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Şahin Bayram S. A Narrative Review of the Significance of Popular Diets in Diabetes Mellitus Management. Cureus 2024; 16:e61045. [PMID: 38800782 PMCID: PMC11127507 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a collection of metabolic disorders marked by elevated levels of glucose in the blood due to irregularities in the generation or functioning of insulin. Medical nutrition therapy and weight loss are crucial elements in the management of diabetes and the prevention of complications. Several diets have become popular over time for the goal of achieving weight loss, but their popularity has declined due to a lack of reliable scientific evidence. This study classifies popular diets into three categories: diets that manage the composition of macronutrients, diets that restrict specific foods or food groups, and diets that manipulate meal timing. The review includes research studies that investigated the effects of popular diets on the prevention, management, and complications of diabetes. It is clear that different popular diets can have positive effects on both preventing and treating diabetes and preventing and treating complications related to diabetes. However, it is not practical to determine which diet is the most effective option for preventing or controlling diabetes. Thus, the main focus should be on common underlying factors that support well-being, such as decreasing the intake of refined grains and added sugar, choosing non-starchy vegetables, and giving priority to whole foods over processed foods whenever possible, until there is stronger evidence supporting the specific benefits of different dietary patterns.
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Niu Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Liu X, Liu J. Overview of the Circadian Clock in the Hair Follicle Cycle. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1068. [PMID: 37509104 PMCID: PMC10377266 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock adapts to the light-dark cycle and autonomously generates physiological and metabolic rhythmicity. Its activity depends on the central suprachiasmatic pacemaker. However, it also has an independent function in peripheral tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skin, which integrate environmental signals and energy homeostasis. Hair follicles (HFs) maintain homeostasis through the HF cycle, which depends heavily on HF stem cell self-renewal and the related metabolic reprogramming. Studies have shown that circadian clock dysregulation in HFs perturbs cell cycle progression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that the circadian clock exerts a significant influence on glucose metabolism, feeding/fasting, stem cell differentiation, and senescence. This suggests that circadian metabolic crosstalk plays an essential role in regulating HF regeneration. An improved understanding of the role of the circadian clock in HFs may facilitate the discovery of new drug targets for hair loss. Therefore, the present review provides a discussion of the relationship between the circadian clock and HF regeneration, mainly from the perspective of HF metabolism, and summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms by which HFs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Niu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Marot LP, Lopes TDVC, Balieiro LCT, Crispim CA, Moreno CRC. Impact of Nighttime Food Consumption and Feasibility of Fasting during Night Work: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112570. [PMID: 37299533 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work has been associated with an increased risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity. The reduction in overnight fasting and its physiological consequences seem to affect the metabolic health of shift workers, but little has been discussed regarding the feasibility and implications of maintaining a night-long fast during work. This narrative review aims to discuss the impact of eating behavior on the reduction of overnight fasting in shift workers, as well as possible nutritional strategies involving fasting that have been tested for shift workers, to contribute to the establishment of nutritional guidelines for them. We used various databases and search engines to retrieve relevant articles, reviews, and investigations. Despite the potential benefits of overnight fasting for other groups, few studies have investigated this approach in the context of shift work. Generally, it seems to be a feasible and metabolically beneficial strategy for shift workers. However, it is essential to investigate the potential risks and benefits of reducing the fasting time for shift workers, considering social, hedonic, and stress-related factors. Furthermore, randomized clinical trials are necessary to establish safe and feasible strategies for shift workers to practice different fasting windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pereira Marot
- Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Tássia do Vale Cardoso Lopes
- Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil
| | | | - Cibele Aparecida Crispim
- Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Roberta Castro Moreno
- Department of Health, Life Cycles and Society, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
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Peng X, Chen Y. The emerging role of circadian rhythms in the development and function of thermogenic fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1175845. [PMID: 37293491 PMCID: PMC10244810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1175845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate many biological processes in response to ambient influences. A disrupted circadian rhythm has been shown to be associated with obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Thermogenic fat, including brown and beige fat, may play an important role in this process since it displays a high capacity to burn fat and release the stored energy as heat, contributing to the combat against obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the circadian clock and thermogenic fat and the prominent mechanisms which are involved in the regulation of the development and function of thermogenic fat by circadian rhythms, which may provide novel therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases by targeting thermogenic fat in a circadian manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Peng
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, China
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5
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Davis R, Rogers M, Coates AM, Leung GKW, Bonham MP. The Impact of Meal Timing on Risk of Weight Gain and Development of Obesity: a Review of the Current Evidence and Opportunities for Dietary Intervention. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:147-155. [PMID: 35403984 PMCID: PMC9010393 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this short review is to provide an updated commentary on the current literature examining the impact of meal timing on obesity and weight gain in adults. The potential mechanisms, including novel and emerging factors, behind timing of food intake across the 24-h period in the development of obesity, and dietary strategies manipulating meal timing to ameliorate weight gain are also explored. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary patterns that feature meal timing outside of the regular daytime hours can contribute to circadian disruption as food is metabolised in opposition to internal daily rhythms and can feedback on the timekeeping mechanisms setting these rhythms. Epidemiological evidence examining the impact of late meal timing patterns is beginning to suggest that eating at night increases the risk of weight gain over time. Mechanisms contributing to this include changes to the efficiency of metabolism across the day, and dysregulation of appetite hormone and gut microbiota by mis-timed meals. When meals are eaten, in relation to the time of day, is increasingly considered of importance when implementing dietary change in order to address the growing burden of obesity, although further research is required in order to determine optimal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Davis
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Michelle Rogers
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity Research Concentration, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Alison M. Coates
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, UniSA Justice & Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity Research Concentration, UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Gloria K. W. Leung
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Maxine P. Bonham
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
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Mortaş H, Bilici S, Öztürk H, Karakan T. Changes in intestinal parameters and their association with dietary patterns in rotational shift workers. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:872-885. [PMID: 35232303 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2044349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances induced by rotating shift work contribute to development of metabolic disorders. However, their effects on intestinal parameters such as epithelial permeability and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels have not been established yet. This study was planned to investigate the changes in intestinal integrity, fecal SCFA levels, gut microbiota and nutritional intake of rotational shift workers. The study was conducted on ten male rotational shift workers, 25-40 years old. Circadian rhythm disruption was assumed to have occurred after 14 days in the night shift. Dietary data which was obtained by using 24 h record for 7 days, physical activity data, anthropometric measurements, fecal and blood samples were collected during day and night shift. Changes in dietary consumption, anthropometric measurements, blood chemistry and intestinal epithelial permeability indicator according to day and night shifts were not significant (p > .05). Additionally, acetic, propionic and total SCFA were associated with the intestinal