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Silva QM, Palmieri MJ, Andrade-Vieira LF. Effects of a S-metolachlor based herbicide on two plant models: Zea mays L. and Lactuca sativa L. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:719-729. [PMID: 38884257 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2367621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Corn is the second most cultivated crop in Brazil, the number-one country in pesticide consumption. Chemical control of weeds is performed using herbicides such as S-metolachlor with pre- and post-emergence action and thus the toxicity of herbicides constitutes a matter of great concern. The present investigation aimed to examine the effects of an S-metolachlor-based herbicide on Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Zea mays L. (maize) utilizing various bioassays. The test solutions were prepared from commercial products containing the active ingredient. Seeds from the plant models were exposed in petri dishes and maintained under biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at 24°C. Distilled water was negative and aluminium positive control. Macroscopic analyses (germination and growth) were conducted for both plant species, and microscopic analysis (cell cycle and chromosomal alterations) were performed for L. sativa root tip cells. Detrimental interference of S-metolachlor-based herbicide was noted with lettuce for all parameters tested reducing plant germination by over 50% and the germination speed by over 45% and showing a significant decrease in mitotic index, from 16.25% to 9,28% even on the lowest concentration tested. In maize, there was no significant interference in plant germination; however, speed of germination was significantly hampered, reaching a 51.22% reduction for the highest concentration tested. Data demonstrated that the herbicide was toxic as evidenced by its phyto- and cytotoxicity in L. sativa L. and Z. mays L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quenia Maria Silva
- Department of Ecology and Conservation, Natural Science Institute, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Marcel José Palmieri
- Department of Ecology and Conservation, Natural Science Institute, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Occurrence of Banned and Currently Used Herbicides, in Groundwater of Northern Greece: A Human Health Risk Assessment Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148877. [PMID: 35886730 PMCID: PMC9323306 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in groundwater, many years after their phase out in European Union verifies that the persistence in aquifer is much higher than in other environmental compartments. Currently used and banned pesticides were monitored in Northern Greece aquifers and a human health risk assessment was conducted. The target compounds were the herbicides metolachlor (MET), terbuthylazine (TER), atrazine (ATR) and its metabolites deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA). Eleven sampling sites were selected to have representatives of different types of wells. Pesticides were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography. MET was detected in 100% of water samples followed by ATR (96.4%), DEA and HA (88.6%), DIA (78.2%) and TER (67.5%). ATR, DIA, DEA, HA, MET and TER mean concentrations detected were 0.18, 0.29, 0.14, 0.09, 0.16 and 0.15 μg/L, respectively. Obtained results were compared with historical data from previous monitoring studies and temporal trends were assessed. Preferential flow was the major factor facilitating pesticide leaching within the month of herbicide application. Moreover, apparent age of groundwater and the reduced pesticide dissipation rates on aquifers resulted of long-term detection of legacy pesticides. Although atrazine had been banned more than 18 years ago, it was detected frequently and their concentrations in some cases were over the maximum permissible limit. Furthermore, human health risk assessment of pesticides was calculated for two different age groups though drinking water consumption. In all examined wells, the sum of the HQ values were lower than the unity. As a result, the analyzed drinking water wells are considered safe according to the acute risk assessment process. However, the presence of atrazine residues causes concerns related with chronic toxicity, since ATR R values were greater than the parametric one of 1 × 10−6 advised by USEPA, for both age groups.
