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Hassen JY, Debella A, Eyeberu A, Mussa I. Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M 1 in breast milk in Africa: a meta-analysis and implication for the interface of agriculture and health. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16611. [PMID: 39025909 PMCID: PMC11258143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is one of the many distinct forms of food that can be contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). They may be consumed by eating contaminated foods, such as contaminated meat and crops, which would then be present in breast milk and cause health problems, including nervous system disorders and cancers of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and urinary tract. However, the prevalently inconsistent explanation of prevalence and concentration remains a big challenge. Thus, this meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence and concentration of harmful chemicals in breast milk in an African context. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for both published and unpublished research. To conduct the analysis, the collected data were exported to Stata version 18. The results were shown using a forest plot and a prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model. The Cochrane chi-square (I2) statistics were used to measure the studies' heterogeneity, and Egger's intercept was used to measure publication bias. This review included twenty-eight studies with 4016 breast milk samples and newborns. The analysis showed the overall prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk were 53% (95% CI 40, 65; i2 = 98.26%; P = 0.001). The pooled mean aflatoxin M1 concentration in breast milk was 93.02 ng/l. According to this study, the eastern region of Africa was 62% (95% CI 39-82) profoundly affected as compared to other regions of the continent. In subgroup analysis by publication year, the highest level of exposure to aflatoxins (68%; 95% CI 47-85) was observed among studies published from 2010 to 2019. This finding confirmed that more than half of lactating women's breast milk was contaminated with aflatoxin M1 in Africa. The pooled mean aflatoxin M1 concentration in breast milk was 93.02 ng/l. According to this study, the eastern region of Africa was profoundly affected compared with other regions. Thus, the government and all stakeholders must instigate policies that mitigate the toxicity of aflatoxins in lactating women, fetuses, and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Y Hassen
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Adera Debella
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Eyeberu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ibsa Mussa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
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2
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Rezaei Z, Hamzeh Pour S, Ezati P, Akrami-Mohajeri F. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 and ochratoxin A in breast milk in rural centers of Yazd, Iran: Exposure assessment and risk characterization. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:211-221. [PMID: 38285127 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Breast milk (BM) is considered as the best source of nutrition which could have prevention effects on various diseases in the first years of a child. Along with nutritive compounds, presence of contaminants such as mycotoxins in BM could be transmitted into neonate. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence, levels, and factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ocratoxin a (OTA) in BM samples of nursing mothers in rural centers of Yazd, Iran. The presence and average AFM1 and OTA concentration in 72 BM samples was measured by competitive ELISA. The demographic and diet parameters of nursing mothers were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS 18 software. AFM1 and OTA were detected in 63 (87.5%) and 47 (65.2%) samples with the mean concentration levels of 19.46 ± 13.26 ng/L (ranges from 5.1 to 53.9) and 200 ± 160 ng/L (ranges from 100 to 2460), respectively. Of these, 32 samples (50.7%) for AFM1 and 23 samples (48.9%) for OTA had values exceeding the limit set by the European Union regulation for infant foods (25 ng/L for AFM1 and 500 ng/L for OTA). It was also found that the risk of AFM1 and OTA occurrence in BM increased significantly with the consumption of beans, bread, cereals, fruit juice and crackers, and cream, respectively. This study showed that the estimated daily intake for AFM1 and OTA by 1 month of age infants was 2.7 and 28.5 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, while, as the age of the infant increased, the values were lower and close to 0.9 and 9.9 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1 and OTA in 12 months of age infants, respectively. The high occurrence and noticeable levels of AFM1 and OTA detected in this study indicated that some infants receive undesirable exposures to AFM1 and OTA with breast milk. Therefore, it is recommended that mothers are advised to avoid certain foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding that are likely sources of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rezaei
- Center of Cheshme noshan khorasan (Alis), University of Applied Science and Technology, Chanaran, Iran
| | - Siavash Hamzeh Pour
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Ezati
