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Liu M, Liang L, Yu C, Guo B, Zhang H, Yao F, Zhang H, Li J. Enhancing cell cryopreservation with acidic polyamino acids integrated liquid marbles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114055. [PMID: 38936034 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is highly desired for long-term maintenance of the viability of living biosamples, while effective cell cryopreservation still relies heavily on the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). However, the intrinsic toxicity of DMSO is still a bottleneck, which could not only cause the clinical side effect but also induce cell genetic variants. In the meantime, the addition of FBS may bring potentially the risk of pathogenic microorganism contamination. The liquid marbles (LMs), a novel biotechnology tool for cell cryopreservation, which not only have a small volume system that facilitated recovery, but the hydrophobic shell also resisted the harm to cells caused by adverse environments. Previous LM-based cell cryopreservation relied heavily on the addition of FBS. In this work, we introduced acidic polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid as cryoprotectants to construct LM systems. LMs could burst in an instant to facilitate and achieve ultrarapid recovery process, and the hydrophilic carboxyl groups of the cryoprotectants could form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and further inhibit ice growth/formation to protect cells from cryoinjuries. The L929 cells could be well cryopreserved by acidic polyamino acid-based LMs. This new biotechnology platform is expected to be widely used for cell cryopreservation, which has the potential to propel LMs for the preservation of various functional cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaojie Yu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bingyan Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fanglian Yao
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Parati M, Philip C, Allinson SL, Mendrek B, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G, Radecka I. Brown Algae as a Valuable Substrate for the Cost-Effective Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid for Applications in Cream Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2091. [PMID: 39065408 PMCID: PMC11281067 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a carboxylic-acid-rich, bio-derived, water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer produced naturally by several microorganisms. Here, we re-emphasise the ability of Bacillus subtilis natto to naturally produce γ-PGA on whole seaweed, as well as for the yields and chemical properties of the material to be affected by the presence of Mn(2+). Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an extracellular glycosaminoglycan which presents a high concentration of carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups, being key in fulfilling numerous applications. Currently, there are strong environmental (solvent use), social (non-vegan extraction), and economic factors pushing for the biosynthesis of this material through prokaryotic microorganisms, which is not yet scalable or sustainable. Our study aimed to investigate an innovative raw material which can combine both superior hygroscopicity and UV protection to the cosmetic industry. Comparable hydration effect of commercially available γ-PGA to conventional moisturising agents (HA and glycerol) was observed; however, greater hydration capacity was observed from seaweed-derived γ-PGA. Herewith, successful incorporation of seaweed-derived γ-PGA (0.2-2 w/v%) was achieved for several model cream systems with absorbances reported at 300 and 400 nm. All γ-PGA-based creams displayed shear thinning behaviour as the viscosity decreased, following increasing shear rates. Although the use of commercial γ-PGA within creams did not suggest a significant effect in rheological behaviour, this was confirmed to be a result of the similar molecular weight. Seaweed-derived γ-PGA cream systems did not display any negative effect on model HaCaT keratinocytes by means of in vitro MTT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Parati
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Catherine Philip
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
| | - Sarah L. Allinson
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK;
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (G.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
| | - Fideline Tchuenbou-Magaia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (G.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (B.M.); (G.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1 LY, UK (I.K.); (F.T.-M.)
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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3
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Bunuasunthon S, Nakamoto M, Hoven VP, Matsusaki M. Construction of Tough Hydrogel Cross-Linked via Ionic Interaction by Protection Effect of Hydrophobic Domains. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4245-4258. [PMID: 38865608 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Most hydrogels have poor mechanical properties, severely limiting their potential applications, and numerous approaches have been introduced to fabricate more robust and durable examples. However, these systems consist of nonbiodegradable polymers which limit their application in tissue engineering. Herein, we focus on the fabrication and investigate the influence of hydrophobic segments on ionic cross-linking properties for the construction of a tough, biodegradable hydrogel. A biodegradable, poly(γ-glutamic acid) polymer conjugated with a hydrophobic amino acid, l-phenylalanine ethyl ester (Phe), together with an ionic cross-linking group, alendronic acid (Aln) resulting in γ-PGA-Aln-Phe, was initially synthesized. Rheological assessments through time sweep oscillation testing revealed that the presence of hydrophobic domains accelerated gelation. Comparing gels with and without hydrophobic domains, the compressive strength of γ-PGA-Aln-Phe was found to be six times higher and exhibited longer stability properties in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, lasting for up to a month. Significantly, the contribution of the hydrophobic domains to the mechanical strength and stability of ionic cross-linking properties of the gel was found to be the dominant factor for the fabrication of a tough hydrogel. As a result, this study provides a new strategy for mechanical enhancement and preserves ionic cross-linked sites by the addition of hydrophobic domains. The development of tough, biodegradable hydrogels reported herein will open up new possibilities for applications in the field of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukulya Bunuasunthon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan.2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan.2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Voravee P Hoven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan.2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Ebrahimzadeh Kouchesfahani M, Bahrami A, Babaeipour V. Poly-γ-glutamic acid overproduction of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945 a by developing a novel optimum culture medium and glutamate pulse feeding using different experimental design approaches. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:565-583. [PMID: 38246886 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The commercial production of multifunctional, biocompatible, and biodegradable biopolymers such as poly-γ-glutamic acid via microbial fermentation requires the development of simple and cheap methods for mass production. This study optimized the poly-γ-glutamic acid production of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a in several steps. At first, the most critical components of the culture medium, including l-glutamic acid, citric acid, and glycerol, were selected by screening nine factors through the Plackett-Burman experimental design and then were optimized using the response surface method and the central composite design algorithm. Under optimal conditions, the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid increased by more than 4.2 times from 11.2 to 47.2 g/L. This is one of the highest production rates of this strain in submerged batch fermentation reported so far using the optimized medium compared to the conventional base medium. A novel and efficient sudden pulse feeding strategy (achieved by a novel one-factorial statistical technique) of l-glutamic acid to the optimized medium increased biopolymer production from 47.2 to 66.1 g/L, the highest value reported in published literature with this strain. This simple, reproducible, and cheap fermentation process can considerably enhance the commercial applications of the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesized by B. licheniformis ATCC 9945a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Bahrami