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Finizio A, Grenni P, Petrangeli AB, Barra Caracciolo A, Santoro S, Di Guardo A. Use of large datasets of measured environmental concentrations for the ecological risk assessment of chemical mixtures in Italian streams: A case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150614. [PMID: 34597558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A method to evaluate the ecological risk of chemical mixtures in water bodies is here presented. In the first phase, the approach considered routine chemical monitoring data (MEC: measured environmental concentrations) obtained from the Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, which were georeferenced to a single coordinate system for each monitoring station. The overall mixture toxicity were then evaluated for three representative aquatic organisms (algae, Daphnia, fish) using the concentration addition model to combine exposure with ecotoxicological data (from different databases). A database management system was used to facilitate the creation, organisation, and management of the large datasets of this study. The outputs were obtained as GIS-based mixture risk maps and tables (listing the toxic unit of mixtures and individual substances) useful for further analysis. The method was applied to an Italian watershed (Adda River) as a case study. In the first phase, the mixture toxicity was calculated using two scenarios: best- and worst-case; wherein the former included only those compounds that were be detected, while the latter involved also substances with concentrations below the limit of quantification. The ratio between the two scenarios indicated the range within which mixture toxicity should ideally vary. The method demonstrates that these ratios were very small when the calculated toxicity using the best case indicated a potential risk and vice versa, indicating that the worst-case scenario could not be appropriate (extremely conservative). Consequently, in the successive phase, we focused exclusively on the best-case scenario. Finally, this approach allowed the priority mixture identification (those most likely occurring in the analysed water samples), algae as the organism at the highest risk, and the substances that contributed the most to the overall mixture toxicity (terbuthylazine and s-metolachlor for algae, and chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-CH3 for Daphnia and fish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Finizio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; Water Research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Bruna Petrangeli
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Santoro
- Ministry for Ecological Transition/Institute on Atmospheric Pollution, National Research Council, via Cristoforo Colombo, 44, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Guardo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Giuliano S, Alletto L, Deswarte C, Perdrieux F, Daydé J, Debaeke P. Reducing herbicide use and leaching in agronomically performant maize-based cropping systems: An 8-year study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147695. [PMID: 34023606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Irrigated maize-based Cropping Systems (CS) are questioned because of the high risk of herbicide transfer to water. An 8-year systemic experiment was conducted to i) compute a multi-performance comparison between a Conventional Maize Monoculture (MMConv) and four CS that aimed to reduce irrigation and herbicide leaching: MMLI, a low-input MM using cover crop and Integrated Weed Management (IWM) techniques; MMStill, a Strip-tillage MM using cover crop; MMCT, a Conservation Tillage MM with cover crop; Maize-MSW, an IWM Maize rotated with Soybean and Wheat and ii) determine the main drivers and evaluate the influence of CS on herbicide leaching in maize. Drainage water was collected through 1-m depth lysimeter plates and analysed for 6 herbicide molecules and 1 degradation metabolite. MMLI yielded 10.7 t ha-1 close to MMConv (11.5 t ha-1) despite a lower herbicide use (-57%) and irrigation (-21%). MMLI and Maize-MSW had less drainage events compared to MMConv. MMCT and MMStill both yielded less (respectively 7.6 t ha-1 and 6.2 t ha-1) while their herbicide use increased (both +24%). Mean annual herbicide losses were 0.5 ± 1.0 g ha-1 for MMLI, 0.7 ± 1.2 g ha-1 for Maize-MSW, 1.3 ± 2.1 g ha-1 for MMStill, 2.0 ± 4.8 g ha-1 MMConv and 3.0 ± 9.6 g ha-1 for MMCT. Herbicide leaching remained variable but was consistently and mostly influenced by drainage volume. According to the CS, only 1.5 to 6.0 drainage events were responsible for 90% of the herbicide losses. High leaching peaks were identified for mesotrione and glyphosate and may indicate that preferential flows occurred, especially under MMCT. Quantity applied had limited influence on herbicide leaching. To reduce the herbicide leaching risk, CS must concomitantly manage water quality and quantity through a combination of agroecological practices, as in MMLI, a CS able to reach other technical objectives. Present study recommends assessing CS through a diversity of performance indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giuliano
- Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - L Alletto
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR AGIR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - C Deswarte
- Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - F Perdrieux
- Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - J Daydé
- Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - P Debaeke
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR AGIR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Willkommen S, Lange J, Ulrich U, Pfannerstill M, Fohrer N. Field insights into leaching and transformation of pesticides and fluorescent tracers in agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141658. [PMID: 32871316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of residues from pesticides in various natural water types has raised public awareness. This study investigated the pesticide transformation in soil and their loss to shallow groundwater in a small agricultural catchment in Northern Germany. The pesticide Flufenacet and its transformation product Flufenacet ESA were examined in Luvisol and Colluvic Gleyosol under field conditions during two consecutive years. In the second year, a fluorescent tracer experiment applying Uranine and Sulforhodamine - B was carried out to gain additional insights into leaching and formation of transformation products in soil during and after a drought. We found preferential flow in response to low precipitation as an important transport pathway for Flufenacet in dry soil, as a Flufenacet concentration (1.57 μg L-1) was detected in shallow groundwater within 10 days after application. Leaching of Flufenacet to shallow groundwater by preferential flow posed greater risks during the dry than during the wet period. In contrast, Flufenacet ESA was detected in all groundwater samples. During the dry period, we detected no formation of TP510 (tracer transformation product) in the immediate topsoil. A fraction of both tracers remained there, suggesting also long-term residues of pesticides in the topsoil caused by limited living conditions for microorganisms under dry conditions. Newly formed transformation products of Uranine and Flufenacet were mainly trapped in upper soil if capillary flow was marginal. Formation of TP510 could be related to a soil water optimum and a soil temperature threshold. The occurrence of increased TP510 amounts in soil after drought was concurrent with the main peak of Flufenacet ESA in shallow groundwater. This suggested similar retention and transformation processes of fluorescent tracers and organic pesticides inside the soil. This study contributed to an extended understanding of the leaching and transformation of organic pollutants in agricultural soil under real field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Willkommen
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Hydrology and Water Resource Management, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uta Ulrich
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Hydrology and Water Resource Management, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfannerstill
- State Agency for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein (LLUR), Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220 Flintbek, Germany
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Hydrology and Water Resource Management, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
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Carena L, Fabbri D, Passananti M, Minella M, Pazzi M, Vione D. The role of direct photolysis in the photodegradation of the herbicide bentazone in natural surface waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125705. [PMID: 31891848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical fate of the herbicide bentazone was assessed by lab experiments and modeling tools. Experimental and modeling results showed that bentazone is mainly photodegraded by direct photolysis in natural water samples, even in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that can act as light-screening agent, photosensitizer and scavenger of reactive species. Even when it was dissolved in natural water samples containing different DOM amounts, the phototransformation kinetics of bentazone was unchanged compared to irradiation runs in ultrapure water. This finding suggests that the DOM and the other components of our samples did not affect the direct photolysis of bentazone by light-absorption competition, at least at the experimental optical path lengths, and did not induce significant indirect photodegradation by producing reactive transient species. Photochemical modeling in a lake-water photoreactivity scenario corroborated the observed experimental results, showing the predominant role of direct photolysis in the overall (direct + indirect) photodegradation of bentazone at different water depths and DOM contents. However, the model predicted a minor but non-negligible contribution of indirect photochemistry (i.e., reactions triggered by HO•, CO3•- and 3CDOM*) to the herbicide degradation. This contribution (especially by 3CDOM*) could become crucial in deep and DOM-rich water bodies. Finally, several photoproducts formed by direct photolysis and HO•-induced photodegradation were identified, which should not be particularly toxic for aquatic organisms and Vibrio fischeri bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Passananti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Carpio MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, García-Delgado C, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Marín-Benito JM. Mobility monitoring of two herbicides in amended soils: A field study for modeling applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 260:110161. [PMID: 32090848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the mobility and total balance of chlorotoluron (CTL), flufenacet (FNC) and bromide ion (Br-) throughout a sandy soil profile after the application of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and green compost (GC). Obtaining mobility dataset is crucial to simulate the herbicides' fate under amended soil scenarios by application pesticide leaching models with regulatory application (FOCUS models). The application of organic residues is nowadays increased to improve the crop yields and there is a gap in the simulations of this kind of amended scenarios. A two-year field experiment involving unamended soil (S) and SMS- or GC-amended soil plots was conducted. CTL, FNC, and Br- were annually applied and their residual concentrations were determined in soil profiles (0-100 cm) regularly sampled. In all the treatments the order of mobility is followed as FNC < CTL < Br-. SMS and GC increased herbicide retention in the top 10 cm by the higher organic carbon (OC) content than the unamended soil, and their ability to increase the soil's water-holding capacity and to decrease water percolation. Simultaneously dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content facilitated herbicide transport being it favoured by the initial soil moisture content and the rainfall shortly after the chemicals' initial application. Over the first year, residual amounts (<2.6%) of Br-, CTL and FNC were leached down to 90-100 cm depth in the three treatments. However, over the second year low CTL and FNC amounts (<1.0%) reached the bottom layer only in S + SMS although high Br- concentrations did so in the three treatments (<20%). According to the total balance of Br-, CTL, and FNC in the soil profiles other processes (degradation, mineralisation, bound residues formation, and/or crop uptake) different from leaching below 1 m depth might play a key role in their dissipation especially in the amended soil profiles. SMS and GC are likely to be used as organic amendments to preserve the soil and water quality but in the case of SMS, its higher DOC content could imply a higher potential risk for groundwater contamination than GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Carpio
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Carlos García-Delgado
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Marín-Benito
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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Barba V, Marín-Benito JM, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS. Transport of 14C-prosulfocarb through soil columns under different amendment, herbicide incubation and irrigation regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134542. [PMID: 31734489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study sets out to evaluate the effect on the leaching of prosulfocarb through packed soil columns of applying green compost (GC) as an organic amendment (20% w/w), herbicide ageing over 28 days in the soil (incubation vs. no incubation), and two different irrigation regimes (saturated or saturated-unsaturated flows). Peak concentrations decreased after herbicide incubation in the columns for both unamended (S) and amended (S + GC) soils under both flow regimes. The leached amounts decreased when the herbicide was incubated for 28 days in S (2.1 and 1.9 times) and S + GC (2.9 and 1.6 times), under saturated or saturated-unsaturated flow, respectively. In the S columns, the total amounts retained (43.3%-60.8%) were lower than the ones obtained for the S + GC columns under saturated flow (77.4%-85.2%), suggesting a stronger interaction between the herbicide and the GC-amended soil. This behaviour was not observed under saturated-unsaturated flow, as the total amounts retained were similar in both the S and S + GC columns. Prosulfocarb was primarily retained in the first segment of the S (>28%) and S + GC (>43%) columns under all conditions. Incubation time did not greatly affect the herbicide retention, but it significantly increased the mineralized amount under saturated flow. The total balances of 14C-prosulfocarb were >73% and >80% in the S and S + GC columns, respectively, indicating that amendment decreased prosulfocarb loss by volatilization. Several factors, such as amendment, herbicide ageing and water flow, proved to be important for controlling the leaching of this herbicide through the soil profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Barba
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús M Marín-Benito
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
