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Elfving B, Liebenberg N, du Jardin K, Sanchez C, Wegener G, Müller HK. Single dose S-ketamine rescues transcriptional dysregulation of Mtor and Nrp2 in the prefrontal cortex of FSL rats 1 hour but not 14 days post dosing. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 65:56-67. [PMID: 36375239 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to identify biological indicators of major depression to help guide proper diagnosis and optimize treatment. Animal models mimicking aspects of depression constitute essential tools for early-stage exploration of relevant pathways. In this study, we used the Flinders Sensitive and Resistant Line (FSL/FRL) to explore central and peripheral transcriptional changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway genes and their temporal regulation after a single dose of S-ketamine (15 mg/kg). We found that S-ketamine induced both rapid (1 hour) and sustained (2 and 14 days) antidepressant-like effects in the FSL rats. Analysis of mRNA expression revealed significant strain effects of Vegf, Vegf164, Vegfr-1, Nrp1, Nrp2, Rictor, and Raptor in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and of Vegf164, GbetaL, and Tsc1 in the hippocampus (HIP), which indicates suppression of VEGF signaling in the FSL rats compared to FRL rats. This notion was further substantiated by reduced expression of Vegf and Mtor in plasma from FSL rats. In the brain, S-ketamine induced transcriptional changes in the acute phase, not the sustained phase. There were significant treatment effects of S-ketamine on Vegfr-2 in both PFC and HIP and on Vegf and Vegfr-1 in HIP. Moreover, we found that S-ketamine specifically restored reduced levels of Nrp2 and Mtor in the PFC of the FSL rats. In conclusion, this study substantiates the use of the FRL/FSL rats to explore the depressive-like behavior at the transcriptional level of the VEGF pathway genes and study their regulation in response to various treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Nico Liebenberg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kristian du Jardin
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lun Research USA, Inc., Paramus, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Becerril-Villanueva E, Olvera-Alvarez MI, Alvarez-Herrera S, Maldonado-García JL, López-Torres A, Ramírez-Marroquín OA, González-Ruiz O, Nogueira-Fernández JM, Mendoza-Contreras JM, Sánchez-García HO, José-Alfallo JA, Valencia Baños A, Torres-Serrano AB, Jiménez-Genchi J, Mendieta-Cabrera D, Pérez-Sánchez G, Pavón L. Screening of SERT and p11 mRNA Levels in Airline Pilots: A Translational Approach. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:859768. [PMID: 35401250 PMCID: PMC8983845 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.859768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airline pilots are frequently exposed to numerous flights per week, changes in their circadian rhythms, and extended periods away from home. All these stressors make pilots susceptible to developing psychiatric disorders. Recently, emphasis has been placed on the need for molecular tests that help in the diagnosis of depression. The genes SLC6A4 and S100A10 encode serotonin transporter (SERT) and p11 protein, respectively. Their expression has been frequently associated with stress and depression. In this work, we quantified, by quantitative PCR, the expression of SERT and p11 in peripheral mononuclear cells of airline pilots compared to patients with depression and healthy volunteers. Moreover, by mass spectrometry, we quantified the serum serotonin levels in the same three groups. We found that SERT and p11 were overexpressed in the mononuclear cells of airline pilots and depressed patients compared to healthy volunteers. Although serum serotonin was not different between healthy volunteers and airline pilots, a decreasing trend was observed in the latter. As expected, serum serotonin in the patients was significantly lower. Alterations in SERT and p11 in airline pilots could be related to professional stress, a condition that could potentially affect their long-term mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Irma Olvera-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Samantha Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Maldonado-García
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adolfo López-Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Octavio González-Ruiz
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Nogueira-Fernández
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Mendoza-Contreras
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Omar Sánchez-García
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Antonio José-Alfallo
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Atenodoro Valencia Baños
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Berta Torres-Serrano
- Dirección General de Protección y Medicina Preventiva en el Transporte, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Danelia Mendieta-Cabrera
- Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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3
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Hu G, Yu S, Yuan C, Hong W, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wang D, Li Z, Yi Z, Fang Y. Gene expression signatures differentiating major depressive disorder from subsyndromal symptomatic depression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:13124-13137. [PMID: 33971621 PMCID: PMC8148500 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Subsyndromal symptomatic depression (SSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been classified as distinct diseases, due to their dissimilar gene expression profiles and responses to venlafaxine. To identify specific biomarkers of these two diseases, we conducted a secondary analysis of the gene expression signatures of SSD patients, MDD patients and healthy controls (n=8/group) from the study of Yi et al. Global, individual, specific, enrichment and co-expression analyses were used to compare the transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes from the three groups. The global and individual analyses revealed that different genes were up- and downregulated in the SSD and MDD groups. Through our specific analysis, we identified 1719 and 3278 differentially expressed genes specifically associated with MDD and SSD, respectively. Enrichment and co-expression analyses demonstrated that the genes specific to MDD were enriched in pathways associated with hormone levels and immune responses, while those specific to SSD were associated with immune function. The specific hub gene for the MDD co-expression network was transmembrane protein 132B (TMEM132B), while the hub genes for SSD were actin-related protein 2/3 complex (ARPC2) and solute carrier family 5 member 5 (SLC5A5). This bioinformatic analysis has provided potential biomarkers that can distinguish SSD from MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Hu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Huangpu District Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200023, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chengmei Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Hongkou District Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dongxiang Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 20000, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 201108, China