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valiollah Babaeipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Silveira RD, Veras FF, Hernandes KC, Bach E, Passaglia LMP, Zini CA, Brandelli A, Welke JE. Genomic analysis reveals genes that encode the synthesis of volatile compounds by a Bacillus velezensis-based biofungicide used in the treatment of grapes to control Aspergillus carbonarius. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 415:110644. [PMID: 38417280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Fungal control strategies based on the use of Bacillus have emerged in agriculture as eco-friendly alternatives to replace/reduce the use of synthetic pesticides. Bacillus sp. P1 was reported as a new promising strain for control of Aspergillus carbonarius, a known producer of ochratoxin A, categorized as possible human carcinogen with high nephrotoxic potential. Grape quality can be influenced by vineyard management practices, including the use of fungal control agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the quality parameters of Chardonnay grapes exposed to an antifungal Bacillus-based strategy for control of A. carbonarius, supporting findings by genomic investigations. Furthermore, genomic tools were used to confirm that the strain P1 belongs to the non-pathogenic species Bacillus velezensis and also to certify its biosafety. The genome of B. velezensis P1 harbors genes that are putatively involved in the production of volatiles and hydrolytic enzymes, which are responsible for releasing the free form of aroma compounds. In addition to promote biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi and ochratoxins, the treatment with B. velezensis P1 did not change the texture (hardness and firmness), color and pH of the grapes. Heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of volatiles evaluated by GC/MS revealed that Bacillus-treated grapes showed higher levels of compounds with a pleasant odor descriptions such as 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butanediol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3,4-dihydro-β-ionone, β-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide, linalool oxide, and β-terpineol. The results of this study indicate that B. velezensis P1 presents desirable properties to be used as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Diogo Silveira
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501- 970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fonseca Veras
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501- 970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karolina Cardoso Hernandes
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501- 970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Evelise Bach
- Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43411, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Alcaraz Zini
- Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43111, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501- 970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43212, CEP 91501- 970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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6
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Mondal S, Cui Q. Sequence Sensitivity in Membrane Remodeling by Polyampholyte Condensates. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2087-2099. [PMID: 38407041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered peptides (IDPs) have been found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and produce complex coacervates that play numerous regulatory roles in the cell. Recent experimental studies have discovered that LLPS at or near the membrane surface helps in the biomolecular organization during signaling events and can significantly alter the membrane morphology. However, the molecular mechanism and microscopic details of such processes still remain unclear. Here we study the effect of polyampholyte and polyelectrolyte condensation on two different anionic membranes, as they represent a majority of naturally occurring IDPs. The polyampholytes are fifty-residue polymers, made of glutamate(E) and lysine(K) with different charge patterns. The polyelectrolytes are separate chains of E25 and K25. We first calibrate the MARTINI v3.0 force field and then perform long-time-scale coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We find that condensates formed by all the polyampholytes get adsorbed on the membrane. However, the strong polyampholytes (i.e., blocky sequences) can remodel the membranes more prominently than the weaker ones (i.e., scrambled sequences). Condensates formed by the blocky sequences induce a significant negative curvature (∼0.1 nm-1) and local demixing of lipids, whereas those by the scrambled sequences tend to wet the membrane to a greater extent without generating significant curvature or demixing. We perform several microscopic analyses to characterize the nature of the interaction between membranes and these condensates. Our analyses of interaction energetics reveal that membrane remodeling and/or wetting are favored by enhanced interactions between polyampholytes with lipids and the counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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7
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Li C, Ma H, Li P, Zhang S, Xu J, Wang L, Sheng W, Xu T, Shen L, Wang W, Xia T. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with heterologous poly-γ-glutamic acid has skin moisturizing, whitening and anti-wrinkle effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130026. [PMID: 38336313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Three genes involved in poly-γ-glutamic acid(γ-PGA)synthesis cloned from Bacillus licheniformis were transformed into cucumber for the first time. Compared with control, its water content increased by 6-14 % and water loss rate decreased by 11-12 %. In zebrafish and human skin experiments, the moisturizing effect of transgenic cucumber was significantly higher than that of CK, γ-PGA and hyaluronic acid group. Transgenic cucumber reduced facial wrinkles and roughness by 19.58 % and 24.97 %, reduced skin melanin content by 5.27 %, increased skin topological angle and L-value by 5.89 % and 2.49 %, and increased the R2 and Q1 values of facial elasticity by 7.67 % and 5.64 %, respectively. The expressions of aqp3, Tyr, silv and OCA2 were down-regulated, eln1, eln2, col1a1a and col1a1b were up-regulated in zebrafish after treated with transgenic cucumber. This study provides an important reference for the endogenous synthesis of important skin care functional molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haizhen Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Panpan Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jieting Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lu Shen
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
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8
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Skalski T, Zając E, Jędrszczyk E, Papaj K, Kohyt J, Góra A, Kasprzycka A, Shytum D, Skowera B, Ziernicka-Wojtaszek A. Effects of γ-polyglutamic acid on grassland sandy soil properties and plant functional traits exposed to drought stress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3769. [PMID: 38355917 PMCID: PMC10866894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study provides field experimental data that support the use of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) in drought stress and proposes its application in grassland management. We hypothesized that water treatment combined with PGA application to sandy soil would reduce drought stress in grasslands more effectively than watering alone. A randomized block design was used, with three replicate watering blocks (no watering, weekly watering, and monthly watering) and PGA treatments at four different concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 1%, and 2% PGA). The results showed that PGA acts as a biostimulant, alleviating the effects of stress in plants by: (1) increasing the availability of ions, especially K+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+/3+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, as well as N-NH4+, and N-NO3-, (2) elongating plant roots, (3) increasing the aboveground biomass, (4) improving the resprouting capacity of the dominant grass Nardus stricta, and (5) improving the regeneration of dicotyledons. In the case of meadows on sandy soils, the use of low PGA concentrations (0.3% or 1%) was the most beneficial for the availability of macro- and microelements and improving the functional traits of plants. Irrigation had a greater effect than using PGA only for the dicotyledon to monocotyledon ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skalski
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Zając
- Department of Land Reclamation and Development, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Papaj
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Kohyt
