Prunus amygdalus extract exert antidiabetic effect via inhibition of DPP-IV: in-silico and in-vivo approaches

Renal protective effect of ellipticine against streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy in rats via suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediator

PURPOSE

Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem worldwide, and diabetic nephropathy is the complication. The diabetic nephropathy considerably enhances the oxidative stress, glycation, lipid parameters and inflammatory reaction. Ellipticine has potent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effect.

METHODS

In the current study, our objectives were to thoroughly examine the renal protective effects of ellipticine in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved. For the induction of diabetic nephropathy, streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) was used, and rats were separated into groups and given varying doses of ellipticine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg). The body weight, and renal weight were estimated. The inflammatory cytokines, renal biomarkers, inflammatory antioxidant, and urine parameters were estimated.

RESULTS

Result showed that ellipticine considerably enhanced the body weight and reduced the renal tissue weight. Ellipticine treatment significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the level of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid, blood glucose and altered the lipid parameters. Ellipticine significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the level of malonaldehyde and boosted the glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Ellipticine treatment significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators.

CONCLUSIONS

Ellipticine could be a renal protective drug via attenuating the inflammatory reaction, fibrosis and oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced rats.

Protective effect of soy isolate protein against streptozotocin induced gestational diabetes mellitus via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious complication of pregnancy that is characterized by high blood sugar levels that occur due to insulin resistance and dysfunction in glucose metabolism during pregnancy. It usually develops in the second or third trimester of pregnancy and affects about 7 % of all pregnancies worldwide. In this experimental study, we scrutinized the GDM protective effect of soy isolate protein against streptozotocin (STZ) induced GDM in rats and explore the underlying mechanism.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this experimental study. A 55 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to induce diabetes in female rats, followed by oral administration of soy isolate protein for 18 days. Body weight, glucose levels, and insulin were measured at different time intervals (0, 9, and 18 days). Lipid profiles, antioxidant levels, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis parameters, and mRNA expression were also assessed. Pancreatic and liver tissues were collected for histopathological examination during the experimental study.

RESULTS

Soy isolate protein significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the glucose level and enhanced the insulin level and body weight. Soy isolate protein remarkably decreased the placental weight and increased the fetal weight. Soy isolate protein significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the HbA1c, hepatic glycogen, serum C-peptide and increased the level of free fatty acid. Soy isolate protein significantly (P < 0.001) altered the level of lipid, antioxidant and inflammatory cytokines. Soy isolate protein significantly (P < 0.001) improved the level of adiponectin, visfatin and suppressed the level of leptin and ICAM-1. Soy isolate protein significantly (P < 0.001) altered the mRNA expression and also restored the alteration of histopathology.

CONCLUSION

Based on the result, soy isolate protein exhibited the GDM protective effect against the STZ induced GDM in rats via alteration of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Gossypin exert lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation via alteration of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathway

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a critical medical condition that induces the injury into the lung tissue, resulting in decreased the oxygen levels in the circulation and finally causes the respiratory failure. In this study, we try to made effort for scrutinized the preventive effect of gossypin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced lung inflammation and explore the underlying mechanism. LPS (7.5 mg/kg) was used for induction the lung inflammation in the rats and rats were received the oral administration of gossypin (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg). The wet to dry weight lung ratio and lung index were estimated. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to determination the inflammatory cells, total protein, macrophages and neutrophils. ELISA kits were used for the estimation of antioxidant, inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory parameters, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) parameters. Finally, we used the lung tissue for scrutinize the alteration in the lung histopathology. Gossypin treatment significantly (p < .001) reduced the W/D ratio of lung tissue and lung index. Gossypin significantly (p < .001) decreased the total cells, neutrophils, macrophages and total protein in BALF. It is also altered the level of inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant and inflammatory parameters, respectively. Gossypin improved the level of Nrf2 and HO-1 at dose dependent manner. Gossypin treatment remarkably enhance the ALI severity via balancing the structural integrity of lung tissue, decrease the thickness of the alveolar wall, decline the pulmonary interstitial edema, and number of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue. Gossypin is a promising agent for the treatment of LPS induced lung inflammation via altering Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB.