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Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in the Dentate Gyrus and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in a Mouse Model of Depression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5013565. [PMID: 33628784 PMCID: PMC7892236 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5013565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent, chronic, and relapse-prone psychiatric disease. However, the intermediate molecules resulting from stress and neurological impairment in different brain regions are still unclear. To clarify the pathological changes in the dentate gyrus (DG) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regions of the MDD brain, which are the most closely related to the disease, we investigated the published microarray profile dataset GSE84183 to identify unpredictable chronic mild stress- (UCMS-) induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the DG and ACC regions. Based on the DEG data, functional annotation, protein-protein interaction, and transcription factor (TF) analyses were performed. In this study, 1071 DEGs (679 upregulated and 392 downregulated) and 410 DEGs (222 upregulated and 188 downregulated) were identified in DG and ACC, respectively. The pathways and GO terms enriched by the DEGs in the DG, such as cell adhesion, proteolysis, ion transport, transmembrane transport, chemical synaptic transmission, immune system processes, response to lipopolysaccharide, and nervous system development, may reveal the molecular mechanism of MDD. However, the DEGs in the ACC involved metabolic processes, proteolysis, visual learning, DNA methylation, innate immune responses, cell migration, and circadian rhythm. Sixteen hub genes in the DG (Fn1, Col1a1, Anxa1, Penk, Ptgs2, Cdh1, Timp1, Vim, Rpl30, Rps21, Dntt, Ptk2b, Jun, Avp, Slit1, and Sema5a) were identified. Eight hub genes in the ACC (Prkcg, Grin1, Syngap1, Rrp9, Grwd1, Pik3r1, Hnrnpc, and Prpf40a) were identified. In addition, eleven TFs (Chd2, Zmiz1, Myb, Etv4, Rela, Tcf4, Tcf12, Chd1, Mef2a, Ubtf, and Mxi1) were predicted to regulate more than two of these hub genes. The expression levels of ten randomly selected hub genes that were specifically differentially expressed in the MDD-like animal model were verified in the corresponding regions in the human brain. These hub genes and TFs may be regarded as potential targets for future MDD treatment strategies, thus aiding in the development of new therapeutic approaches to MDD.
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Cholewinski T, Pereira D, Moerland M, Jacobs GE. MTORC1 signaling as a biomarker in major depressive disorder and its pharmacological modulation by novel rapid-acting antidepressants. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2021; 11:20451253211036814. [PMID: 34733478 PMCID: PMC8558816 DOI: 10.1177/20451253211036814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial psychiatric disorder with obscure pathophysiology. A biomarker-based approach in combination with standardized interview-based instruments is needed to identify MDD subtypes and novel therapeutic targets. Recent findings support the impairment of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in MDD. No well-established biomarkers of mTORC1 disease- and treatment-modulated activity are currently available for use in early phase antidepressant drug (AD) development. This review aims to summarize biomarkers of mTORC1 activity in MDD and to suggest how these could be implemented in future early clinical trials on mTORC1 modulating ADs. Therefore, a PubMed-based narrative literature review of the mTORC1 involvement in MDD was performed. We have summarized recent pre-clinical and clinical findings linking the MDD to the impaired activity of several key biomarkers related to mTORC1. Also, cases of restoration of these impairments by classical ADs and novel fast-acting investigational ADs are summarized. The presented biomarkers may be used to monitor pharmacological effects by novel rapid-acting mTORC1-targeting ADs. Based on findings in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we argue that those may serve as an ex vivo model for evaluation of mTORC1 activity and propose the use of the summarized biomarkers for this purpose. This could both facilitate the selection of a pharmacodynamically active dose and guide future early clinical efficacy studies in MDD. In conclusion, this review provides a blueprint for the rational development of rapid-acting mTORC1-targeting ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Pereira
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gabriel E Jacobs
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
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Consoloni JL, Ibrahim EC, Lefebvre MN, Zendjidjian X, Olié E, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Desmidt T, Samalin L, Llorca PM, Abbar M, Lopez-Castroman J, Haffen E, Baumstarck K, Naudin J, Azorin JM, El-Hage W, Courtet P, Belzeaux R. Serotonin transporter gene expression predicts the worsening of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts along a long-term follow-up of a Major Depressive Episode. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:401-414. [PMID: 29287766 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The quest for biomarkers in suicidal behaviors has been elusive so far, despite their potential utility in clinical practice. One of the most robust biological findings in suicidal behaviors is the alteration of the serotonin transporter function in suicidal individuals. Our main objective was to investigate the predictive value of the serotonin transporter gene expression (SLC6A4) for suicidal ideation and as secondary, for suicide attempts in individuals with a major depressive episode (MDE). A 30-week prospective study was conducted on 148 patients with a MDE and 100 healthy controls including 4 evaluation times (0, 2, 8 and 30 weeks). Blood samples and clinical data were collected and SLC6A4 mRNA levels were measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using RT-qPCR. We first demonstrated the stability and reproducibility of SLC6A4 mRNA expression measures over time in healthy controls (F=0.658; p=0.579; η2=0.008; ICC=0.91, 95% CI [0.87-0.94]). Baseline SLC6A4 expression level (OR=0.563 [0.340-0.932], p=0.026) as well as early changes in SLC6A4 expression between baseline and the 2nd week (β=0.200, p=0.042) predicted the worsening of suicidal ideation (WSI) in the following 8 weeks. Moreover, changes in SLC6A4 expression between the 2nd and 8th weeks predicted the occurrence of a suicide attempt within 30 weeks (OR=10.976 [1.438-83.768], p=0.021). Altogether, the baseline level and the changes in SLC6A4 mRNA expression during a MDE might predict the WSI and the occurrence of suicidal attempts and could be a useful biomarker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Lou Consoloni