permeability biomarker in night shift, but not in day shift (p < .05). Consumption of dark green vegetables and beans and peas was positively associated with fecal isobutyric acid and fecal total SCFA concentration (r = 0.685, p = .029; r = 0.695, p = .026, respectively). The proportions of the genus including Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Dialister, and Ruminococcus gnavus group increased when individuals shifted to the night shift. Gut microbiota changes responding to circadian rhythm disruption became more prominent when consumed high sugar diet. So, changes have been observed in the gut microbiota of rotational shift workers, especially in individuals with certain dietary pattern. Moreover, in individuals with the circadian rhythm disruption SCFAs levels have been demonstrated to be associated with intestinal barrier integrity. A better understanding of the relation among fecal SCFAs, gut microbiota, intestinal epithelial permeability and circadian rhythm disruption is necessary for the development of new dietary strategies for gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Mortaş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saniye Bilici
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Öztürk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tarkan Karakan
- Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Guan D, Lazar MA. Interconnections between circadian clocks and metabolism. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148278. [PMID: 34338232 DOI: 10.1172/jci148278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms evolved through adaptation to daily light/dark changes in the environment; they are believed to be regulated by the core circadian clock interlocking feedback loop. Recent studies indicate that each core component executes general and specific functions in metabolism. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of these core circadian clock genes in the regulation of metabolism using various genetically modified animal models. Additionally, emerging evidence shows that exposure to environmental stimuli, such as artificial light, unbalanced diet, mistimed eating, and exercise, remodels the circadian physiological processes and causes metabolic disorders. This Review summarizes the reciprocal regulation between the circadian clock and metabolism, highlights remaining gaps in knowledge about the regulation of circadian rhythms and metabolism, and examines potential applications to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Guan
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abulmeaty MMA, Almajwal AM, Alnumair KS, Razak S, Hasan MM, Fawzy A, Farraj AI, Abudawood M, Aljuraiban GS. Effect of Long-Term Continuous Light Exposure and Western Diet on Adropin Expression, Lipid Metabolism, and Energy Homeostasis in Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050413. [PMID: 34066943 PMCID: PMC8148543 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Long-term continuous light exposure (CL) and western diet (WD) effects on Adropin expression, RORα, and Rev-erb-α nuclear receptors and energy homeostasis were studied in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (250-290 g) were enrolled for 3 months in the following groups (n = 8/group): (a) Normal control group (NC), (b) CL group, (c) WD group, and (d) CL + WD group. Then, indirect calorimetry and food intake (FI) were measured. Finally, Adropin, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. Additionally, the histopathology and gene expression of Enho, RORα, and Rev-erb-α genes were done. The CL alone elevated the Adropin plasma level and gene expression, increased RORα expression, and decreased the Rev-erb-α nuclear receptor expression mainly in the liver and kidney. Besides, CL increased the total energy expenditure (TEE) and decreased the respiratory quotient. WD alone or in combination with the CL reversed gene expression of Enho, RORα, and Rev-erb-α. Combined CL and WD increased the TEE, reduced the food intake, increased the ATGL, and reduced the Adropin level in addition to widespread degenerative changes in the liver, spleen, and renal tissues. The deleterious effects of CL and WD on energy homeostasis may include Adropin with the involvement of the RORα and Rev-erb-α nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mustafa Ali Abulmeaty
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (K.S.A.); (S.R.); (G.S.A.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-54-815-5983
| | - Ali Madi Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (K.S.A.); (S.R.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Khalid S. Alnumair
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (K.S.A.); (S.R.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (K.S.A.); (S.R.); (G.S.A.)
| | - Mai Mohammed Hasan
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Amal Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah Ibrahim Farraj
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.F.); (M.A.)
| | - Manal Abudawood
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.I.F.); (M.A.)
| | - Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (K.S.A.); (S.R.); (G.S.A.)