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Góra
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprzycka
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Divine Shytum
- Tunneling Group, Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Skowera
- Department of Ecology, Climatology and Air Protection, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
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9
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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Kato H, Sakuta M, Tsunoda T, Nakashima Y, Morita H, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Peptide Epimerase Responsible for d-Amino Acid Introduction in Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Biosynthesis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:349-354. [PMID: 38095677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a natural polymer of d- and/or l-glutamic acid (Glu) linked by isopeptide bonds. We recently showed that PGA synthetase, an enzyme complex composed of PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA, uses only l-Glu for polymerization, and d-Glu residues are introduced by peptide epimerization. However, it remains unclear which of the three enzymes is responsible for epimerization because in vitro functional characterization of the membrane-associated PgsBCA complex has never been successful. Here, we performed gene exchange experiments and showed that PgsA is responsible for the epimerization. Additionally, we identified a region in PgsA that modulates epimerization activity based on homology modeling from the recently solved structure of MslH, which showed 53% identity to PgsA. Our results suggested that d/l-ratios of the PGA product can be altered by introducing amino acid substitutions in this region, which will be useful for the production of PGA with controlled d/l-ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinata Kato
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Moeka Sakuta
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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11
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Placci M, Giannotti MI, Muro S. Polymer-based drug delivery systems under investigation for enzyme replacement and other therapies of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114683. [PMID: 36657645 PMCID: PMC10629597 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes play a central role in cellular homeostasis and alterations in this compartment associate with many diseases. The most studied example is that of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), a group of 60 + maladies due to genetic mutations affecting lysosomal components, mostly enzymes. This leads to aberrant intracellular storage of macromolecules, altering normal cell function and causing multiorgan syndromes, often fatal within the first years of life. Several treatment modalities are available for a dozen LSDs, mostly consisting of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) strategies. Yet, poor biodistribution to main targets such as the central nervous system, musculoskeletal tissue, and others, as well as generation of blocking antibodies and adverse effects hinder effective LSD treatment. Drug delivery systems are being studied to surmount these obstacles, including polymeric constructs and nanoparticles that constitute the focus of this article. We provide an overview of the formulations being tested, the diseases they aim to treat, and the results observed from respective in vitro and in vivo studies. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, the remaining gaps of knowledge regarding their performance, and important items to consider for their clinical translation. Overall, polymeric nanoconstructs hold considerable promise to advance treatment for LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Placci
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marina I Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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12
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Nair P, Navale GR, Dharne MS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:4555-4573. [PMID: 33824848 PMCID: PMC8016157 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nair
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Govinda R. Navale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Mahesh S. Dharne
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
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13
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Hoffmann K, Halmschlag B, Briel S, Sieben M, Putri S, Fukusaki E, Blank LM, Büchs J. Online measurement of the viscosity in shake flasks enables monitoring of γ-PGA production in depolymerase knockout mutants of Bacillus subtilis with the phosphate-starvation inducible promoter P pst. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3293. [PMID: 36081345 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications, mainly produced using Bacillus strains. The formation and concomitant secretion of γ-PGA increases the culture broth viscosity, while enzymatic depolymerisation and degradation of γ-PGA decreases the culture broth viscosity. In this study, the recently published ViMOS (Viscosity Monitoring Online System) is applied for optical online measurements of broth viscosity in eight parallel shake flasks. It is shown that the ViMOS is suitable to monitor γ-PGA production and degradation online in shake flasks. This online monitoring enables the detailed analysis of the Ppst promoter and γ-PGA depolymerase knockout mutants in genetically modified Bacillus subtilis 168. The Ppst promoter becomes active under phosphate starvation. The different single depolymerase knockout mutants are ∆ggt, ∆pgdS, ∆cwlO and a triple knockout mutant. An increase in γ-PGA yield in gγ-PGA /gglucose of 190% could be achieved with the triple knockout mutant compared to the Ppst reference strain. The single cwlO knockout also increased γ-PGA production, while the other single knockouts of ggt and pgdS showed no impact. Partial depolymerisation of γ-PGA occurred despite the triple knockout. The online measured data are confirmed with offline measurements. The online viscosity system directly reflects γ-PGA synthesis, γ-PGA depolymerisation, and changes in the molecular weight. Thus, the ViMOS has great potential to rapidly gain detailed and reliable information about new strains and cultivation conditions. The broadened knowledge will facilitate the further optimization of γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hoffmann
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Birthe Halmschlag
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Briel
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Sieben
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sastia Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Hu LX, Zhao M, Hu WS, Zhou MJ, Huang JB, Huang XL, Gao XL, Luo YN, Li C, Liu K, Xue ZL, Liu Y. Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production by Engineering a DegU Quorum-Sensing Circuit in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4156-4170. [PMID: 36416371 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a natural biological macromolecule, γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) plays a significant role in medicine, food, and cosmetic industries owing to its unique properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and viscosity. Although many strategies have been adopted to increase the yield of γ-PGA in Bacillus subtilis, the effectiveness of these common approaches is not high because the strong viscosity affects cell growth. However, dynamic regulation based on quorum sensing (QS) has been extensively applied as a fundamental tool for fine-tuning gene expression in reaction to changes in cell density without adding expensive inducers. A modular PhrQ-RapQ-DegU QS system is developed based on promoter PD4, which is upregulated by phosphorylated DegU (DegU-P). In this study, first, we analyzed the DegU-based gene expression regulation system in B. subtilis 168. We constructed a promoter library of different abilities, selected suitable promoters from the library, and performed mutation screening on the selected promoters and degU region. Furthermore, we constructed a PhrQ-RapQ-DegU QS system to dynamically control the synthesis of γ-PGA in BS168. Cell growth and efficient synthesis of the target product can be dynamically balanced by the QS system. Our dynamic adjustment approach increased the yield of γ-PGA to 6.53-fold of that by static regulation in a 3 L bioreactor, which verified the effectiveness of this strategy. In summary, the PhrQ-RapQ-DegU QS system has been successfully integrated with biocatalytic functions to achieve dynamic metabolic pathway control in BS168, which can be stretched to a large number of microorganisms to fine-tune gene expression and enhance the production of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Zhang Hengchun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Wen-Song Hu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhou