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France
| | - El Chérif Ibrahim
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Xavier Zendjidjian
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, SPMC, EA 3279, Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Olié
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thomas Desmidt
- CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Inserm U1253 Imaging & Brain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ludovic Samalin
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mocrane Abbar
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France; EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Aix Marseille Univ, SPMC, EA 3279, Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Naudin
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Azorin
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Inserm U1253 Imaging & Brain, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Dubey N, Hoffman JF, Schuebel K, Yuan Q, Martinez PE, Nieman LK, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Goldman D. The ESC/E(Z) complex, an effector of response to ovarian steroids, manifests an intrinsic difference in cells from women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1172-1184. [PMID: 28044059 PMCID: PMC5495630 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that mood and behavioral symptoms in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a common, recently recognized, psychiatric condition among women, reflect abnormal responsivity to ovarian steroids. This differential sensitivity could be due to an unrecognized aspect of hormonal signaling or a difference in cellular response. In this study, lymphoblastoid cell line cultures (LCLs) from women with PMDD and asymptomatic controls were compared via whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) during untreated (ovarian steroid-free) conditions and following hormone treatment. The women with PMDD manifested ovarian steroid-triggered behavioral sensitivity during a hormone suppression and addback clinical trial, and controls did not, leading us to hypothesize that women with PMDD might differ in their cellular response to ovarian steroids. In untreated LCLs, our results overall suggest a divergence between mRNA (for example, gene transcription) and protein (for example, RNA translation in proteins) for the same genes. Pathway analysis of the LCL transcriptome revealed, among others, over-expression of ESC/E(Z) complex genes (an ovarian steroid-regulated gene silencing complex) in untreated LCLs from women with PMDD, with more than half of these genes over-expressed as compared with the controls, and with significant effects for MTF2, PHF19 and SIRT1 (P<0.05). RNA and protein expression of the 13 ESC/E(Z) complex genes were individually quantitated. This pattern of increased ESC/E(Z) mRNA expression was confirmed in a larger cohort by qRT-PCR. In contrast, protein expression of ESC/E(Z) genes was decreased in untreated PMDD LCLs with MTF2, PHF19 and SIRT1 all significantly decreased (P<0.05). Finally, mRNA expression of several ESC/E(Z) complex genes were increased by progesterone in controls only, and decreased by estradiol in PMDD LCLs. These findings demonstrate that LCLs from women with PMDD manifest a cellular difference in ESC/E(Z) complex function both in the untreated condition and in response to ovarian hormones. Dysregulation of ESC/E(Z) complex function could contribute to PMDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lynnette K. Nieman
- Intramural Research Program on Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHSS
| | - David R. Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Watanabe SY, Numata S, Iga JI, Kinoshita M, Umehara H, Ishii K, Ohmori T. Gene expression-based biological test for major depressive disorder: an advanced study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:535-541. [PMID: 28260899 PMCID: PMC5328599 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, we could distinguished patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) from nonpsychiatric controls with high accuracy using a panel of five gene expression markers (ARHGAP24, HDAC5, PDGFC, PRNP, and SLC6A4) in leukocyte. In the present study, we examined whether this biological test is able to discriminate patients with MDD from those without MDD, including those with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured messenger ribonucleic acid expression levels of the aforementioned five genes in peripheral leukocytes in 17 patients with schizophrenia and 36 patients with bipolar disorder using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and we combined these expression data with our previous expression data of 25 patients with MDD and 25 controls. Subsequently, a linear discriminant function was developed for use in discriminating between patients with MDD and without MDD. RESULTS This expression panel was able to segregate patients with MDD from those without MDD with a sensitivity and specificity of 64% and 67.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION Further research to identify MDD-specific markers is needed to improve the performance of this biological test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima
| | - Hidehiro Umehara
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ohmori
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima
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9
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Niu T, Li J, Wang J, Ma JZ, Li MD. Identification of Novel Signal Transduction, Immune Function, and Oxidative Stress Genes and Pathways by Topiramate for Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence Based on Secondary Outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:271. [PMID: 29321746 PMCID: PMC5733474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate (TPM) is suggested to be a promising medication for treatment of methamphetamine (METH) dependence, but the molecular basis remains to be elucidated. METHODS Among 140 METH-dependent participants randomly assigned to receive either TPM (N = 69) or placebo (N = 71) in a previously conducted randomized controlled trial, 50 TPM- and 49 placebo-treated participants had a total 212 RNA samples available at baseline, week 8, and week 12 time points. Following our primary analysis of gene expression data, we reanalyzed the microarray expression data based on a latent class analysis of binary secondary outcomes during weeks 1-12 that provided a classification of 21 responders and 31 non-responders with consistent responses at both time points. RESULTS Based on secondary outcomes, 1,381, 576, 905, and 