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Protection conferred by a vaccine derived from an inactivated Egyptian variant of infectious bronchitis virus: a challenge experiment. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1997-2001. [PMID: 31020540 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the protective efficacy of a formalin-inactivated infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine derived from the field strain KP729422, which exhibits low S1 spike protein sequence homology (77.1-79.8%) with the currently used vaccine strains in Egypt. Two-week-old, specific-pathogen-free chickens were subcutaneously inoculated with a single dose of the vaccine containing 106.7 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) of the inactivated virus. At 6 weeks of age, the chickens were challenged with 104 EID50 of the same virus strain via the oculonasal route. In comparison with the unvaccinated challenged group, the vaccinated chickens had significantly higher IBV-neutralizing antibody titers and exhibited efficient protection against challenge on the basis of tracheal ciliary activity. However, the challenge virus was recovered from the kidneys and tracheas of these chickens at rates of 40% and 60%, respectively. These findings suggest that a single application of the vaccine may provide sufficient clinical and respiratory protection, but may not ensure complete protection against infection by the challenge virus.
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50
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A Rohaim M, F El Naggar R, M Helal A, M Bayoumi M, A El-Saied M, A Ahmed K, Z Shabbir M, Munir M. Genetic Diversity and Phylodynamics of Avian Coronaviruses in Egyptian Wild Birds. Viruses 2019; 11:E57. [PMID: 30646528 PMCID: PMC6356246 DOI: 10.3390/v11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronaviruses (ACoVs) are continuously evolving and causing serious economic consequences in the poultry industry and around the globe. Owing to their extensive genetic diversity and high mutation rates, controlling ACoVs has become a challenge. In this context, the potential contribution of wild birds in the disease dynamics, especially in domesticated birds, remains largely unknown. In the present study, five hundred fifty-seven (n = 557) cloacal/fecal swabs were collected from four different wild bird species from eight Egyptian governorates during 2016 and a total of fourteen positive isolates were used for phylodynamics and evolutionary analysis. Genetic relatedness based on spike (S1) gene demonstrated the clustering of majority of these isolates where nine isolates grouped within Egy/variant 2 (IS/885 genotype) and five isolates clustered within Egy/variant 1 (IS/1494/06 genotype). Interestingly, these isolates showed noticeable genetic diversity and were clustered distal to the previously characterized Egy/variant 1 and Egy/variant 2 in Egyptian commercial poultry. The S1 gene based comparison of nucleotide identity percentages revealed that all fourteen isolates reported in this study were genetically related to the variant GI-23 lineage with 92⁻100% identity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ACoVs are circulating in Egyptian wild birds and highlight their possible contributions in the disease dynamics. The study also proposes that regular monitoring of the ACoVs in wild birds is required to effectively assess the role of wild birds in disease spread, and the emergence of ACoVs strains in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat University, Sadat 32897, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Helal
- Central Lab for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia 11381, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Bayoumi
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Saied
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Z Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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