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Zhao L, Gao Y, Xie J, Zhang Q, Guo F, Liu S, Liu W. A strategy to reduce the dose of multichiral agricultural chemicals: The herbicidal activity of metolachlor against Echinochloa crusgalli. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:181-188. [PMID: 31288109 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural chemicals are normally used as mixtures of several isomers, e.g., enantiomers. In theory, in order to minimize the pesticides dose, it is desirable to use the most target-active isomer. Metolachlor is a typical multichiral herbicide belonging to amide herbicides. An asymmetric carbon atom and a chiral axis yield four stereoisomers. In this study, a novel laboratory method was developed to prepare the S-metolachlor and the four stereoisomers using high performance liquid chromatography. The separated isomers had a purity of >99%, with their absolute configurations assigned by electronic circular dichroism. The enantioseparation by ultra performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was also performed for the rapid and sensitive detection of metolachlor stereoisomers. The enantioselective herbicidal activity toward the target weed (Echinochloa crusgalli) was systematically assessed for the first time by measuring the morphology of the weed after treatment with rac-, S-metolachlor and the four stereoisomers, respectively. Among the commercial pesticides, S-metolachlor was more effective in weed inhibition than rac-metolachlor, and to the four stereoisomers, the herbicidal activities were ranked as: SS > SR ≫ RS > RR, and the RR-isomer even had some stimulative effect to the weed growth at lower concentration (1 ppm). Thus, we concluded that in these cases, the chiral carbon feature played a major role in herbicidal activity rather than the chiral axis feature, and the higher bioactivity of the S-isomers was confirmed by more effective uptake and stronger interaction with target enzymes that were involved in the gibberellic acid biosynthesis. Although the SS-isomer shows the highest herbicidal activity, controlling the major chiral feature is still much easier and more economical than controlling two chiral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Fangjie Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Tasca AL, Puccini M, Clematis D, Panizza M. Electrochemical removal of Terbuthylazine:Boron-Doped Diamond anode coupled with solid polymer electrolyte. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:285-291. [PMID: 31082613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Terbuthylazine (TBA) has replaced atrazine in many EU countries, becoming one of the most frequently detected pesticides in natural waters. TBA is a compound of emerging concern, due to its persistence, toxicity and proven endocrine disruption activity to wildlife and humans. Techniques applied in water treatment plants remove only partially this herbicide and poor attention is given to the generation and fate of by-products, although some of them have demonstrated an estrogenic activity comparable to atrazine. This paper summarizes the environmental occurrence of TBA and its main metabolite desethylterbuthylazine and reports the performance of an innovative electrochemical cell equipped with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) sandwiched between a Ti/RuO2 cathode and a Boron-Doped Diamond anode, operating at constant current, in the treatment of an aqueous solution of TBA. The herbicide removal in the first 30 min of treatment increases from 42% to 92% as the applied current is increased from 100 to 500 mA. The rate of degradation at 500 mA decreases between 30 and 60 min, with a final abatement of 97%. An 89% removal was reached at 100 mA when the initial TBA concentration was raised from 0.1 to 4 mg L-1 and less than 1% of the herbicide was converted in desethylterbuthylazine and minor metabolites. No chemicals are needed, no sludge is produced. Further research is encouraged, as this technology may be promising for the achievement of a zero-discharge removal of different emerging pollutants as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luca Tasca
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Monica Puccini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Davide Clematis
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Panizza
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
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Marín-Benito JM, Carpio MJ, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS. Previous degradation study of two herbicides to simulate their fate in a sandy loam soil: Effect of the temperature and the organic amendments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1301-1310. [PMID: 30759570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory study was designed to assess the following: i) the degradation kinetics of chlorotoluron and flufenacet at two different temperatures, 6 °C and 16 °C, in an unamended agricultural soil and one amended with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and green compost (GC), and ii) the formation of the main metabolites of both herbicides with potential risk for water pollution over degradation time. The aim was to determine the dependence of these herbicide degradations on temperature (Q10 factor) using kinetic parameters, which is essential information for the later simulation of herbicide environmental fate with FOCUS models. SMS and GC were applied in situ to the natural soil as organic amendments at rates of 140 or 85 t residue ha-1, respectively. Unamended and amended soils were taken from the 0-10 cm topsoil of experimental plots (three replicates/treatment) located on an agricultural farm. Samples of soil + herbicides were incubated at 6 °C or 16 °C under laboratory conditions. The degradation curves of chlorotoluron and flufenacet were fitted to single first-order and first-order multicompartment kinetic models, respectively. The flufenacet degradation, the more hydrophobic herbicide, was slower than that of chlorotoluron in all the treatments. The application of the organic amendments to soil increased the half-lives (DT50) for both herbicides incubated at 6 °C (1.3-1.9 times) and 16 °C (1.4-1.9 times) due to their higher sorption and lower bioavailability for degradation in amended soils. The herbicides recorded a faster degradation at 16 °C than at 6 °C (Q10 = 1.9-2.8) due to the increased microbial biomass and/or activity with temperature. The metabolites desmethyl chlorotoluron, flufenacet ESA and flufenacet OA were detected in all the soil treatments at both incubation temperatures. The determination of Q10 factors in amended soils is very valuable for generating accurate input data for pesticide fate models such as FOCUS in order to improve the evaluation of the leaching of herbicides and their transformation products, which is a relevant goal to maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Marín-Benito