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Jun-Bao Huang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xi-Lin Huang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xu-Li Gao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Ya-Ni Luo
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu 241000, China
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15
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Parati M, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Adamus G, Mendrek B, Hill R, Radecka I. Building a circular economy around poly(D/L-γ-glutamic acid)- a smart microbial biopolymer. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Xu M, Qin H, Zheng Y, Chen J, Liang X, Huang J, Luo W, Yang R, Guan YQ. Construction of a double-responsive modified guar gum nanoparticles and its application in oral insulin administration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112858. [PMID: 36174491 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of intelligent insulin delivery systems has become more important for treating diabetes. In this study, a dual-responsive oral insulin delivery nanocarrier that responds to glucose and pH has been developed. First, the oleic acid hydrophobic modified guar gum (GG) was synthesized by the esterification reaction, and the γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) was coupled with GG by the amidation reaction. The obtained pH-responsive copolymer (γ-PGA-GG) was cross-linked by concanavalin A to obtain pH/glucose dual-responsive nanocarriers, and insulin was effectively loaded into the dual-responsive nanocarriers. The insulin-loaded nanoparticles can achieve effective pH and glucose responses, releasing insulin on demand. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the dual-responsive nanoparticles can protect insulin against the pH changes in the digestive tract and deliver insulin into the body to exert a hypoglycemic effect. Moreover, the dual-responsive nanoparticles have significant potential to be employed for oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Xu
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Han Qin
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xuanxi Liang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jinpeng Huang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenfeng Luo
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Runcai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yan-Qing Guan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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17
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Synthesis and structural characterization of elastin-based polypentapeptide/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blend films: Assessment of miscibility, thermal stability and surface characteristics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Microbial Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) as an Effective Tooth Enamel Protectant. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142937. [PMID: 35890712 PMCID: PMC9317725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, non-immunogenic nylon-like polymer with the biochemical characteristics of a polypeptide. This Bacillus-derived material has great potential for a wide range of applications, from bioremediation to tunable drug delivery systems. In the context of oral care, γ-PGA holds great promise in enamel demineralisation prevention. The salivary protein statherin has previously been shown to protect tooth enamel from acid dissolution and act as a reservoir for free calcium ions within oral cavities. Its superb enamel-binding capacity is attributed to the L-glutamic acid residues of this 5380 Da protein. In this study, γ-PGA was successfully synthesised from Bacillus subtilis natto cultivated on supplemented algae media and standard commercial media. The polymers obtained were tested for their potential to inhibit demineralisation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) when exposed to caries simulating acidic conditions. Formulations presenting 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v) γ-PGA concentration were assessed to determine the optimal conditions. Our data suggests that both the concentration and the molar mass of the γ-PGA were significant in enamel protection (p = 0.028 and p < 0.01 respectively). Ion Selective Electrode, combined with Fourier Transform Infra-Red studies, were employed to quantify enamel protection capacity of γ-PGA. All concentrations tested showed an inhibitory effect on the dissolution rate of calcium ions from hydroxyapatite, with 1% (wt) and 2% (wt) concentrations being the most effective. The impact of the average molar mass (M) on enamel dissolution was also investigated by employing commercial 66 kDa, 166 kDa, 440 kDa and 520 kDa γ-PGA fractions. All γ-PGA solutions adhered to the surface of HAp with evidence that this remained after 60 min of continuous acidic challenge. Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis showed a significant abundance of calcium ions associated with γ-PGA, which suggests that this material could also act as a responsive calcium delivery system. We have concluded that all γ-PGA samples tested (commercial and algae derived) display enamel protection capacity regardless of their concentration or average molar mass. However, we believe that γ-PGA D/L ratios might affect the binding more than its molar mass.
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19
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Li J, Chen S, Fu J, Xie J, Ju J, Yu B, Wang L. Efficient molasses utilization for low-molecular-weight poly-γ-glutamic acid production using a novel Bacillus subtilis stain. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:140. [PMID: 35842664 PMCID: PMC9287850 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer and has various applications based on its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and edibility. Low-molecular-weight (Mw)-γ-PGA has promising applications in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. It is traditionally produced by enzymatic hydrolysis. Cost-effective bioproduction of low-Mw-γ-PGA is essential for commercial application of γ-PGA. Results Bacillus subtilis 242 is a newly isolated low-Mw-γ-PGA-producing strain. To develop cost-effective production of γ-PGA using this newly isolated strain, cane molasses and corn steep liquor were used to produce γ-PGA. The concentration of cane molasses was optimized and 100 g/L cane molasses resulted in high γ-PGA production. The effects of yeast extract and corn steep liquor on γ-PGA yield were investigated. High concentration of γ-PGA was obtained in the medium with corn steep liquor. A concentration of 32.14 g/L γ-PGA was achieved in fed-batch fermentation, with a productivity of 0.67 g/L/h and a percentage yield (gγ-PGA/gglutamate) of 106.39%. The Mw of γ-PGA was 27.99 kDa. Conclusion This study demonstrated the potential application of B. subtilis 242 for cost-effective production of low-Mw-γ-PGA from cane molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shengbao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiaming Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiansong Ju
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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20
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Mondal S, Cui Q. Coacervation of poly-electrolytes in the presence of lipid bilayers: mutual alteration of structure and morphology. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7933-7946. [PMID: 35865903 PMCID: PMC9258347 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many intrinsically disordered peptides have been shown to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation and form complex coacervates, which play various regulatory roles in the cell. Recent experimental studies found that such phase separation processes may also occur at the lipid membrane surface and help organize biomolecules during signaling events; in some cases, phase separation of proteins at the membrane surface was also observed to lead to significant remodeling of the membrane morphology. The molecular mechanisms that govern the interactions between complex coacervates and lipid membranes and the impacts of such interactions on their structure and morphology, however, remain unclear. Here we study the coacervation of poly-glutamate (E30) and poly-lysine (K30) in the presence of lipid bilayers of different compositions. We carry out explicit-solvent coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations by using the MARTINI (v3.0) force-field. We find that more than 20% anionic lipids are required for the coacervate to form stable contact with the bilayer. Upon wetting, the coacervate induces negative curvature to the bilayer and facilitates local lipid demixing, without any peptide insertion. The magnitude of negative curvature, extent of lipid demixing, and asphericity of the coacervate increase with the concentration of anionic lipids. Overall, we observe a decrease in the number of contacts among the polyelectrolytes as the droplet spreads over the bilayer. Therefore, unlike previous suggestions, interactions among polyelectrolytes do not constitute a driving force for the membrane bending upon wetting by the coacervate. Rather, analysis of interaction energy components suggests that bending of the membrane is favored by enhanced interactions between polyelectrolytes with lipids as well as with counterions. Kinetic studies reveal that, at the studied polyelectrolyte concentrations, the coacervate formation precedes bilayer wetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA (+1)-617-353-6189