Encapsulation and Assessment of Antidiabetic Potential of α-Lactalbumin-Derived Hydrolysates

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is an exopeptidase mainly present in epithelial tissues of the liver, kidney, and intestine. It is involved in the cleavage of a variety of substrates including the incretin hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 binds to the GLP-1 receptors of pancreatic β-cells and leads to β-cell proliferation and increases insulin secretion through associated gene expression. In diabetes, a constant increase in the glucose level leads to glucotoxicity, which destroys pancreatic β-cells, decreases the insulin level, and further increases the blood glucose level. Inhibition of DPP-IV is one of the strategies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In recent years, peptides derived from a variety of dietary proteins have been reported to exhibit inhibitory activity against the DPP-IV enzyme. Such peptides should also be protected from the action of digestive enzymes to keep their bioactivity intact. Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vitro DPP-IV inhibition potential and in vivo antidiabetic potential of α-lactalbumin in non-encapsulated hydrolysate (NEH), freeze-dried encapsulated hydrolysate (FDEH), and emulsified encapsulated hydrolysate (EEH) forms. Percent DPP-IV inhibition by the NEH, FDEH, and EEH after simulated gastrointestinal digestion was 36 ± 2.28, 54 ± 2.02, and 64 ± 2.02, respectively. The oral administration of the NEH, FDEH, and EEH at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight was evaluated in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic experimental rats in a study of 30 days. Rats in the diabetic control group showed an increase in the blood glucose level and liver function enzymes and a decrease in GLP-1, insulin, and antioxidative enzymes. Administration of hydrolysates reversed the parameters by lowering the blood glucose level and increasing GLP-1 and insulin levels in plasma. The blood lipid profile, liver enzyme (ALT, AST, and AP) levels, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were also found to be normalized and better managed in experimental diabetic rats.

Neuroprotective Effect of Ponicidin Alleviating the Diabetic Cognitive Impairment: Regulation of Gut Microbiota

Cognitive impairment is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, which is caused by constitutive hyperglycaemia. Ponicidin is a diterpenoid isolated from a Chinese traditional herb (Rabdosia rubescens) and demonstrates the various pharmacological effects. The goal of this study was to scrutinise the neuroprotective effect of ponicidin against diabetic nephropathy (DN) induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Intraperitoneal administration of STZ (55 mg/kg) was used for the induction of diabetes and rats were received oral administration of ponicidin (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) until 28 days. The body weight, food intake, water intake and blood glucose level were assessed at regular time interval. Plasma insulin level, antioxidant, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis marker and faecal gut microbiota compositions were estimated. DN-induced group rats revealed the augmented glucose level, water intake, food intake and reduced body weight. Ponicidin significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the glucose level and water food intake and improved the body weight and plasma insulin. Ponicidin significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the malonaldehyde (MDA) level and boosted the level of glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the brain and serum level. Ponicidin significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and enhanced the level of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the brain and serum level. DN group rats exhibited the enhanced relative abundance of Firmicutes, along with enhancing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and repressing the Bacteroidetes relative abundance. Ponicidin effectually restored the relative abundance of Allobaculum, Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus genera. Our findings clearly demonstrated that ponicidin has a neuroprotective effect against diabetic cognitive impairment through modulating the gut microbiome.