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M José Carpio
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Tasca AL, Puccini M, Fletcher A. Terbuthylazine and desethylterbuthylazine: Recent occurrence, mobility and removal techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:94-104. [PMID: 29554512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide terbuthylazine (TBA) has displaced atrazine in most of EU countries, becoming one of the most regularly used pesticides and, therefore, frequently detected in natural waters. The affinity of TBA for soil organic matter suggests prolonged contamination; degradation leads to the release of the metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DET), which has higher water solubility and binds more weakly to organic matter compared to the parent compound, resulting in higher associated risk for contamination of groundwater resources. Additionally, TBA and DET are chemicals of emerging concern because of their persistence and toxicity towards aquatic organisms; moreover, they are known to have significant endocrine disruption capacity to wildlife and humans. Conventional treatments applied during drinking water production do not lead to the complete removal of these chemicals; activated carbon provides the greatest efficiency, whereas ozonation can generate by-products with comparable oestrogenic activity to atrazine. Hydrogen peroxide alone is ineffective to degrade TBA, while UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation and photocatalysis are the most effective processes for oxidation of TBA. It has been determined that direct photolysis gives the highest degradation efficiency of all UV/H2O2 treatments, while most of the photocatalytic degradation is attributed to OH radicals, and TiO2 solar-photocatalytic ozonation can lead to almost complete TBA removal in ∼30 min. Constructed wetlands provide a valuable buffer capacity, protecting downstream surface waters from contaminated runoff. TBA and DET occurrence are summarized and removal techniques are critically evaluated and compared, to provide the reader with a comprehensive guide to state-of-the-art TBA removal and potential future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luca Tasca
- Civil and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Monica Puccini
- Civil and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ashleigh Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
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Rose CE, Coupe RH, Capel PD, Webb RMT. Holistic assessment of occurrence and fate of metolachlor within environmental compartments of agricultural watersheds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:708-719. [PMID: 28866398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metolachlor [(RS)-2-Chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide] and two degradates (metolachlor ethane-sulfonic acid and metolachlor oxanilic acid) are commonly observed in surface and groundwater. The behavior and fate of these compounds were examined over a 12-year period in seven agricultural watersheds in the United States. They were quantified in air, rain, streams, overland flow, groundwater, soil water, subsurface drain water, and water at the stream/groundwater interface. The compounds were frequently detected in surface and groundwater associated with agricultural areas. A mass budget approach, based on all available data from the study and literature, was used to determine a percentage-wise generalized distribution and fate of applied parent metolachlor in typical agricultural environments. RESULTS In these watersheds, about 90% of applied metolachlor was taken up by plants or degraded, 10% volatilized, and 0.3% returned as rainfall. One percent was transported to surface water, while an equal amount infiltrated into the unsaturated zone soil water. <0.02% reached the groundwater. Subsurface flow paths resulted in greater degradation of metolachlor because degradation reactions had more time to proceed. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the residence times of water in the different environmental compartments, and the important processes affecting metolachlor as it is transported along flowpaths among the environmental compartments allows for a degree of predictability of metolachlor's fate. Degradates with long half-lives can be used (in a limited capacity) as tracers of metolachlor, because of their persistence and widespread occurrence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Rose
- U. S. Geological Survey, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center, 308 S. Airport Road, Jackson, MS 39208, United States.