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae‑Ro, Dongdaemun‑Gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fateme Akrami-Mohajeri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Hussen Kabthymer R, Gebremeskel Kanno G, Aregu MB, Paixão S, Belachew T. Prevalence and concentration of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis, and cancer risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:491-507. [PMID: 35168414 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2036330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence, concentration of AFM1 in human breast milk, and to determine the risk of cancer for infants in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, global health, Cochrane, and Google Scholar electronic databases. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and concentration of AFM1 in breast milk. The meta-analysis of 8 articles containing 9 studies showed the pooled prevalence of AFM1 in breast milk to be 56.18% (95% CI: 29.65-82.71) and the pooled concentration to be 31.12 ng/L (95% CI: 25.97-36.25). The cancer risk assessment indicated for both male and female 1-month infants in Sierra Leone (HI > 1) is high, and all the rest of the infants are free of risk (HI < 1). The pooled prevalence and mean concentration of AFM1 in breast milk is high. Monitoring of AFB1 concentration of commonly used foods will be of high value in reducing the burden of AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susana Paixão
- Department of Environmental Health, Coimbra Health School, Polytechnic of Coimbra, Portugal
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Li J, Xu X, Wang X, Li C, Feng X, Zhang Y, Zhang F. Construction of a magnetic covalent organic framework for magnetic solid-phase extraction of AFM1 and AFM2 in milk prior to quantification by LC-MS/MS. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:149. [PMID: 35303752 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A magnetic covalent organic framework (M-COF) was designed and selected as sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of AFM1 and AFM2 in milk, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The application of 2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (Dt) and 4',5'-bis(4-aminophenyl)-[1,1':2',1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-diamine (BAPTPDA) as monomers endows M-COF excellent properties for adsorbing AFM1 and AFM2. The morphology, structure, stability, and magnetism of the Fe3O4@COF(BAPTPDA-Dt) were characterized by various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The Fe3O4 microspheres were covered by COF shells. Fe3O4@COF exhibited excellent magnetism and stability. Some parameters that may influence the adsorption efficiency of MSPE were also optimized, making the extraction process more effective, time-saving (about 3 min), and less organic-reagent-consuming (only 4 mL of acetonitrile required). It is noteworthy that the Fe3O4@COF(BAPTPDA-Dt) can be reutilized more than 8 times. The AFM1 and AFM2 were determined by LC-MS/MS. The LODs for AFM1 and AFM2 were in the range 0.0069 to 0.0078 μg kg-1. A wide linearity range (0.01-100 μg kg-1) with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.9998 to 0.9999 was obtained. The recoveries at four spiked concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 μg kg-1) in the milk matrix ranged from 85.2 to 106.5%. The intraday RSDs and the interday RSDs were in the range 1.74-4.58% and 2.65-6.69%, respectively. The matrix effect (9.3% for AFM1 and 6.7% for AFM2) was also significantly lower than that observed in other work . Overall, the established method has provided a powerful tool for rapid pretreatment and sensitive determination of AFM1 and AFM2 in milk with negligible matrix effect, presenting important value in toxicant determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.,School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, ShenyangLiaoning, 110122, China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Chen Li
- Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xuesong Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, ShenyangLiaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, ShenyangLiaoning, 110122, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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Salas R, Acosta N, Garza ADJ, Tijerina A, Dávila R, Jiménez-Salas Z, Otero L, Santos M, Trujillo AJ. Levels of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Monterrey, Mexico: Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Newborns. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030194. [PMID: 35324691 PMCID: PMC8949939 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the presence of the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in breast milk samples from 123 nursing women and the degree of exposure of infants to this toxin, in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon state (northeast Mexico). Upon analysis, 100% of the samples were found to be contaminated with the toxin at an average concentration of 17.04 ng/L, with a range of 5.00 to 66.23 ng/L. A total of 13.01% of the breast milk samples exceeded the regulatory limit of 25 ng/L for AFM1 concentration, set by the European Union. The estimated daily intake for AFM1 and the carcinogenic risk index were also determined in the 0- to 6-, 7- to 12-, 13- to 24-, and 25- to 36-month-old age groups. The AFM1 intake through breast milk ranged from 1.09 to 20.17 ng/kg weight/day, and was higher than the tolerable daily intake, indicating a carcinogenic risk for infants in the age groups of 0- to 24-months old. This evidence demonstrates a susceptibility of breast milk to AFM1 contamination that may suggest a carcinogenic risk for the breastfed infants in Monterrey city, Nuevo Leon state, and the need to control the presence of aflatoxins in foods eaten by nursing mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Salas
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública (CINSP), Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.A.); (A.T.); (Z.J.-S.); (L.O.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nallely Acosta