Cardioprotective Effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum against Streptozotocin Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rats via Alteration of AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) is a plant commonly used in diabetic therapy in China. GP having potent antioxidant effect against various free radicals. The purpose of the current investigation to identify the cardioprotective effect of GP against streptozotocin (STZ)/ high fat diet (HFD) induced cardiac dysfunction in rats via alteration of AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Wistar rats were used for the current protocol. The rats were received the intraperitoneal injection of STZ and HFD to induce the cardiac remodelling. Blood glucose level, insulin and lipid parameters were estimated. Blood pressure and heart rate were also estimated. Cardiac parameters, antioxidant, cytokines, total protein and inflammatory mediators were analysed. The mRNA expression was detected using the RT-qPCR, respectively. GP significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the BGL and improved the insulin level. GP altered the ratio of heart/BW, liver/BW, and lung/BW. GP treatment significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the heart rate and blood pressure (diastolic, systolic and mean pressure). GP significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the level of TC, LDL, TG, VLDL and increased the level of HDL. DCM induced rats received the GP administration exhibited reduction in the level of CK and LDH. GP significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the levels of MDA, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, ROS and increased the level of GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx. GP significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and inflammatory parameters (COX-2 and NFκB). GP significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the NLRP3 and NF-κB expression. GP also boosted mitochondrial biogenesis by boosting the PGC-1α, HO-1 and Nrf2 expression in cardiac tissue. GP treatment showed the cardioprotective effects against STZ induced diabetic cardiac dysfunction via alteration of AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Protective effect of nimbolide against streptozotocin induced gestational diabetes mellitus in rats via alteration of inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a significant pregnancy-related condition, which showed effect on the development of fetal. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy commonly used for the treatment of GDM. Nimbolide already confirmed their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect against various animal disease model. Our objective in this research is to investigate the protective effect of nimbolide against STZ induced GDM and elucidate the mechanism.

METHODS

In this experimental study, pregnant female Wistar rats were used and STZ (40 mg/kg) was used to induce the GDM. Blood glucose level (BGL), body weight and plasma insulin were assessed at regular time (gestational day 0, 9, and 18). Water intake, food intake, fecal and urine output were also estimated. In the female rats, hemoglobin (Hb), glycalated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hepatic glycogen, fructosamine, adiponectin, leptin, lipid, antioxidant and inflammatory cytokines parameters were estimated. In the fetuses, the fetues weight, implementation loss, and fetal weight were estimated. At the completion of the protocol, biochemical parameters were calculated. Gut microbiota was estimated in end of the study.

RESULTS

Nimbolide treatment significantly (p < .001) improved the fetuses level and suppressed the fetal weight and implantation loss. Nimbolide treatment significantly (p < .001) suppressed the BGL and enhanced the body weight, insulin level. Nimbolide treatment suppressed the water intake, food intake, urinary and fecal output. Nimbolide significantly (p < .001) suppressed the fructosamine, leptin and enhanced the adiponectin level. Nimbolide treatment significantly (p < .001) decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) level and boosted the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT); suppressed the level of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and boosted the level of IL-10. Furthermore, nimbolide treatment reversed the gut microbiota alteration induced via STZ in female rats. At the phylum level, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes relative abundance was altered via nimbolide treatment. The ratio of F/B boosted in GDM group and nimbolide treatment significantly (p < .001) suppressed. Nimbolide considerably suppressed the firmicutes and enhanced the Bacteroidetes, CAG-352, Lacnospirace.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings, we may conclude that nimbolide protects the pregnant rats from GDM via alteration of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota.

Biopotential of Underutilized Rosaceae Inflorescences: LC-DAD-MS Phytochemical Profiles Associated with Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro

The aim of this work was to assess the biopotential of the young inflorescence tissues of Prunus, Malus and Chaenomeles in order to evaluate the possibility of their application in the food industry, and to provide a polyphenolic fingerprint for their quality control. The contents of different bioactive compounds and their antioxidant capacities were spectrophotometrically measured, the main phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using LC-DAD-MS, the antidiabetic potential was determined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, the anti-inflammatory potential was determined using a 5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay, and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Using one-way ANOVA, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the relations between the samples, and between the samples and the measured parameters, were revealed. In total, 77 compounds were identified. The concentration of sugars was low in M. purpurea, at 1.56 ± 0.08 mg/g DW. The most effective sample in the inhibition of antidiabetic enzymes and anti-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase was C. japonica. The inhibition of α-glucosidase was strongly positively correlated with the total and condensed tannins, procyanidin dimers and procyanidin tetramer, and was very strongly correlated with chlorogenic acid. In α-amylase inhibition, C. japonica and P. serrulata ‘Kiku Shidare Zakura’ were equally efficient to the standard inhibitor, maltose. The most effective in the growth and proliferation inhibition of HepG2, HCT116 and HaCaT cells was P. avium. The results suggest Prunus, Malus and Chaenomeles inflorescences as functional food ingredients.