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA (+1)-617-353-6189
- Department of Physics, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University 44 Cummington Mall Boston MA 02215 USA
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21
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He L, Liu L, Ban R. Construction of a mutant Bacillus subtilis strain for high purity poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:991-1000. [PMID: 35767162 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a Bacillus subtilis strain for improved purity of poly-γ-glutamic acid. RESULTS The construction of strain GH16 was achieved by knocking out five genes encoding extracellular proteins and an operon from Bacillus subtilis G423. We then analyzed the amount of protein impurities in the γ-PGA produced by the resulting strain GH16/pHPG, which decreased from 1.48 to 1.39%. Subsequently the fla-che operon, PBSX, as well as the yrpD, ywoF and yclQ genes were knocked out successively, resulting in the mutant strains GH17, GH18 and GH19. Ultimately, the amount of protein impurities was reduced from 1.48 to 0.83%. In addition, the amount of polysaccharide impurities in the γ-PGA was also decreased from 2.21 to 1.93% after knocking out the epsA-O operon. CONCLUSIONS The high purity γ-PGA producer was constructed, and the resulting strain was a promising platform for the manufacture of other highly pure extracellular products and secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin He
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Rossi L, Kerekes K, Kovács-Kocsi J, Körhegyi Z, Bodnár M, Fazekas E, Prépost E, Pignatelli C, Caneva E, Nicotra F, Russo L. Multivalent γ-PGA-Exendin-4 conjugates to target pancreatic β-cells. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200196. [PMID: 35762648 PMCID: PMC9542156 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R), expressed on the surface of pancreatic β‐cells, is of great interest for the development of advanced therapies for diabetes and diagnostics for insulinoma. We report the conjugation of exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), an approved drug to treat type 2 diabetes, to poly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) to obtain more stable and effective GLP‐1R ligands. Exendin‐4 modified at Lysine‐27 with PEG4‐maleimide was conjugated to γ‐PGA functionalized with furan, in different molar ratios, exploiting a chemoselective Diels‐Alder cycloaddition. The γ‐PGA presenting the highest number of conjugated Ex‐4 molecules (average 120 per polymeric chain) showed a double affinity towards GLP‐1R with respect to exendin per se, paving the way to improved therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rossi
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cataldo Pignatelli
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | - Enrico Caneva
- Unitech Cospect: Comprehensive Substances Characterization via advances SPECTroscopy, -, ITALY
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- University of Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, ITALY
| | - Laura Russo
- Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, ITALY
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23
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Amara AAAF. Natural Polymer Types and Applications. BIOMOLECULES FROM NATURAL SOURCES 2022:31-81. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119769620.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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24
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Zhu Z, Bian Y, Zhang X, Zeng R, Yang B. Evaluation of formation and proportion of secondary structure in γ-polyglutamic acid by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120940. [PMID: 35093819 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of secondary structure is essential for understanding peptides and proteins. Here, we measured the terahertz (THz) spectra of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) dominated by α-helix and random coil (RC) respectively. The α-helix has two absorption peaks in the THz region, but no absorption peak is observed in the RC conformation. We believe this is because the hydrogen bonding effect leads to a higher orientation in the helix-dominated γ-PGA. At lower pH, the absorption intensity of γ-PGA increases with the induction time. Similar changes were obtained in the Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through the correlation analysis of THz and IR spectroscopy, it is found that the characteristic peak at 1.2 THz can be used as a sensitive indicator of the intermediate conformation of the α-helical structure. In addition, the transformation of α-helix-RC conformation is related to the peak intensity at 1.99 THz (R2 = 0.991), which preliminarily indicates that terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has the potential to become a new effective method for characterizing and evaluating secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Zhu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yujing Bian
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xun Zhang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ruonan Zeng
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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25
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Li D, Hou L, Gao Y, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050739. [PMID: 35267372 PMCID: PMC8909396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, safe, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly glutamic biopolymer. γ-PGA has been regarded as a promising bio-based materials in the food field, medical field, even in environmental engineering field, and other industrial fields. Microbial synthesis is an economical and effective way to synthesize γ-PGA. Bacillus species are the most widely studied producing strains. γ-PGA biosynthesis involves metabolic pathway of racemization, polymerization, transfer, and catabolism. Although microbial synthesis of γ-PGA has already been used extensively, productivity and yield remain the major constraints for its industrial application. Metabolic regulation is an attempt to solve the above bottleneck problems and meet the demands of commercialization. Therefore, it is important to understand critical factors that influence γ-PGA microbial synthesis in depth. This review focuses on production strains, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolic regulation. Moreover, it systematically summarizes the functional properties, purification procedure, and industrial application of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
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26
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Johnson LC, Akinmola AT, Scholz C. Poly(glutamic acid): From natto to drug delivery systems. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Yu L, Li K, Zhang J, Jin H, Saleem A, Song Q, Jia Q, Li P. Antimicrobial Peptides and Macromolecules for Combating Microbial Infections: From Agents to Interfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:366-393. [PMID: 35072444 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance caused by the overuse of antibiotics and the shelter of biofilms has evolved into a global health crisis, which drives researchers to continuously explore antimicrobial molecules and strategies to fight against drug-resistant bacteria and biofilm-associated infections. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be a category of potential alternative for antibiotics owing to their excellent bactericidal potency and lesser likelihood of inducing drug resistance through their distinctive antimicrobial mechanisms. In this review, the hitherto reported plentiful action modes of AMPs are systematically classified into 15 types and three categories (membrane destructive, nondestructive membrane disturbance, and intracellular targeting mechanisms). Besides natural AMPs, cationic polypeptides, synthetic polymers, and biopolymers enable to achieve tunable antimicrobial properties by optimizing their structures. Subsequently, the applications of these cationic antimicrobial agents at the biointerface as contact-active surface coatings and multifunctional wound dressings are also emphasized here. At last, we provide our perspectives on the development of clinically significant cationic antimicrobials and related challenges in the translation of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luofeng Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haoyu Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Atif Saleem