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública (CINSP), Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.A.); (A.T.); (Z.J.-S.); (L.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Aurora de Jesús Garza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (A.d.J.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Alexandra Tijerina
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública (CINSP), Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.A.); (A.T.); (Z.J.-S.); (L.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Dávila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (A.d.J.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Zacarías Jiménez-Salas
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública (CINSP), Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.A.); (A.T.); (Z.J.-S.); (L.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Otero
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública (CINSP), Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.A.); (A.T.); (Z.J.-S.); (L.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirna Santos
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública (CINSP), Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (N.A.); (A.T.); (Z.J.-S.); (L.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Antonio-José Trujillo
- Centre d’Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), TECNIO-UAB, XIA, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
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Alvito P, Pereira-da-Silva L. Mycotoxin Exposure during the First 1000 Days of Life and Its Impact on Children’s Health: A Clinical Overview. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030189. [PMID: 35324686 PMCID: PMC8955462 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first 1000 days of life are very sensitive to any event that alters health programming, and they represent a window for intervention to improve population health. Pregnant women, fetuses, and infants are particularly vulnerable to exposure to food contaminated with mycotoxins. This review aimed to gather data from the literature on mycotoxins exposure during intrauterine life and early childhood, and associated health risks, as assessed through human biomonitoring and mycotoxins occurrence in foods, in different continents. Maternal internal exposure to aflatoxins is associated with fetal growth restriction, while exposure to fumonisins increases the risk of offspring’s neural tube defects. Mycotoxin contamination of breast milk is reported worldwide, but data on adverse effects of the lactational transfer of mycotoxins on infant health are lacking. Young children are exposed to mycotoxins through contaminated infant formulas and baby foods. Both external and internal exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in children are reported to be associated with growth impairment. In low-income settings, where other co-factors can affect growth, this association should be interpreted with caution. Further studies on human biomonitoring of mother–infant pairs and young children are needed to guide management strategies aiming to minimize mycotoxin exposure at critical developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Luís Pereira-da-Silva
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ahmed OS, Tardif C, Rouger C, Atanasova V, Richard‐Forget F, Waffo‐Téguo P. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds as promising antimycotoxin agents: Where are we now? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1161-1197. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Ahmed
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) 6th of October City Egypt
| | - Charles Tardif
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Caroline Rouger
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- RU 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA) INRAE Villenave d'Ornon France
| | | | - Pierre Waffo‐Téguo
- UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, UR OENOLOGIE, EA 4577, USC 1366, ISVV Univ. Bordeaux 210 chemin de lysotte Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
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Miolski J, Raus M, Radusinović M, Zdravković V. Breast milk components and factors that may affect lactation success. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai39-31436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Breastfeeding is the most important way to feed a newborn, infant and a young child. Lactogenesis is the ability of secreting milk from the mammary gland and includes secretory initiation and activation. The birth of the placenta and decrease in progesterone levels stimulate an increase in prolactin levels and the secretion of milk from the breast. Human milk contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids and trace elements. In addition, numerous cells, macrophages, bacteria, chemokines, cytokines, immunoglobulins, hormones, growth factors, and mucin are present. The composition of milk differs depending on the phase of secretion. Colostrum is secreted for the first five days after birth, then comes transitional milk, and mature milk two weeks after birth. During the very act of breastfeeding, there is a difference between pre-milk and last milk. In pre-milk, the fat content is low and increases with the duration of lactation, and in breast milk it is relatively high. Aim: To point out the importance of milk composition and factors that are influential for breastfeeding. Conclusion: Maternal parity, age or socioeconomic status and education can affect the concentration of certain components of breast milk. Adequate social policy and support, along with education related to early breastfeeding experiences, can be the key factors in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding. Besides the mother and the child, the entire social community would benefit from that.