711 differentially expressed genes at nominal P values < 0.05 were identified in responders versus non-responders for week 8 TPM, week 8 placebo, week 12 TPM, and week 12 placebo groups, respectively. Among 1,381 genes identified in week 8 TPM responders, 359 genes were identified in both week 8 and week 12 TPM groups, of which 300 genes were exclusively detected in TPM responders. Of them, 32 genes had nominal P values < 5 × 10-3 at either week 8 or week 12 and false discovery rates < 0.15 at both time points with consistent directions of gene expression changes, which include GABARAPL1, GPR155, and IL15RA in GABA receptor signaling that represent direct targets for TPM. Analyses of these 300 genes revealed 7 enriched pathways belonging to neuronal function/synaptic plasticity, signal transduction, inflammation/immune function, and oxidative stress response categories. No pathways were enriched for 72 genes exclusively detected in both week 8 and week 12 placebo groups. CONCLUSION This secondary analysis study of gene expression data from a TPM clinical trial not only yielded consistent results with those of primary analysis but also identified additional new genes and pathways on TPM response to METH addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jennie Z Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, United States
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Zhao J, Guo X, Du Y, Han Y, Wang Y, Li L, Qian J, Li M, Wu H, Golden T, Wu N. Correlative study of peripheral ATP1A1 gene expression level to anxiety severity score on major depressive disorder patients. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:563-567. [PMID: 27487491 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. Our previous study showed that ATP1A1 gene expression level was significantly decreased in MDD patients. This research explores the potential correlations between the ATP1A1 expression level reduction and MDD patients' clinical manifestation. METHODS All participant patients were diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th edition (DSM-IV). Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D) and anxiety (HAM-A) were applied to group patients into different categories. ATP1A1 expression level was measured by reverse transcript real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS ATP1A1 expression levels of all MDD subgroups showed significant reduction compared to the control group (p<0.01). Further, the trend of ATP1A1 expression level reduction is significantly related to MDD patients' HAM-A scores (p<0.01). However, there was no significance between ATP1A1 level and HAM-D scores (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS ATP1A1 expression level reduction is related to MDD anxiety score, which may be an explanation for the clinical manifestations and the underlining physiological mechanisms.
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11
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Ma K, Guo L, Xu A, Cui S, Wang JH. Molecular Mechanism for Stress-Induced Depression Assessed by Sequencing miRNA and mRNA in Medial Prefrontal Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159093. [PMID: 27427907 PMCID: PMC4948880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depression is a prevalent mood disorder. Chronic stress is presumably main etiology that leads to the neuron and synapse atrophies in the limbic system. However, the intermediate molecules from stresses to neuronal atrophy remain elusive, which we have studied in the medial prefrontal cortices from depression mice. Methods and Results The mice were treated by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) until they expressed depression-like behaviors confirmed by the tests of sucrose preference, forced swimming and Y-maze. High-throughput sequencings of microRNA and mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortices were performed in CUMS-induced depression mice versus control mice to demonstrate the molecular profiles of major depression. In the medial prefrontal cortices of depression-like mice, the levels of mRNAs that translated the proteins for the GABAergic synapses, dopaminergic synapses, myelination, synaptic vesicle cycle and neuronal growth were downregulated. miRNAs of regulating these mRNAs are upregulated. Conclusion The deteriorations of GABAergic and dopaminergic synapses as well as axonal growth are associated with CUMS-induced depression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics
- Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/analysis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Prefrontal Cortex/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Xu
- College of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shan Cui
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Shandong, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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Iacob E, Light AR, Donaldson GW, Okifuji A, Hughen RW, White AT, Light KC. Gene Expression Factor Analysis to Differentiate Pathways Linked to Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Depression in a Diverse Patient Sample. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 68:132-40. [PMID: 26097208 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if independent candidate genes can be grouped into meaningful biologic factors, and whether these factors are associated with the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), while controlling for comorbid depression, sex, and age. METHODS We included leukocyte messenger RNA gene expression from a total of 261 individuals, including healthy controls (n = 61), patients with FMS only (n = 15), with CFS only (n = 33), with comorbid CFS and FMS (n = 79), and with medication-resistant (n = 42) or medication-responsive (n = 31) depression. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on 34 candidate genes to determine factor scores and regression analysis to examine whether these factors were associated with specific diagnoses. RESULTS EFA resulted in 4 independent factors with minimal overlap of genes between factors, explaining 51% of the variance. We labeled these factors by function as 1) purinergic and cellular modulators, 2) neuronal growth and immune function, 3) nociception and stress mediators, and 4) energy and mitochondrial function. Regression analysis predicting these biologic factors using FMS, CFS, depression severity, age, and sex revealed that greater expression in factors 1 and 3 was positively associated with CFS and negatively associated with depression severity (Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology score), but not associated with FMS. CONCLUSION Expression of candidate genes can be grouped into meaningful clusters, and CFS and depression are associated with the same 2 clusters, but in opposite directions, when controlling for comorbid FMS. Given high comorbid disease and interrelationships between biomarkers, EFA may help determine patient subgroups in this population based on gene expression.