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qing Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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28
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Efficient production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus velezensis via solid-state fermentation and its application. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Ebrahimzadeh Kouchesfahani M, Bahrami A, Babaeipour V. Enhanced production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a using simultaneous pulse-feedings of citrate and glutamate. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:961-968. [PMID: 34974825 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.2021232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a versatile biopolymer with widespread applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. One of the main challenges in expanding γ-PGA industrial applications is the high cost of production. Developing an efficient and low-cost fermentation process such as bacterial cultivation with pulsed feeding can significantly reduce production costs. Thus, initially, a new pulsed-feeding strategy of citrate and glutamate was developed for γ-PGA production enhancement in the fed-batch culture of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. Then, the effects of pulse number, feeding amount, feeding times, the addition time of calcium and manganese solutions, the pH of the added citrate solution, and the concentration of feed stock solutions of pulse-feeds on γ-PGA production were investigated. Under optimal conditions: feeding two pulses at 8 and 24 hours of culture, 20 g citrate and glutamate per liter of culture medium per pulse (about 52 mL of each of citrate and glutamate feeding solutions prepared with a concentration of 384 g/L by adding distilled water) about 88 ± 4 g/L of γ-PGA was obtained. It is one of the highest values ever reported for γ-PGA production with Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a, of course with a much simpler process than the other fed-batch processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Bahrami
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valiollah Babaeipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Wang L, Chen S, Yu B. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: Recent achievements, diverse applications and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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A γ-PGA/KGM-based injectable hydrogel as immunoactive and antibacterial wound dressing for skin wound repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112374. [PMID: 34579893 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels, of which the cover area and volume can be flexibly adjusted according to the shape and depth of the wound, are considered to be an ideal material for wound dressing. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a natural polysaccharide with immunomodulatory capability, while γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a single chain polyamino acid with moisturizing, water-retention and antibacterial properties. This work intended to combine the advantages of the two materials to prepare an injectable hydrogel (P-OK) by mixing the adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) modified γ-PGA with oxidized KGM. The chemical structures, the physical and chemical properties, and the biological properties of the P-OK hydrogel were evaluated. The optimal conditions to form the P-OK hydrogel were fixed, and the cytotoxicity, qPCR, antibacterial and animal experiments were performed. Results showed that the P-OK hydrogel had a fast gelation time, good water-retention rate, little cytotoxicity, good immunomodulating and antibacterial capabilities, and could shorten the healing period in the rat full-thickness defect model, which makes it a potential candidate for wound repair dressing.
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32
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Yu G, Yang C, Dan N, Dan W, Chen Y. Polyglutamic acid grafted dopamine modified collagen-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel for a potential wound dressing. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:293-304. [PMID: 34602850 PMCID: PMC8480661 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1984007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural collagen has good biocompatibility and ability to promote tissue regeneration and repair, but the poor mechanical properties and intolerance of degradation of natural collagen limit its applications in the biomedical field. In this research, we synthesized a skin wound repair hydrogel with good biological activity, high strength and excellent water absorption properties. Inspired by the theory of wet healing, dopamine was introduced into the side chain of the water-absorbing polymer polyglutamic acid to synthesize a cross-linking agent (PGAD) with both water absorption and cell adhesion ablities, and then it was introduced into collagen/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-COL) system to form a double network hydrogel. Scanning electron microscope observation of the morphological characteristics of the hydrogel showed that after the introduction of PGAD, the hydrogel formed an obvious pore structure, and the swelling rate showed that the introduction of PGAD significantly improved the water absorption rate of the hydrogel.In addition, PVA-COL-PGAD hydrogel has good mechanical properties and water absorption behavior.In vitro experimental results revealed that the hydrogel has good biocompatibility. In vivo wound healing experiments showed that hydrogel can promote wound healing process.These results indicated that our hydrogel has great potential as a medical wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changkai Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nianhua Dan
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Dan
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yining Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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33
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Zhang R, Zhang S, Jiang G, Gan L, Xu Z, Tian Y. Optimization of fermentation conditions, purification and rheological properties of poly (γ-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:302-310. [PMID: 34236935 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1941103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal fermentation condition, purification and rheological properties of extracellular polymers produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3. An optimum temperature of 30.2 °C, inoculation amount of 6.1%, and pH of 8.2 were determined via Response Surface Methodology. The result of amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis indicated that the obtained polymer contained only glutamic acid, with a wide molecular weight range. This polymer was finally determined as γ-PGA by infrared spectroscopy. The γ-PGA solution displayed a behavior of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid with shear thinning properties, which can be described by the Ostward-de Waele power law model. The apparent viscosity of γ-PGA solution increased with the increase in its concentration from 1% to 10%. The deviation in pH from neutral value, and the addition of NaCl or MgCl2 can reduce the apparent viscosity of γ-PGA solution, and it was more sensitive to Mg2+ than to Na+ addition. At the concentration of 4, 6, and 8%, γ-PGA solution showed predominantly viscous response in the range of 0.1-100 rad/s angular frequency (G″>G'). These results indicated the potential application of the γ-PGA as a thickening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guangyang Jiang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Longzhan Gan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Kordasht HK, Hasanzadeh M, Seidi F, Alizadeh PM. Poly (amino acids) towards sensing: Recent progress and challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Balogun-Agbaje OA, Odeniyi OA, Odeniyi MA. Drug delivery applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer of microbial origin, consisting of repeating units of l-glutamic acid and/or D-glutamic acid. The biopolymer has found use in the fields of agriculture, food, wastewater, and medicine, owing to its non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Due to its biodegradability, γ-PGA is being tipped to dislodge synthetic plastics in drug delivery application. High cost of production, relative to plastics, is however a clog in the wheel of achieving this.