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Prevalence and associated factors of breastmilk aflatoxin M1 levels in mothers from Banke, Nepal. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Islam F, Das Trisha A, Hafsa JM, Hasan A, Degen GH, Ali N. Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:241-248. [PMID: 34159478 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the best, most complete form of nutrition for newborns and infants. However, human milk can contain aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) upon ingestion of dietary mycotoxin contaminants, namely, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), by lactating mothers. AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolite AFM1 are potent carcinogens and thus an important issue in food safety and public health. This study is the first to explore the presence of AFM1 in breast milk samples from Bangladesh and assess infant exposure to this toxin, as a consequence of maternal mycotoxin intake. A total of 62 breast milk samples were collected from nursing mothers in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The milk samples were collected between October 2019 and March 2020 and analyzed by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AFM1 was detected in 51.6% of the breast milk samples (colostrum, transitional and mature milk), with a mean concentration of 4.42 ± 0.56 pg/mL, and in the range between LOD (4.0 pg/mL) and 6.66 pg/mL. The frequent detection of AFM1 in breast milk indicates widespread dietary exposure to mycotoxins in our cohort. The estimated average daily intake of AFM1 for all nursed infants was 0.49 ng/kg b.w./day. No significant correlations were observed between AFM1 levels in human milk and food items regularly consumed by nursing women. Overall, AFM1 levels in breast milk samples from the Sylhet region of Bangladesh are moderate, and lower than the permissible levels established for AFM1 in dairy milk or infant formulae (50 and 25 ng/kg, respectively). Yet, this first data for AFM1 breast milk contaminant levels just reflect the recent situation in one cohort, and monitoring should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Aporajita Das Trisha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jaasia Momtahena Hafsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Akibul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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Adaku Chilaka C, Mally A. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Exposure and Health Implications in Infants and Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1585. [PMID: 33139646 PMCID: PMC7693847 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants and young children (IYC) remain the most vulnerable population group to environmental hazards worldwide, especially in economically developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). As a result, several governmental and non-governmental institutions including health, environmental and food safety networks and researchers have been proactive toward protecting this group. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary fungal metabolites, contribute largely to the health risks of this young population. In SSA, the scenario is worsened by socioeconomic status, poor agricultural and storage practices, and low level of awareness, as well as the non-establishment and lack of enforcement of regulatory limits in the region. Studies have revealed mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and other weaning foods. Of concern is the early exposure of infants to mycotoxins through transplacental transfer and breast milk as a consequence of maternal exposure, which may result in adverse health effects. The current paper presents an overview of mycotoxin occurrence in foods intended for IYC in SSA. It discusses the imperative evidence of mycotoxin exposure of this population group in SSA, taking into account consumption data and the occurrence of mycotoxins in food, as well as biomonitoring approaches. Additionally, it discusses the health implications associated with IYC exposure to mycotoxins in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Marko D, Oswald IP, Piersma A, Routledge M, Schlatter J, Baert K, Gergelova P, Wallace H. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06040. [PMID: 32874256 PMCID: PMC7447885 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain-based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while 'liquid milk' and 'fermented milk products' were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in-line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.
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Serraino A, Bonilauri P, Kerekes K, Farkas Z, Giacometti F, Canever A, Zambrini AV, Ambrus Á. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Marketed in Italy: Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2516. [PMID: 31787941 PMCID: PMC6856139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is based on the AFM1 contamination of milk determined from April 2013 to December 2018 in the framework of a self-control plan of six milk processing plants in Italy. These data - together with the consumption data of milk consumers - were evaluated and used for the calculation of the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), the Hazard Index (HI), and the fraction of hepatocarcinoma cases (HCC) due to AFM1 exposure in different population groups. Altogether a total of 31,702 milk samples were analyzed, representing 556,413 tons of milk, which is an outstanding amount compared to published studies. The results indicate the monthly fluctuation of AFM1 levels through a period of nearly 6 years. The EDI of AFM1 in different population groups was in the range of 0.025-0.328 ng kg-1 body weight (bw) per day, based on the average consumption levels and weighted mean contamination of the milk in the study period. Considering average consumptions, in the groups of infants and toddlers, the HI calculation resulted in 1.64 and 1.4, respectively, while for older age groups, it was <1. The estimated fractions of HCC incidences attributable to the AFM1 intakes were 0.005 and 0.004 cases per 100,000 individuals in the 0-0.9 and 1-2.9-year age groups, respectively, and below 0.004 cases in the other age categories. The monthly average AFM1 contamination of tested milk consignments ranged between 7.19 and 22.53 ng kg-1. Although the results of this extensive investigation showed a low risk of HCC, the variability of climatic conditions throughout years that influence AFB1 contamination of feed and consequently AFM1 contamination of milk justifies their continuous monitoring and update of the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Kata Kerekes
- Department of Food Safety Planning and Monitoring, System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- Department of Food Safety Planning and Monitoring, System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Canever
- Department of Quality, Innovation, Safety, Environment, Granarolo S.p.A., Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Árpád Ambrus
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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Sengling Cebin Coppa CF, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Alvito P, Assunção R, Martins C, Eş I, Gonçalves BL, Valganon de Neeff D, Sant'Ana AS, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Assessment of Antibiotic and Pesticides Residues in Breast Milk of Syrian Refugee Lactating Mothers. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7030039. [PMID: 31370330 PMCID: PMC6789828 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposures and current diet are both sources of environmental contaminants that can be transferred in the mother’s body. These chemicals can definitely penetrate to the developing foetus and the nursing infant from contaminated breast milk during the lactation period. Nowadays, one of the special interests is the exposure of new-borns to toxic chemicals such as pesticides and antibiotics reported in human milk due to their potential harms, especially developmental deficits in early childhood. The aim of our current study was to assess the occurrence of pesticide residues and antibiotic residues contamination in breast milk collected from Syrian refugee lactating mothers residing in North Lebanon Camps. A total of 120 breast milk samples (40 in triplicate) were collected from camps in Akkar, North Lebanon using an electrical pump. A survey was administrated to determine socio-demographic characteristics, dietary and smoking habits and medical history of participating lactating mothers. The milk samples were analysed for the presence of antibiotic residues and pesticide residues using liquid and gas chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study reported the absence of antibiotic residues in 96.66% of our samples (n = 120) and the presence of pesticides residues in only 5% of our total breast milk sample. Our results considered the breast milk collected from Syrian refugee lactating mothers as safe from chemical contamination. It is worth conducting more studies on other Syrian refugee camps to test the effect of camp living conditions on breast milk safety.