A review on phytochemical and pharmacological facets of tropical ethnomedicinal plants as reformed DPP-IV inhibitors to regulate incretin activity

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from impaired insulin secretion and resistance. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV is an enzyme known to trigger the catalysis of insulinotropic hormones, further abating the endogenous insulin levels and elevating the glucose levels in blood plasma. In the field of drug development, DPP-IV inhibitors have opened up numerous opportunities for leveraging this target to generate compounds as hypoglycemic agents by regulating incretin activity and subsequently decreasing blood glucose levels. However, the practice of synthetic drugs is an apparent choice but poses a great pharmacovigilance issue due to their incessant undesirable effects. The ideology was set to inventively look upon different ethnomedicinal plants for their anti-diabetic properties to address these issues. To date, myriads of phytochemicals are characterized, eliciting an anti-diabetic response by targeting various enzymes and augmenting glucose homeostasis. Antioxidants have played a crucial role in alleviating the symptoms of diabetes by scavenging free radicals or treating the underlying causes of metabolic disorders and reducing free radical formation. Plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors, including alkaloids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, and coumarin, also possess antioxidant capabilities, providing anti-diabetic and antioxidative protection. This review article provides a new gateway for exploring the ability of plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors to withstand oxidative stress under pathological conditions related to diabetes and for reforming the strategic role of ethnomedicinal plants as potent DPP-IV inhibitors through the development of polyherbal formulations and nanophytomedicines to regulate incretin activity.

Terminalia catappa Extract Palliates Redox Imbalance and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats by Upregulating Nrf-2 Gene

This study aims at evaluating the ameliorative role of Terminalia catappa aqueous leaf extract (TCA) on hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in a high-fat, low dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Experimental rats were treated orally with 400 and 800 mg/kg bw TCA daily for four weeks. Antioxidant enzyme activities, plasma glucose concentration, protein concentration, oxidative stress, and inflammation biomarkers were assayed using standard methods. Hepatic relative expressions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-six (IL-6), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2) were also assessed. Molecular docking and prediction of major TCA phytoconstituents' biological activity related to T2DM-induced oxidative stress were evaluated in silico. Induction of diabetes significantly (p < 0.05) reduced superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and peroxidase activities. Glutathione and protein stores were significantly (p < 0.05) depleted, while glucose, MDA, interleukin-six (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) increased. A significant (p < 0.05) upregulation of hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 expression and downregulation (p < 0.05) of Nrf-2 expression were observed during diabetes onset. TCA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) modulated systemic diabetic-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, mRNA expression dysregulation, and dysregulated macromolecule metabolism. However, only 800 mg/kg TCA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated hepatic TNF-α expression. 9-Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-diol and 1,2,3-Benzenetriol bound comparably to glibenclamide in Nrf-2, IL-6, and TNF-α binding pockets. They were predicted to be GST A and M substrate, JAK2 expression, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase, NADPH peroxidase, and glucose oxidase inhibitors. These results suggest that TCA ameliorates hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by activating Nrf-2 gene.

Advanced Bioinformatics Tools in the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Natural and Synthetic Compounds with Anti-Diabetic Activity

Diabetes represents a major health problem, involving a severe imbalance of blood sugar levels, which can disturb the nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs. Diabes management involves several synthetic drugs focused on improving insulin sensitivity, increasing insulin production, and decreasing blood glucose levels, but with unclear molecular mechanisms and severe side effects. Natural chemicals extracted from several plants such as Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia or Ophiopogon planiscapus Niger have aroused great interest for their anti-diabetes activity, but also their hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. Here, we focused on the anti-diabetic activity of a few natural and synthetic compounds, in correlation with their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles, especially with their blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. We reviewed studies that used bioinformatics methods such as predicted BBB, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to elucidate the proper action mechanisms of antidiabetic compounds. Currently, it is evident that BBB damage plays a significant role in diabetes disorders, but the molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here, we presented the efficacy of natural (gymnemic acids, quercetin, resveratrol) and synthetic (TAK-242, propofol, or APX3330) compounds in reducing diabetes symptoms and improving BBB dysfunctions. Bioinformatics tools can be helpful in the quest for chemical compounds with effective anti-diabetic activity that can enhance the druggability of molecular targets and provide a deeper understanding of diabetes mechanisms.