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13
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Alterations in leukocyte transcriptional control pathway activity associated with major depressive disorder and antidepressant treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e821. [PMID: 27219347 PMCID: PMC5070063 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with a significantly elevated risk of developing serious medical illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, immune impairments, infection, dementia and premature death. Previous work has demonstrated immune dysregulation in subjects with MDD. Using genome-wide transcriptional profiling and promoter-based bioinformatic strategies, we assessed leukocyte transcription factor (TF) activity in leukocytes from 20 unmedicated MDD subjects versus 20 age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched healthy controls, before initiation of antidepressant therapy, and in 17 of the MDD subjects after 8 weeks of sertraline treatment. In leukocytes from unmedicated MDD subjects, bioinformatic analysis of transcription control pathway activity indicated an increased transcriptional activity of cAMP response element-binding/activating TF (CREB/ATF) and increased activity of TFs associated with cellular responses to oxidative stress (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, NFE2l2 or NRF2). Eight weeks of antidepressant therapy was associated with significant reductions in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores and reduced activity of NRF2, but not in CREB/ATF activity. Several other transcriptional regulation pathways, including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), nuclear factor kappa-B cells (NF-κB), early growth response proteins 1-4 (EGR1-4) and interferon-responsive TFs, showed either no significant differences as a function of disease or treatment, or activities that were opposite to those previously hypothesized to be involved in the etiology of MDD or effective treatment. Our results suggest that CREB/ATF and NRF2 signaling may contribute to MDD by activating immune cell transcriptome dynamics that ultimately influence central nervous system (CNS) motivational and affective processes via circulating mediators.
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Kálmán S, Garbett KA, Janka Z, Mirnics K. Human dermal fibroblasts in psychiatry research. Neuroscience 2016; 320:105-21. [PMID: 26855193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to decipher the disease etiology, progression and treatment of multifactorial human brain diseases we utilize a host of different experimental models. Recently, patient-derived human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures have re-emerged as promising in vitro functional system for examining various cellular, molecular, metabolic and (patho)physiological states and traits of psychiatric disorders. HDF studies serve as a powerful complement to postmortem and animal studies, and often appear to be informative about the altered homeostasis in neural tissue. Studies of HDFs from patients with schizophrenia (SZ), depression, bipolar disorder (BD), autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric disorders have significantly advanced our understanding of these devastating diseases. These reports unequivocally prove that signal transduction, redox homeostasis, circadian rhythms and gene*environment (G*E) interactions are all amenable for assessment by the HDF model. Furthermore, the reported findings suggest that this underutilized patient biomaterial, combined with modern molecular biology techniques, may have both diagnostic and prognostic value, including prediction of response to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kálmán
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary.
| | - K A Garbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8128 MRB III, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Z Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary.
| | - K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8128 MRB III, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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15
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A Dishful of a Troubled Mind: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatric Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7909176. [PMID: 26839567 PMCID: PMC4709917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7909176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming represent powerful methods for modeling the development of neurons in vitro. Moreover, this approach is also a means for comparing various cellular phenotypes between cell lines originating from healthy and diseased individuals or isogenic cell lines engineered to differ at only one or a few genomic loci. Despite methodological constraints and initial skepticism regarding this approach, the field is expanding at a fast pace. The improvements include the development of new differentiation protocols resulting in selected neuronal populations (e.g., dopaminergic, GABAergic, hippocampal, and cortical), the widespread use of genome editing methods, and single-cell techniques. A major challenge awaiting in vitro disease modeling is the integration of clinical data in the models, by selection of well characterized clinical populations. Ideally, these models will also demonstrate how different diagnostic categories share overlapping molecular disease mechanisms, but also have unique characteristics. In this review we evaluate studies with regard to the described developments, to demonstrate how differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming can contribute to psychiatry.
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16
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Watanabe SY, Iga JI, Ishii K, Numata S, Shimodera S, Fujita H, Ohmori T. Biological tests for major depressive disorder that involve leukocyte gene expression assays. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 66-67:1-6. [PMID: 25943949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of easy-to-use biological diagnostic tests for major depressive disorder (MDD) may facilitate MDD diagnosis and delivery of optimal treatment. Here, we examined leukocyte gene expression to develop a biological diagnostic test for MDD. METHODS 25 drug-naive MDD patients (MDDs) and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (Controls) participated in a pilot study. A subsequent replication study involved 20 MDDs and 18 Controls. We used custom-made PCR array plates to examine mRNA levels of 40 candidate genes in leukocyte samples to assess whether any combination of these genes could be used to differentiate MDDs from Controls based on expression profiles. RESULTS Among 40 candidate genes, we identified a set of seven genes (PDGFC, SLC6A4, PDLIM5, ARHGAP24, PRNP, HDAC5, and IL1R2), each of which had expression levels that differed significantly between MDD and Control samples in the pilot study. To identify genes whose expression best differentiated between MDDs and Controls, a linear discriminant function was developed to discriminate between MDDs and Controls based on the standardized values of gene expression after Z-score transformation. Ultimately, five genes (PDGFC, SLC6A4, ARHGAP24, PRNP, and HDAC5) were selected for a multi-assay diagnostic test. In the pilot study, this diagnostic test demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 92%, respectively. The replication study yielded nearly identical results, sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 89%. CONCLUSIONS Using leukocyte gene expression profiles, we could differentiate MDDs from Controls with adequate sensitivity and specificity. Additional markers not yet identified might further improve the performance of this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimodera
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fujita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ohmori
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Watanabe S, Iga J, Nishi A, Numata S, Kinoshita M, Kikuchi K, Nakataki M, Ohmori T. Microarray analysis of global gene expression in leukocytes following lithium treatment. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:190-8. [PMID: 24590544 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the molecular effects of lithium, we studied global gene expression changes induced by lithium in leukocytes from healthy subjects. METHODS Eight healthy male subjects participated in this study. Lithium was prescribed for weeks to reach a therapeutic serum concentration. Leukocyte counts and serum lithium concentrations were determined at baseline (before medication), after 1 and 2 weeks of medication and at 2 weeks after stopping medication. Gene expression profiling was performed at each time point using Agilent G4112F Whole Human Genome arrays (The Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Expression of some candidate genes was also assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Gene ontology analysis revealed that the cellular and immune responses to stimulus and stress indeed played a major role in the cellular response to lithium treatment. Pathway analysis revealed that the interleukin 6 pathway, the inhibitor of differentiation pathway, and the methane metabolism pathway were regulated by lithium. Using real-time PCR, we also confirmed that five candidate genes in these pathways were significantly changed, including suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and myeloperoxidase. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation suggests that the molecular action of lithium is mediated in part by its effects on the cellular and immune response to stimulus and stress followed by the interleukin 6, inhibitor of differentiation, and methane metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Li J, Tang G, Cheng K, Yang D, Chen G, Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhou J, Fang L, Fang Z, Du X, Xie P. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based metabolomic profiling of a chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model of depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2994-3001. [PMID: 25182291 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mood disorder with various etiopathological hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ge Tang
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rufang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine
- the Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing
- , China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology
- Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology
- Chongqing 400016, China
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Decreased Na+/K+ ATPase α1 (ATP1A1) gene expression in major depression patients’ peripheral blood. Open Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMajor depression affects the central nervous system and thereafter the autonomic nervous system, immune system, and endocrine system. Na+/K+ ATPase, as a major mediator of cellular transmembrane ionic gradients, plays an important role in nervous signal transduction. Three types of Na+/K+ ATPase α subunit isoforms (ATP1A1, ATP1A2, and ATP1A3) are found in brain but vary in the type of cell and level of expression. It has been confirmed that reduced expression of ATP1A2 and ATP1A3 are related to depressive disorder. However, there is no reported correlation between ATP1A1 and major depression. This study investigated the potential correlation between ATP1A1 gene expression level and major depression. The expression levels of ATP1A1 gene in the peripheral circulation of both depressive patients and healthy human controls were quantified by using reverse transcripted quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease of ATP1A1 expression level in major depression patients when compared to that of healthy controls (P<0.01). The differences of gene nucleotide sequences and protein structures among ATP1A1, ATP1A2, and ATP1A3 were also illustrated. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that ATP1A1 gene expression level is significantly associated with major depression and suggests that ATP1A1 could be a significant molecular marker for diagnosis.
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20
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Blood microRNA changes in depressed patients during antidepressant treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:602-11. [PMID: 22925464 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potent modulators of protein expression that play key roles in brain pathways regulating neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. These small RNAs may be critical for the pathophysiology of mental disorders and may influence the effectiveness of psychotropic drugs. To investigate the possible involvement of miRNAs in the mechanism of action of antidepressants (AD), we conducted a whole-miRNome quantitative analysis with qRT-PCR of the changes in the blood of 10 depressed subjects after 12 weeks of treatment with escitalopram. Thirty miRNAs were differentially expressed after the AD treatment: 28 miRNAs were up-regulated, and 2 miRNAs were strongly down-regulated. miRNA target gene prediction and functional annotation analysis showed that there was a significant enrichment in several pathways associated with neuronal brain function (such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, axon guidance, long-term potentiation and depression), supporting the hypothesis that the differentially regulated miRNAs may be involved in the AD mechanism.
