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Moscoso-Ruiz I, Cantarero-Malagón S, Rivas A, Zafra-Gómez A. New analytical method for the determination of endocrine disruptors in human faeces using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1085-1099. [PMID: 38108843 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are environmental pollutants that can enter our bodies and cause diverse pathologies. Some bisphenols and parabens have been shown to be capable of modifying proper functioning of the endocrine system. Among other dysfunctions, endocrine-disrupting chemicals can cause changes in intestinal microbiota. Faeces are a convenient matrix that can be useful for identifying the quantity of endocrine disruptors that reach the intestine and the extent to which the organism is exposed to these pollutants. The present work developed a new analytical method to determine 17 compounds belonging to the paraben and bisphenol families found in human faeces. The extraction method was optimized using an ultrasound-assisted extraction technique followed by a clean-up step based on the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) technique. Optimization was performed using the design of experiments technique. In validation analysis, the method was proven to be linear over a wide range. R-squared outcomes were between 95 and 99%. Selectiveness and sensitivity outcomes were acceptable, with detection limits being between 1 and 10 ng g-1 in all cases, whilst quantification limits were between 3 and 25 ng g-1 in all instances, with the exception of bisphenol AF. The method was deemed accurate, with recovery values being close to 100% and relative standard deviations being lower than 15% in all cases. Applicability was examined by analysing 13 samples collected from volunteers (male and female). All samples were contaminated with at least one of the analytes studied. The most commonly found compounds were methylparaben and bisphenol A, which were detected in almost all samples and quantitatively determined in 11 and 12 samples, respectively. Of the 17 compounds analysed, 11 were found in at least one sample. Outcomes demonstrate that faeces can be a good matrix for the determination of exposure to contaminants of interest here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ana Rivas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA)"José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA)"José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100, Granada, Spain.
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Gonkowski S, Tzatzarakis M, Vakonaki E, Meschini E, Rytel L. Exposure assessment to bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) in wild boars by hair analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167076. [PMID: 37714361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols are widely used in various branches of industry for the production of plastics. They penetrate to the natural environment and thus living organisms. As endocrine disruptors, bisphenols have adverse effects on various internal organs and systems. Contrary to humans, the knowledge of the exposure of wild terrestrial mammals to bisphenols is extremely limited. Therefore, this study for the first time assessed the exposure level of wild boars to three bisphenols commonly used in industry (i.e. bisphenol A - BPA, bisphenol S - BPS and bisphenol F - BPF) using hair sample analysis in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The presence of BPA and/or BPS has been noted in the samples collected from >80 % of animals included in the study (n = 54), while the presence of BPF was not found in any sample. At least one of the bisphenols was present in every sample tested. Mean concentrations of BPA and BPS in the hair of wild boars were 151.40 ± 135.10 pg/mg dry weight (dw.) and 29.40 ± 36.97 pg./mg dw, respectively. Concentrations of BPA and BPS in females were statistically higher than in males (p < 0.05). Moreover, statistically significantly higher concentration levels of BPA (and not BPS) in the areas with higher degree of industrialization and higher human population density were also found. This is the first study concerning the use of hair samples to assess the exposure of wild terrestrial mammals to bisphenols. The obtained results show that an analysis of the hair may be a useful tool of biomonitoring bisphenols in wild animals. The presence of BPA and BPS in wild boar hair in relatively high concentration also suggests that these substances may have an influence on the health status not only in humans and aquatic animals, but also in wild terrestrial mammals. However, many aspects connected with this issue are not clear and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Meschini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 14, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Martín J, Gonkowski S, Kortas A, Sobiech P, Rytel L, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Multiclass method to determine emerging pollutants in bats using a non-invasive approach based on guano matrix. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Moscoso-Ruiz I, Navalón A, Rivas A, Zafra-Gómez A. Presence of parabens in children's faeces. Optimization and validation of a new analytical method based on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115212. [PMID: 36584550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their antimicrobial properties, parabens are a family of synthetic chemical compounds widely used as preservative additives in food and cosmetics. For this reason, humans are highly exposed to them. These substances are capable of altering the proper functioning of the endocrine system and are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Traditionally, urine has been the typical matrix studied as an excretion route. However, faeces contain valuable information. In the present study, the presence of methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl- and phenylparaben in stool samples from children has been evaluated. A new analytical method has been optimised and validated. The method is based on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by clean-up of the extracts by dispersive solid phase extraction dSPE). Parabens were analysed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The matrix effect was evaluated and a significant effect was observed for all analytes. Therefore, calibration and validation were performed by addition of different concentrations of analytes to faecal blanks. The coefficient of determination (%R2) for calibration curves was higher than 98.9% in all cases. The limits of detection and quantification were between 0.2 and 0.4 and 0.6-1.0 ng g-1 respectively. The recovery for accuracy assessment had values between 89.0% and 112.7% with an RSD of less than 15% in all cases. The method was successfully applied to 14 samples from children volunteers, 100% of which showed contamination by at least one of the analysed compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Navalón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain.