Main body of abstract
This review looked at the production, nanoparticles fabrication, and drug delivery application of γ-PGA. γ-PGA production optimization by modifying the fermentation medium to tailor towards the production of desirable polymer at reduced cost and techniques for the formulation of γ-PGA nanoparticle as well as its characterization were discussed. This review also evaluated the application of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles in the delivery of drugs to action site. Characterization of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles is a crucial step towards determining the applicability of the biopolymer. γ-PGA has been used in the delivery of active agents to action sites.
Conclusion
This review highlights some of the efforts that have been made in the appraisal of γ-PGA and its nanoparticles for drug delivery. γ-PGA is a candidate for future extensive use in drug delivery.
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Blanco FG, Hernández N, Rivero-Buceta V, Maestro B, Sanz JM, Mato A, Hernández-Arriaga AM, Prieto MA. From Residues to Added-Value Bacterial Biopolymers as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061492. [PMID: 34200068 PMCID: PMC8228158 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biopolymers are naturally occurring materials comprising a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures that can be produced from renewable sources following the principles of the circular economy. Over the last decades, they have gained substantial interest in the biomedical field as drug nanocarriers, implantable material coatings, and tissue-regeneration scaffolds or membranes due to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability into nonhazardous disintegration products, and their mechanical properties, which are similar to those of human tissues. The present review focuses upon three technologically advanced bacterial biopolymers, namely, bacterial cellulose (BC), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and γ-polyglutamic acid (PGA), as models of different carbon-backbone structures (polysaccharides, polyesters, and polyamides) produced by bacteria that are suitable for biomedical applications in nanoscale systems. This selection models evidence of the wide versatility of microorganisms to generate biopolymers by diverse metabolic strategies. We highlight the suitability for applied sustainable bioprocesses for the production of BC, PHA, and PGA based on renewable carbon sources and the singularity of each process driven by bacterial machinery. The inherent properties of each polymer can be fine-tuned by means of chemical and biotechnological approaches, such as metabolic engineering and peptide functionalization, to further expand their structural diversity and their applicability as nanomaterials in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco G. Blanco
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Hernández
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Rivero-Buceta
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Maestro
- Host-Parasite Interplay in Pneumococcal Infection Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jesús M. Sanz
- Host-Parasite Interplay in Pneumococcal Infection Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Aránzazu Mato
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Hernández-Arriaga
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Auxiliadora Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy-Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.B.); (N.H.); (V.R.-B.); (A.M.); (A.M.H.-A.)
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Biological Research Centre Margarita Salas, CIB-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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37
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Birajdar MS, Joo H, Koh WG, Park H. Natural bio-based monomers for biomedical applications: a review. Biomater Res 2021; 25:8. [PMID: 33795019 PMCID: PMC8015023 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, synthetic and semi-synthetic polymer materials have been widely used in various applications. Especially concerning biomedical applications, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity have increased the interest of researchers to discover and develop new products for the well-being of humanity. Among the synthetic and semi-synthetic materials, the use of natural bio-based monomeric materials presents a possible novel avenue for the development of new biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic products. The purpose of this article is to review the information on the role of natural bio-based monomers in biomedical applications. Increased eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and intrinsic biological activity are some of the attributes which make itaconic, succinic, citric, hyaluronic, and glutamic acids suitable potential materials for biomedical applications. Herein, we summarize the most recent advances in the field over the past ten years and specifically highlight new and interesting discoveries in biomedical applications. Natural origin acid-based bio-monomers for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallinath S Birajdar
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Joo
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Zaccaria CL, Cedrati V, Nitti A, Chiesa E, Martinez de Ilarduya A, Garcia-Alvarez M, Meli M, Colombo G, Pasini D. Biocompatible graft copolymers from bacterial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(lactic acid). Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible graft copolymers from bacterial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(lactic acid) are realized using a “grafting to” approach combined with click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Cedrati
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
- SCITEC-CNR
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
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39
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Kurakula M, N. NR. Prospection of recent chitosan biomedical trends: Evidence from patent analysis (2009–2020). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1924-1938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Lee JS, Choi YS, Lee HG. Synergistic antimicrobial properties of nanoencapsulated clove oil and thymol against oral bacteria. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1597-1604. [PMID: 33088608 PMCID: PMC7561649 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the antimicrobial activity of natural extracts against oral bacteria by synergistic combination and nanoencapsulation. Among five natural antimicrobials: clove oil, thymol, naringin, naringenin, and licorice, clove oil and thymol were selected by comparing the antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus before and after nanoencapsulation. The combination of clove oil and thymol (CLTY) was nanoencapsulated using chitosan and poly-γ-glutamic acid. While free CLTY showed additive and synergistic antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, respectively, CLTY nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited synergistic activity against both strains in a time-kill kinetic assay. CLTY NPs significantly decreased the growth of salivary S. mutans during testing, compared with free CLTY in the mouth rinse test. These results indicate that nanoencapsulation can significantly increase the synergistic antimicrobial activity of CLTY and maintain its antimicrobial activity in oral cavities for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791 Republic of Korea
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41
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Poly-γ-Glutamate microneedles as transdermal immunomodulators for ameliorating atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:183-192. [PMID: 32688089 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common, relapsing, inflammatory disorder of the skin, is associated with T helper type 2 (Th2)-biased immune responses. Despite the efficacy of existing drugs for AD treatment, their safety and side effects cause concern. The present study describes the use of dissolvable poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) microneedles (MNs) with immunomodulatory effects for effectively relieving AD-like symptoms in Nc/Nga mice. γ-PGA MNs can easily penetrate the epidermis and release γ-PGA into the dendritic cell-rich dermis to interact with dendritic cells for modulating immune responses. Transdermal administration of high-molecular-weight (HMW, 1100 kDa) γ-PGA MNs significantly reduced clinical dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and mast cell infiltration in mice by downregulating immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG1 levels (Th2-associated antibodies) compared with the AD control group. However, low-molecular-weight (200-400 kDa) γ-PGA MNs ameliorated AD-like skin lesions less effectively than HMW γ-PGA MNs, thus indicating that the MW of γ-PGA may affect its immunomodulatory properties. Notably, the mouse skin quickly recovered its barrier function within 4 h after MN application. No weight loss or abnormality was observed in the MN-treated mice during the 8-week treatment period. These results suggest that the γ-PGA MNs represent an innovative, safe, and reliable therapeutic strategy for AD management. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study is the first to explore the feasibility of using poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) microneedles (MNs) as transdermal immunomodulators for improving atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms and to evaluate their immunomodulatory effect in mice with spontaneously developed AD. Transdermal administration of γ-PGA MNs enables the γ-PGA to localize in the skin for activation of dermal dendritic cells, thus modulating immune responses. We demonstrate that high-molecular-weight γ-PGA MNs can be retained in the skin for at least 6 days and effectively suppress AD-like skin lesions in mice by reducing infiltration of mast cells and downregulating Th2-associated antibody production (IgE and IgG1). The developed MN device has the potential to replace conventional therapy and to become an innovative treatment strategy for AD.