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Fakhri Y, Rahmani J, Oliveira CAF, Franco LT, Corassin CH, Saba S, Rafique J, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study (Monte Carlo simulation). Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Assaf JC, Nahle S, Chokr A, Louka N, Atoui A, El Khoury A. Assorted Methods for Decontamination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Using Microbial Adsorbents. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E304. [PMID: 31146398 PMCID: PMC6628408 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) are carcinogenic metabolites produced by different species of Aspergillus which readily colonize crops. AFM1 is secreted in the milk of lactating mammals through the ingestion of feedstuffs contaminated by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Therefore, its presence in milk, even in small amounts, presents a real concern for dairy industries and consumers of dairy products. Different strategies can lead to the reduction of AFM1 contamination levels in milk. They include adopting good agricultural practices, decreasing the AFB1 contamination of animal feeds, or using diverse types of adsorbent materials. One of the most effective types of adsorbents used for AFM1 decontamination are those of microbial origin. This review discusses current issues about AFM1 decontamination methods. These methods are based on the use of different bio-adsorbent agents such as bacteria and yeasts to complex AFM1 in milk. Moreover, this review answers some of the raised concerns about the binding stability of the formed AFM1-microbial complex. Thus, the efficiency of the decontamination methods was addressed, and plausible experimental variants were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Assaf
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.
| | - Sahar Nahle
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.
| | - Ali Chokr
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
| | - Ali Atoui
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
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Fakhri Y, Ghorbani R, Taghavi M, Keramati H, Amanidaz N, Moradi B, Nazari SH, Shariatifar N, Khaneghah AM. Concentration and Prevalence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Human Breast Milk in Iran: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:785-795. [PMID: 30995144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to review the published reports regarding the concentration and/or prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human breast milk in Iran. The carcinogenic risk for Iranian infants consuming this milk was estimated with the hazard index. The PubMed and Scopus databases and the Scientific Information Database were screened for relevant studies between 1995 and 2017, and 11 of the 112 collected studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The mean (95% confidence interval) concentration of AFM1 was 5.85 ng/L (4.54 to 7.15 ng/L), which was lower than the European Union standard (25 ng/L). The mean prevalence of AFM1 in breast milk in Iran was 42% (11 to 77%). The estimated daily intakes for male and female infants were 0.02 to 5.57 ng/kg and 0.02 to 3.68 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. The rank order of estimated daily intake for both male and female infants according to age was 1 week > 1 month > 6 months > 12 months. The hazard index for all age groups of infants in all provinces in Iran was less than 1. Therefore, infants in Iran were not considered at carcinogenic risk from AFM1 in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheb Ghorbani
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Taghavi
- 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Keramati
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nazak Amanidaz
- 4 Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Bigard Moradi
- 5 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Simin Hagh Nazari
- 6 Department Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- 7 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- 8 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-0004 )
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20
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Bogalho F, Duarte S, Cardoso M, Almeida A, Cabeças R, Lino C, Pena A. Exposure assessment of Portuguese infants to Aflatoxin M1 in breast milk and maternal social-demographical and food consumption determinants. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Azarikia M, Mahdavi R, Nikniaz L. Occurrence and dietary factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in breast milk of nursing mothers in Iran. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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