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Benedito-Silva AA, Evans S, Viana Mendes J, Castro J, Gonçalves BDSB, Ruiz FS, Beijamini F, Evangelista FS, Vallada H, Krieger JE, von Schantz M, Pereira AC, Pedrazzoli M. Association between light exposure and metabolic syndrome in a rural Brazilian town. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238772. [PMID: 32946454 PMCID: PMC7500684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition comprising a ‘clustering’ of components representing cardiometabolic risk factors for heart disease and diabetes; its prevalence rate is high and consequences serious. Evidence suggests that light exposure patterns and misalignment of circadian rhythms might contribute to MetS etiology by impacting energy metabolism and glucose regulation. Objective We hypothesised that individuals with MetS would show disrupted circadian and sleep parameters alongside differences in light exposure profiles. We investigated this using data from a cohort study in Brazil. Methods Data from 103 individuals from the Baependi Heart Cohort Study aged between 50 and 70 were analysed. Motor activity and light exposure were measured using wrist-worn actigraphy devices. Cardiometabolic data were used to calculate the number of MetS components present in each participant, and participants grouped as MetS/non-MetS according to standard guidelines. Between-group comparisons were made for the actigraphy measures; additionally, correlation analyses were conducted. Results Motor activity and circadian profiles showed no differences between groups. However, the MetS group presented lower light exposure during the day and higher light exposure at night. Correlation analyses, including all participants, showed that greater daytime light exposure and greater light exposure difference between day and night were associated with reduced MetS risk (a lower number of MetS components). Also, the light exposure difference between day and night correlated with body mass index across all participants. Conclusions The observed results suggest a direct association between light exposure and MetS which appears to not be attributable to disruptions in circadian activity rhythm nor to sleep parameters. This link between light exposure patterns and MetS risk could inform possible prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Evans
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Viana Mendes
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Castro
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francieli S. Ruiz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Beijamini
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Realeza, Brazil
| | | | - Homero Vallada
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Malcolm von Schantz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre C. Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Pedrazzoli
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Richter J, Herzog N, Janka S, Baumann T, Kistenmacher A, Oltmanns KM. Twice as High Diet-Induced Thermogenesis After Breakfast vs Dinner On High-Calorie as Well as Low-Calorie Meals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5740411. [PMID: 32073608 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The question of whether there is daytime time variation in diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) has not been clearly answered. Moreover, it is unclear whether a potential diurnal variation in DIT is preserved during hypocaloric nutrition. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that DIT varies depending on the time of day and explored whether this physiological regulation is preserved after low-calorie compared with high-calorie intake. DESIGN Under blinded conditions, 16 normal-weight men twice underwent a 3-day in-laboratory, randomized, crossover study. Volunteers consumed a predetermined low-calorie breakfast (11% of individual daily kilocalorie requirement) and high-calorie dinner (69%) in one condition and vice versa in the other. DIT was measured by indirect calorimetry, parameters of glucose metabolism were determined, and hunger and appetite for sweets were rated on a scale. RESULTS Identical calorie consumption led to a 2.5-times higher DIT increase in the morning than in the evening after high-calorie and low-calorie meals (P < .001). The food-induced increase of blood glucose and insulin concentrations was diminished after breakfast compared with dinner (P < .001). Low-calorie breakfast increased feelings of hunger (P < .001), specifically appetite for sweets (P = .007), in the course of the day. CONCLUSIONS DIT is clearly higher in the morning than in the evening, irrespective of the consumed calorie amount; that is, this physiological rhythmicity is preserved during hypocaloric nutrition. Extensive breakfasting should therefore be preferred over large dinner meals to prevent obesity and high blood glucose peaks even under conditions of a hypocaloric diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Richter
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Nina Herzog
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Simon Janka
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Thalke Baumann
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Alina Kistenmacher
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin M Oltmanns
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
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The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040719. [PMID: 30925707 PMCID: PMC6520689 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of meal frequency and timing on health and disease has been a topic of interest for many years. While epidemiological evidence indicates an association between higher meal frequencies and lower disease risk, experimental trials have shown conflicting results. Furthermore, recent prospective research has demonstrated a significant increase in disease risk with a high meal frequency (≥6 meals/day) as compared to a low meal frequency (1⁻2 meals/day). Apart from meal frequency and timing we also have to consider breakfast consumption and the distribution of daily energy intake, caloric restriction, and night-time eating. A central role in this complex scenario is played by the fasting period length between two meals. The physiological underpinning of these interconnected variables may be through internal circadian clocks, and food consumption that is asynchronous with natural circadian rhythms may exert adverse health effects and increase disease risk. Additionally, alterations in meal frequency and meal timing have the potential to influence energy and macronutrient intake.A regular meal pattern including breakfast consumption, consuming a higher proportion of energy early in the day, reduced meal frequency (i.e., 2⁻3 meals/day), and regular fasting periods may provide physiological benefits such as reduced inflammation, improved circadian rhythmicity, increased autophagy and stress resistance, and modulation of the gut microbiota.
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