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Kim JW, Ahn HS, Baik JH, Yoon BJ. Administration of clomipramine to neonatal mice alters stress response behavior and serotonergic gene expressions in adult mice. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:171-80. [PMID: 22992375 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112460107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life exposure to antidepressants frequently occurs when pregnant mothers take the medication during late pregnancy. Previous studies in animal models have shown that early exposure to certain antidepressants can alter some behaviors in adulthood. We examined whether the administration of clomipramine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, to neonatal mice could result in depression-related behavioral alterations in adult mice. In addition, in an attempt to uncover the mechanism underlying these behavioral changes, we examined the expression of candidate genes in different areas of the brain. Here we show that mice chronically injected with clomipramine specifically during early postnatal development demonstrated depression-like behavior as well as altered stress responses in adulthood. An analysis of the expression of serotonergic genes after exposure to social defeat stress revealed small but significant changes in the expression of 5-HT1A receptor gene (Htr1a) and 5-HTT gene (Slc6a4) in the mice treated with clomipramine compared with the mice injected with saline. We concluded that antidepressant exposure in early days of life could alter stress-related behavior in adulthood and that the behavioral alterations are accompanied by altered serotonergic gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Life Science, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seoul, Korea
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Kikuchi K, Iga JI, Tayoshi S, Nakataki M, Watanabe S, Numata S, Ohmori T. Lithium decreases VEGF mRNA expression in leukocytes of healthy subjects and patients with bipolar disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:358-63. [PMID: 21721043 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and the target of antidepressants. The aim of this study was to elucidate molecular effects of lithium on VEGF expression by using leukocytes of healthy subjects and patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS Eight healthy male subjects participated in the first study. Lithium was prescribed for 2 weeks, enough to reach therapeutic serum concentration. Leukocyte counts and serum lithium concentrations were determined at baseline, at 1- and 2-week medication, and at 2 weeks after stopping medication. VEGF mRNA levels were also examined in nine lithium-treated bipolar patients and healthy controls in the second study. RESULTS In the first study, leukocyte counts were significantly increased at 2 weeks compared with those at baseline and were normalized after 2 weeks. VEGF mRNA levels were significantly decreased at 2 weeks and after 2 weeks compared with those at baseline. Consistent with the first study, VEGF mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the lithium-treated bipolar patients compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation suggests that VEGF mRNA expression may be useful as a peripheral marker of the effects of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
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Klengel T, Binder EB. Using gene-environment interactions to target personalized treatment in mood disorder. Per Med 2011; 8:23-34. [PMID: 29768787 DOI: 10.2217/pme.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders account for a substantial social and financial burden on society. Although considerable efforts to delineate the underlying pathophysiological pathways have been undertaken during the last decades, only very limited progress on diagnostic and treatment algorithms have been achieved. High hopes have been put into genetics research to elucidate the pathogenesis of mood disorders, but so far, only small and inconsistent associations could be reported. Epidemiologic and family studies have always emphasized the importance of environmental factors; especially the impact of childhood trauma in mood disorders and more recently a number of specific gene-environment interactions have been reported. It is thus likely that the combination of a patient's life history and genetic susceptibility as well as other laboratory markers might provide a better insight into mental diseases and their treatment options. In this article, we discuss the concept of gene-environment interactions in major depression and their putative role in treatment response and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Klengel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Belzeaux R, Formisano-Tréziny C, Loundou A, Boyer L, Gabert J, Samuelian JC, Féron F, Naudin J, Ibrahim EC. Clinical variations modulate patterns of gene expression and define blood biomarkers in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1205-13. [PMID: 20471034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to compare the expression level of candidate genes between patients suffering from a severe major depressive episode (MDE) and controls, and also among patients during MDE evolution. After a comprehensive review of the biological data related to mood disorders, we initiated a hypothesis-driven exploration of candidate mRNAs. Using RT-qPCR, we analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) mRNA obtained from a homogeneous population of 11 patients who suffered from severe melancholic MDE. To assess the evolution of MDE, we analyzed PBMC mRNAs that were collected on Day 1 and 8 weeks later. Data from these patient samples were analyzed in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Among 40 candidate genes consistently transcribed in PBMCs, 10 were differentially expressed in at least one comparison. We found that variations of mRNA levels for NRG1, SORT1 and TPH1 were interesting state-dependent biological markers of the disease. We also observed that variations in other mRNA expression were associated with treatment efficacy or clinical improvement (CREB1, HDAC5, HSPA2, HTR1B, HTR2A, and SLC6A4/5HTT). Significantly, 5HTT exhibited a strong correlation with clinical score evolution. We also found a state-independent marker, IL10. Moreover, the analysis of 2 separate MDEs concerning a same patient revealed comparable results for the expression of CREB1, HSPA2, HTR1B, NRG1 and TPH1. Overall, our results indicate that PBMCs obtained at different time points during MDE progression represent a promising avenue to discover biological markers for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Belzeaux
- NICN-CNRS UMR 6184, Faculté de Médecine Nord-IFR Jean Roche, 51 Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France
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25
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Spijker S, Van Zanten JS, De Jong S, Penninx BWJH, van Dyck R, Zitman FG, Smit JH, Ylstra B, Smit AB, Hoogendijk WJG. Stimulated gene expression profiles as a blood marker of major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:179-86. [PMID: 20471630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a moderately heritable disorder with a high lifetime prevalence. At present, laboratory blood tests to support MDD diagnosis are not available. METHODS We used a classifier approach on blood gene expression profiles of a unique set of unmedicated subjects (MDD patients and control subjects) to select genes with expression predictive for disease status. To reveal blood gene expression changes related to major depressive disorder-disease, we applied a powerful ex vivo stimulus to the blood: incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL blood). RESULTS Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays (primary cohort; 21 MDD patients, 21 healthy control subjects), we identified a set of genes (CAPRIN1, CLEC4A, KRT23, MLC1, PLSCR1, PROK2, ZBTB16) that serves as a molecular signature of MDD. These findings were validated using an independent quantitative polymerase chain reaction method (primary cohort, p = .007). The difference between depressive patients and control subjects was confirmed (p = .019) in a replication cohort of 13 MDD patients and 14 control subjects. The MDD signature score comprised expression levels of seven genes could discriminate depressive patients from control subjects with sensitivity of 76.9% and specificity of 71.8%. CONCLUSIONS We have shown for the first time that molecular analysis of stimulated blood cells can be used as an endophenotype for MDD diagnosis, which is a milestone in establishing biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders with moderate heritability in general. Our results may provide a new entry point for following and predicting treatment outcome, as well as prediction of severity and recurrence of major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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26