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42
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Li S, Xia H, Xie A, Wang Z, Ling K, Zhang Q, Zou X. Structure of a fucose-rich polysaccharide derived from EPS produced by Kosakonia sp. CCTCC M2018092 and its application in antibacterial film. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Xia S, Zhang L, Davletshin A, Li Z, You J, Tan S. Application of Polysaccharide Biopolymer in Petroleum Recovery. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091860. [PMID: 32824986 PMCID: PMC7564477 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide biopolymers are biomacromolecules derived from renewable resources with versatile functions including thickening, crosslinking, adsorption, etc. Possessing high efficiency and low cost, they have brought wide applications in all phases of petroleum recovery, from well drilling to wastewater treatment. The biopolymers are generally utilized as additives of fluids or plugging agents, to correct the fluid properties that affect the performance and cost of petroleum recovery. This review focuses on both the characteristics of biopolymers and their utilization in the petroleum recovery process. Research on the synthesis and characterization of polymers, as well as controlling their structures through modification, aims to develop novel recipes of biopolymer treatment with new application realms. The influences of biopolymer in many petroleum recovery cases were also evaluated to permit establishing the correlations between their physicochemical properties and performances. As their performance is heavily affected by the local environment, screening and testing polymers under controlled conditions is the necessary step to guarantee the efficiency and safety of biopolymer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxiang Xia
- Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-991-8496
| | - Laibao Zhang
- Independent Researcher, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA;
| | - Artur Davletshin
- Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77023, USA; (Z.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiahui You
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77023, USA; (Z.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Siyuan Tan
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
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44
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Wang X, Lin RJ, Gross RA. Sophorolipid Butyl Ester: An Antimicrobial Stabilizer of Essential Oil-Based Emulsions and Interactions with Chitosan and γ-Poly(glutamic acid). ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5136-5147. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Raymond J. Lin
- New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Richard A. Gross
- New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15th Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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45
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Uddin Z, Fang T, Siao J, Tseng W. Wound Healing Attributes of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Prepared with Multi‐
l
‐arginyl‐poly‐
l
‐aspartate Pairing with Hyaluronic Acid and γ‐Polyglutamic Acid. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000132. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Uddin
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Tsuei‐Yun Fang
- Department of Food ScienceNational Taiwan Ocean University No. 2, Beining Rd Keelung 202 Taiwan
| | - Jyun‐Yin Siao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Chi Tseng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd Taipei 106 Taiwan
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46
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Kim MH, Lee JN, Lee J, Lee H, Park WH. Enzymatically Cross-Linked Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Hydrogel with Enhanced Tissue Adhesive Property. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3103-3113. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Jee Na Lee
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Jeehee Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Won Ho Park
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
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47
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Cedrati V, Pacini A, Nitti A, Martínez de Ilarduya A, Muñoz-Guerra S, Sanyal A, Pasini D. “Clickable” bacterial poly(γ-glutamic acid). Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00843e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The controlled functionalization of bacterial γ-PGA is realized through sonication, solubilization using quaternary ammonium salts and click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cedrati
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Aurora Pacini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | | | - Sebastián Muñoz-Guerra
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
- ETSEIB
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry
- Bogazici University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
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48
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Liu CL, Dong HG, Xue K, Yang W, Liu P, Cai D, Liu X, Yang Y, Bai Z. Biosynthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid in Escherichia coli by heterologous expression of pgsBCAE operon from Bacillus. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1390-1399. [PMID: 31837088 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an excellent water-soluble biosynthesis material. To confirm the rate-limiting steps of γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway, we introduced a heterologous Bacillus strain pathway and employed an enzyme-modulated dismemberment strategy in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we heterologously introduced the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway of two laboratory-preserved strains-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and Bacillus subtilis 168 into E. coli, and compared their γ-PGA production levels. Next, by changing the plasmid copy numbers and supplying sodium glutamate, we explored the effects of gene expression levels and concentrations of the substrate l-glutamic acid on γ-PGA production. We finally employed a two-plasmid induction system using an enzyme-modulated dismemberment of pgsBCAE operon to confirm the rate-limiting genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway. CONCLUSION Through heterologously over-expressing the genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway and exploring gene expression levels, we produced 0·77 g l-1 γ-PGA in strain RSF-EBCAE(BS). We also confirmed that the rate-limiting genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway were pgsB and pgsC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work is beneficial to increase γ-PGA production and study the mechanism of γ-PGA biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - H-G Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - K Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - W Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - P Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - D Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - X Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Z Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Bakan B, Kayhan CT, Koksal Karayildirim C, Dagdeviren M, Gulcemal S, Yildirim Y, Akgol S, Karabay Yavasoglu NU. Synthesis, characterization, toxicity and in vivo imaging of lysine graft polymeric nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Jang WJ, Choi SY, Lee JM, Lee GH, Hasan MT, Kong IS. Viability of Lactobacillus plantarum encapsulated with poly-γ-glutamic acid produced by Bacillus sp. SJ-10 during freeze-drying and in an in vitro gastrointestinal model. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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