| | - Richard H Coupe
- U. S. Geological Survey, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center, 308 S. Airport Road, Jackson, MS 39208, United States
| | - Paul D Capel
- U.S. Geological Survey, 122 Civil Engineering Building, 500 Pillsbury Drive, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Richard M T Webb
- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, CO 80225, United States
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Lammoglia SK, Moeys J, Barriuso E, Larsbo M, Marín-Benito JM, Justes E, Alletto L, Ubertosi M, Nicolardot B, Munier-Jolain N, Mamy L. Sequential use of the STICS crop model and of the MACRO pesticide fate model to simulate pesticides leaching in cropping systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:6895-6909. [PMID: 27194012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current challenge in sustainable agriculture is to introduce new cropping systems to reduce pesticides use in order to reduce ground and surface water contamination. However, it is difficult to carry out in situ experiments to assess the environmental impacts of pesticide use for all possible combinations of climate, crop, and soils; therefore, in silico tools are necessary. The objective of this work was to assess pesticides leaching in cropping systems coupling the performances of a crop model (STICS) and of a pesticide fate model (MACRO). STICS-MACRO has the advantage of being able to simulate pesticides fate in complex cropping systems and to consider some agricultural practices such as fertilization, mulch, or crop residues management, which cannot be accounted for with MACRO. The performance of STICS-MACRO was tested, without calibration, from measurements done in two French experimental sites with contrasted soil and climate properties. The prediction of water percolation and pesticides concentrations with STICS-MACRO was satisfactory, but it varied with the pedoclimatic context. The performance of STICS-MACRO was shown to be similar or better than that of MACRO. The improvement of the simulation of crop growth allowed better estimate of crop transpiration therefore of water balance. It also allowed better estimate of pesticide interception by the crop which was found to be crucial for the prediction of pesticides concentrations in water. STICS-MACRO is a new promising tool to improve the assessment of the environmental risks of pesticides used in cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine-Karen Lammoglia
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Julien Moeys
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Enrique Barriuso
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Mats Larsbo
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesús-María Marín-Benito
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- IRNASA-CSIC, 40-52 Cordel de Merinas, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eric Justes
- UMR AGIR, INRA, Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lionel Alletto
- Université de Toulouse, INP-Ecole d'ingénieurs de Purpan, UMR AGIR, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Marjorie Ubertosi
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, UMR Agroécologie, 26 bd Dr Petitjean, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Nicolardot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, UMR Agroécologie, 26 bd Dr Petitjean, 21079, Dijon, France
| | | | - Laure Mamy
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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Koroša A, Auersperger P, Mali N. Determination of micro-organic contaminants in groundwater (Maribor, Slovenia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1419-1431. [PMID: 27395079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Micro-organic (MO) contaminants in groundwater can have adverse effects on both the environment and on human health. They enter the natural environment as a result of various processes, their presence in groundwater is the result of current anthropogenic activity and pollution loads from the past. A study on the occurrence and concentrations levels of selected contaminants in water was performed in the city of Maribor, Slovenia. A total of 56 groundwater and 4 surface water samples were collected in together four rounds in different hydrogeological periods (dry and wet seasons), and a total of 13 selected contaminants were analysed in this study. Carbamazepine, propyphenazone, caffeine, 2-methyl-2H-benzotriazole (2-MBT) and 2.4-dimethyl-2H-benzotriazole (2.4-DMBT) were determined as indicators of urban pollution, while pesticides and their metabolites (atrazine, desethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, terbuthylazine, desethylterbuthylazine, metolachlor, simazine, propazine) were mainly defined as indicators of crop production. All of the selected MO contaminants were detected both in the aquifer and Drava River. The most frequently detected MO compounds in groundwater were desethylatrazine (frequency of detection 98.2%; max. concentration 103.0ngL(-1)), atrazine (94.6%; 229ngL(-1)), 2.4-DMBT (92.9%; 273ngL(-1)), carbamazepine (80.4%; 88.00ngL(-1)), desethylterbuthylazine (76.8%; 7.0ngL(-1)) and simazine (76.8%; 29.6ngL(-1)), whereas propyphenazone (14.3%; 10.7ngL(-1)) was the least frequently detected. Detected MO concentrations in the study were compared with results published elsewhere around the world. Concentrations in groundwater indicate specific land use in their recharge areas. On the basis of correlations and the spatial distribution of selected MOs, groundwater origin for every sampling point was determined. Sampling sites were divided into three different groups for which indicative groundwater quality properties were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - P Auersperger
- Public Water Supply Company Vodovod-Kanalizacija, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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