Protective effect of sinomenine against inflammation and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus in female rats via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a dangerous complication of pregnancy which is induced via dysfunction in glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Sinomenine (SM) has already proved an antidiabetic effect against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. In this protocol, we examined the protective effect of SM against STZ-induced GDM in rats. Wistar rats were divided into three groups and STZ (40 mg/kg) was used to induce GDM. At the end of the experimental protocol, bodyweight, pub weight, and survival rate were estimated. Blood glucose level (BGL), fasting insulin (FINS), free fatty acid (FFA), Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and C-peptide were measured. Lipid, antioxidant, inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory mediators were also determined. RT-PCR was used for estimation of the role of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. SM treatment significantly (p < .001) reduced BGL, hepatic glycogen, and improved the levels of FINS, C-peptide, FFA, and HbA1c. SM significantly (p < .001) suppressed the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), coronary artery index (CAI), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), atherogenic index (AI), and boosted high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. SM significantly (p < .001) decreased the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level and enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), respectively. It reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inflammatory mediators viz., nuclear kappa B factors (NF-κB). SM significantly (p < .001) reduced the mRNA expression of Myd88, NLRP3, TLR4, and NF-κB, which were boosted in the GDM group rats. These findings suggest that SM could be a probable drug to be used for treating GDM via inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: It is well known that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a dangerous health problem during the pregnancy. SM reduced the glucose level; boosted the level of fasting insulin (FINS) and bodyweight. SM significantly improved the number of pubs and their survival rates. SM suppressed oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. According to our research, SM can be used as a preventive drug in the treatment of GDM during pregnancy.

A Comprehensive Review and Perspective on Natural Sources as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors for Management of Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an increasing global public health problem, and its prevalence is expected to rise in coming decades. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a therapeutic target for the management of T2DM, and its inhibitors prevent the degradation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide 1, and thus, maintain their endogenous levels and lower blood glucose levels. Various medicinal plant extracts and isolated bioactive compounds exhibit DPP-4 inhibitory activity. In this review, we discussed different natural sources that have been shown to have anti-diabetic efficacy with a particular emphasis on DPP-4 inhibition. Furthermore, the effect of DPP-4 inhibition on pancreatic beta cell function, skeletal muscle function, and the glucose-lowering mechanisms were also discussed. We believe that scientists looking for novel compounds with therapeutic promise against T2DM will be able to develop antidiabetic drugs using these natural sources.

Antihyperglycemic and Lipid Profile Effects of Salvia amarissima Ortega on Streptozocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Salvia amarissima Ortega was evaluated to determinate its antihyperglycemic and lipid profile properties. Petroleum ether extract of fresh aerial parts of S. amarissima (PEfAPSa) and a secondary fraction (F6Sa) were evaluated to determine their antihyperglycemic activity in streptozo-cin-induced diabetic (STID) mice, in oral tolerance tests of sucrose, starch, and glucose (OSTT, OStTT, and OGTT, respectively), in terms of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In acute assays at doses of 50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), PEfAPSa and F6Sa showed a reduction in hyperglycemia in STID mice, at the first and fifth hour after of treatment, respectively, and were comparable with acarbose. In the sub-chronic test, PEfAPSa and F6Sa showed a reduction of glycemia since the first week, and the effect was greater than that of the acarbose control group. In relation to HbA1c, the treatments prevented the increase in HbA1c. In the case of TG and HDL, PEfAPSa and F6Sa showed a reduction in TG and an HDL increase from the second week. OSTT and OStTT showed that PEfAPSa and F6Sa significantly lowered the postprandial peak at 1 h after loading but only in sucrose or starch such as acarbose. The results suggest that S. amarissima activity may be mediated by the inhibition of disaccharide hydrolysis, which may be associated with an α-glucosidase inhibitory effect.