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Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Zhang H, Pavuluri MN. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and protein expression in pediatric and adult depressed subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:645-51. [PMID: 20227453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of a neurotrophin family and is involved in many physiological functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, and neuron survival in the human nervous system. Abnormalities of BDNF have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression based on observations that antidepressant drugs cause increases in the levels of BDNF in rat brains and its abnormalities have appeared in the serum of depressed patients and in postmortem brains of suicide victims. METHODS We examined the gene expression of BDNF in the lymphocytes and protein expression in the platelets of adult and pediatric depressed patients during a drug-free period. We determined BDNF gene expression using a quantitative RT-PCR method and protein expression using the ELISA method. RESULTS We observed that the gene expression of BDNF was significantly decreased in the lymphocytes of adult and pediatric depressed patients compared with normal control subjects. Similarly, the protein expression of BDNF was significantly decreased in the platelets of adult and pediatric depressed patients compared with normal control subjects. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports a decrease in BDNF gene expression in the peripheral cells of depressed patients. Because of the bidirectional movement of BDNF between the periphery and the CNS, the reduced gene expression in the lymphocytes and the protein expression in the platelets may be an index of similar abnormalities in the brain and could be a target for antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry (MC 912), 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Otsuki K, Uchida S, Wakabayashi Y, Matsubara T, Hobara T, Funato H, Watanabe Y. Aberrant REST-mediated transcriptional regulation in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:378-84. [PMID: 19846118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that aberrant transcriptional regulation is one of the key components of the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a negative regulator of genes that contain the repressor element-1 (RE-1) binding site. REST has many target genes, including corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, serotonin 1A receptor, which are suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression and the action of antidepressants. However, a potential role for REST-mediated transcriptional regulation in mood disorders remains unclear. In this study, we examined the mRNA levels of REST and its known and putative target genes, using quantitative real-time PCR in peripheral blood cells of patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders in both a current depressive and a remissive state. We found reduced mRNA expression of REST and increased mRNA expression of CRH, adenylate cyclase 5, and the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 12-13 in patients with major depressive disorder in a current depressive state, but not in a remissive state. Altered expression of these mRNAs was not found in patients with bipolar disorder. Our results suggest that the aberrant REST-mediated transcriptional regulation of, at least, CRH, adenylate cyclase 5, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 12-13, might be state-dependent and associated with the pathophysiology of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Otsuki
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Hunter AM, Korb AS. A new paradigm for the prediction of antidepressant treatment response. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20135901 PMCID: PMC3181929 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.4/afleuchter] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of Major Depressive Disorder utilizes a trial-and-error sequential treatment strategy that results in delays in achieving response and remission for a majority of patients. Protracted ineffective treatment prolongs patient suffering and increases health care costs. In addition, long and unsuccessful antidepressant trials may diminish patient expectations, reinforce negative cognitions, and condition patients not to respond during subsequent antidepressant trials, thus contributing to further treatment resistance. For these reasons, it is critical to identify reliable predictors of antidepressant treatment response that can be used to shorten or eliminate lengthy and ineffective trials. Research on possible endophenotypic as well as genomic predictors has not yet yielded reliable predictors. The most reliable predictors identified thus far are symptomatic and physiologic characteristics of patients that emerge early in the course of treatment. We propose here the term “response endophenotypes” (REs) to describe this class of predictors, defined as latent measurable symptomatic or neurobiologie responses of individual patients that emerge early in the course of treatment, and which carry strong predictive power for individual patient outcomes. Use of REs constitutes a new paradigm in which medication treatment trials that are likely to be ineffective could be stopped within 1 to 2 weeks and other medication more likely to be effective could be started. Data presented here suggest that early changes in symptoms, quantitative electroencephalography, and gene expression could be used to construct effective REs. We posit that this new paradigm could lead to earlier recovery from depressive illness and ultimately produce profound health and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Leuchter
- Laboratory of Brain Behavior, and Pharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Hamilton SP, Narr KL, Toga A, Hunter AM, Faull K, Whitelegge J, Andrews AM, Loo J, Way B, Nelson SF, Horvath S, Lebowitz BD. Biomarkers to predict antidepressant response. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010; 12:553-62. [PMID: 20963521 PMCID: PMC2965366 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-010-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past several years, we have achieved a deeper understanding of the etiology/pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, this improved understanding has not translated to improved treatment outcome. Treatment often results in symptomatic improvement, but not full recovery. Clinical approaches are largely trial-and-error, and when the first treatment does not result in recovery for the patient, there is little proven scientific basis for choosing the next. One approach to enhancing treatment outcomes in MDD has been the use of standardized sequential treatment algorithms and measurement-based care. Such treatment algorithms stand in contrast to the personalized medicine approach, in which biomarkers would guide decision making. Incorporation of biomarker measurements into treatment algorithms could speed recovery from MDD by shortening or eliminating lengthy and ineffective trials. Recent research results suggest several classes of physiologic biomarkers may be useful for predicting response. These include brain structural or functional findings, as well as genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic measures. Recent data indicate that such measures, at baseline or early in the course of treatment, may constitute useful predictors of treatment outcome. Once such biomarkers are validated, they could form the basis of new paradigms for antidepressant treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Leuchter
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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30
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Effects of chronic morphine and morphine withdrawal on gene expression in rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1347-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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