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Gonkowski S, Martín J, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Rytel L. Evaluation of Parabens and Bisphenol A Concentration Levels in Wild Bat Guano Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1928. [PMID: 36767313 PMCID: PMC9916121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and bisphenol A are synthetic compounds found in many everyday objects, including bottles, food containers, personal care products, cosmetics and medicines. These substances may penetrate the environment and living organisms, on which they have a negative impact. Till now, numerous studies have described parabens and BPA in humans, but knowledge about terrestrial wild mammals' exposure to these compounds is very limited. Therefore, during this study, the most common concentration levels of BPA and parabens were selected (such as methyl paraben-MeP, ethyl paraben-EtP, propyl paraben-PrP and butyl paraben-BuP) and analyzed in guano samples collected in summer (nursery) colonies of greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) using liquid chromatography with the tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method. MeP has been found in all guano samples and its median concentration levels amounted to 39.6 ng/g. Other parabens were present in smaller number of samples (from 5% for BuP to 62.5% for EtP) and in lower concentrations. Median concentration levels of these substances achieved 0.95 ng/g, 1.45 ng/g and 15.56 ng/g for EtP, PrP and BuP, respectively. BPA concentration levels did not exceed the method quantification limit (5 ng/g dw) in any sample. The present study has shown that wild bats are exposed to parabens and BPA, and guano samples are a suitable matrix for studies on wild animal exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Street Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Škibin A, Švara T, Gombač M, Pogačnik M, Šturm S. Bisphenol A in edible tissues of rams exposed to repeated low-level dietary dose by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76078-76090. [PMID: 35665893 PMCID: PMC9553849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presented work deals with levels and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA) in the edible tissues of a large food-producing animal species. An experimental animal study included 14 young Istrian pramenka rams (Ovis aries), of which seven were exposed for 64 days to a low dietary dose of BPA at 25 µg/kg b.w./day, and seven served as a control group. Residue analysis of both aglycone and total BPA was performed in the muscle tissue, liver, kidney and fat tissue of the individual animals by means of enzymatic deconjugation (for total BPA), organic solvent extraction, molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLU). The analysis was optimized and validated for aglycone BPA in the fat tissue and for the total BPA in all tissues investigated. Edible tissues of the control group of rams generally remained BPA-free, while there were concentration differences between the control and treated groups for liver and kidney post last administration. The human health risk resulting from this study was assessed by the estimated dietary exposure in adults, which was < 0.1% related to the valid European Union Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value of 4 µg/kg b.w./day. However, it would be 58-fold higher than the newly proposed TDI value of 0.04 ng/kg b.w./day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Cerkvenik-Flajs
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andrej Škibin
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic of Reproduction and Farm Animals, Infrastructure Centre for Sustainable Recultivation Vremščica, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Švara
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gombač
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Pogačnik
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Šturm
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Šturm S. A rapid analysis of Bisphenol A using MISPE coupled with HPLC-FLD in tissues of food-producing animals. MethodsX 2021; 8:101351. [PMID: 34430252 PMCID: PMC8374360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a highly-produced organic compound of anthropogenic origin with a wide-range use and is ubiquitously present in both living organisms and the environment. A previously published analytical method for testing of the free (aglycone) BPA in foodstuffs was simplified and optimized for sheep muscle tissue, kidney and liver, by using only a single MISPE purification step allied with HPLC-FLD analysis. The recovery rates and RSD values over a concentration range of 1–10 µg/kg were in the range of 67‒86% and 3‒34%, respectively, while linearity in the matrix, represented by the r2, was ≥0.999. LOD values were 0.5‒1 µg/kg and LOQ values were 1 µg/kg. The analytical method used is a contribution to the field of veterinary toxicology and food testing and also proved to be applicable for other food-producing animal species, e.g. pigs, poultry and freshwater fish. The MISPE sorbent material for testing of BPA was reusable, with up to five re-use cycles without significant loss in performance characteristics.The paper reports on a rapid determination of free (aglycone) BPA in tissues of food-producing animals by HPLC-FLD and presents a substantial improvement of analytical performance with regard to time- and cost-savings, as well as environmental protection. MISPE is an advanced analytical technology, and the results proved that in a single and simplified SPE step it had good performance characteristics such as selectivity, recovery and precision, allied with low LOD and LOQ values. It was proved that MISPE BPA cartridges could be used at least five times without significant loss of methodological recovery and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Cerkvenik-Flajs
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Šturm
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wei Y, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Dong C, Wang L. A fluorescent aptasensor based on berberine for ultrasensitive detection of bisphenol A in tap water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1816-1822. [PMID: 33885638 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The residues of bisphenol A (BPA) in food packaging and water systems have a potential impact on human health; therefore, its analysis and detection have drawn scientists' attention. In this work, based on the change in fluorescence intensity resulting from the conformational switch of a berberine/BPA-aptamer system in the presence and absence of BPA, an ultra-sensitive fluorescence aptasensing system is proposed, in which BPA-aptamer is employed as the identification unit and berberine as the fluorescent probe. Various factors affecting the detection of BPA, including the concentration of the fluorescent probe, BPA-aptamer, BPA, pH, system stability time and other experimental conditions, were investigated in detail. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the fluorescence intensity of the sensing system of berberine/BPA-aptamer exhibited a good linear correlation with the BPA concentration in the range of 0-1300 μM with a LOD of 32 nM. The proposed fluorescent sensing system also exhibited excellent recoveries of 92.4-102.3% in tap water samples and showed good application prospects for the analysis and detection of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wei
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Yanli Wei
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
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