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Saure E, Laasonen M, Kylliäinen A, Hämäläinen S, Lepistö-Paisley T, Raevuori A. Social communication and restricted, repetitive behavior as assessed with a diagnostic tool for autism (ADOS-2) in women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:1901-1916. [PMID: 38712729 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In anorexia nervosa (AN), the traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are associated with poor outcomes. However, the subtle nature of these characteristics remains poorly understood. We investigated the in-depth patterns of ASD traits using Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) in women with AN. METHODS Of 28 women with ICD-10 AN, 16 (age 19-30 years) participated in the ADOS-2, a video-recorded, semistructured diagnostic assessment for social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests related to ASD. None of the participants had previously been diagnosed with ASD. Other measurements included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-IV. RESULTS Five individuals (18% of all, 31% of those assessed) scored above the cutoff for autism in ADOS-2. They had challenges in social communication and interaction, manifesting as sustained difficulties in social relationships and deficits in conversation skills. Few described being frequently misunderstood by others, including in the eating disorder treatment settings. Three individuals showed prominent restricted and repetitive behaviors such as ritual seeking, eating-related routines, sensory sensitivity related to food texture and selective eating, and intense interest in specific topics. The mean duration of AN in women above the cutoff was twice as long compared with those below (12.3 vs. 6.2 years). DISCUSSION The ASD-related characteristics and behavior appear to contribute to the manifestation and duration of AN in a subgroup of women. Among these women, the traits of ASD appear to be mixed with eating disorder symptoms, which should be taken into account in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Saure
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Laasonen
- Logopedics, School of Humanities, Philosophical Faculty, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anneli Kylliäinen
- Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sini Hämäläinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuulia Lepistö-Paisley
- Department of Child Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Raevuori
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Esin K, Ayyıldız F. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q-13): short-form of EDE-Q. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:102. [PMID: 35836297 PMCID: PMC9281018 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is a frequently used scale to evaluate eating behaviors and attitudes. In recent years, its use has increased due to the fact that the use of short forms is more practical. The aim of this study was to validate the short Turkish form of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) including 13 items. METHODS The study included 924 adults at a mean age of 30.3 ± 10.93 years. EDEQ-13 was translated and adapted to Turkish according to the Beaton Guidelines. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) were used to analyze their relationships to EDE-Q-13. RESULTS In this study, the rate of the total variance explained by the factors of EDE-Q-13 according to the Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) results of the scale was 83.54%. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.89, and the Cronbach's alpha values of the 5 subscales were calculated in the range of 0.75-0.94. The criterion validity analysis showed an acceptable correlation between EDE-Q-13 and EAT-26, SWLS, and BAS. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that the model had fit values that were acceptable or good. CONCLUSION Both EFA and CFA results showed that it is appropriate to use the Turkish EDE-Q-13. EDE-Q-13 was significantly correlated with eating disturbances, body appreciation, and life satisfaction. In conclusion, the Turkish version of EDE-Q-13 possesses high levels of validity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Esin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Feride Ayyıldız
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Melisse B, van Furth EF, de Beurs E. Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): validity and norms for Saudi nationals. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:139-150. [PMID: 33751466 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to develop an Arabic version of the EDE-Q and to assess its psychometric properties and utility as a screener in the Saudi population. An additional aim was to establish EDE-Q norms for Saudis. METHOD EDE-Q data were collected in a convenience sample of the Saudi community (N = 2690), of which a subset was also subjected to the EDE interview (N = 98). Various models for the factor structure were evaluated on their fit by CFA. With ROC analysis, the AUC was calculated to test how well the EDE-Q discriminated between Saudis at high and low risk for eating disorders. RESULTS The original four factor model of the EDE-Q was not supported. Best fit was found for a three factor model, including the weight/shape concern scale, dietary restraint scale and eating concern scale. The ROC analysis showed that the EDE-Q could accurately discriminate between individuals at high and low risk for an eating disorder according to the EDE interview. Optimal cut off of 2.93 on the global score yielded a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 80%. EDE-Q scores were fairly associated with BMI. DISCUSSION Psychometric characteristics of the Saudi version of the EDE-Q were satisfactory and results support the discriminant and convergent validity. Severity level of eating disorder pathology can be determined by the EDE-Q global score. Global scores were high compared to what is found in Western community samples, leading to high prevalence estimates for Saudis at high risk for eating disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Not applicable, empirical psychometric study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernou Melisse
- Novarum Center for Eating Disorders and Obesity, Jacob Obrechtstraat 92, 1071 KR, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,GGZ Rivierduinen, Sandifortdreef 18, 2333 ZZ, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Eric F van Furth
- GGZ Rivierduinen, Sandifortdreef 18, 2333 ZZ, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin de Beurs
- Research Department, Arkin Mental Health Institute, Klaprozenweg 111, 1033 NN, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Section Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Validation of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire in Danish Eating Disorder Patients and Athletes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173976. [PMID: 34501422 PMCID: PMC8432050 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is a gold standard questionnaire to identify eating disorder symptoms but has not yet been validated in Danish. The scale consists of four theoretical constructs of disordered eating: Restraint eating, Eating concerns, Shape concerns and Weight concerns. However, the four-factor structure has been difficult to replicate across cultures. This study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the EDE-Q in Danish. The study consisted of four samples (aged 15–70): Patients with anorexia, bulimia and unspecified eating disorders (n = 101), patients with symptoms of binge-eating disorder (n = 300), recreational athletes (n = 404), and elite athletes (n = 526). Depending on the analysis performed, participants had to complete the EDE-Q, the SCOFF questionnaire for eating disorders or the Binge Eating Disorders Questionnaire. In accordance with international research, we found no evidence for a four-factor structure in the EDE-Q among patients or among athletes. But our results showed significant, positive associations between EDE-Q and SCOFF, BED-Q and MDI in all samples. We conclude that the internal structure of EDE-Q is low, while construct validity is high, making EDE-Q useful as an instrument to identify individuals with eating disorder symptoms, including recreational, and elite athletes.
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AlShebali M, AlHadi A, Waller G. The impact of ongoing westernization on eating disorders and body image dissatisfaction in a sample of undergraduate Saudi women. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1835-1844. [PMID: 33011958 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01028-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study addressed the prevalence of eating disorders and levels of eating pathology, body image, and psychological comorbidities in undergraduate women in Saudi Arabia. It examined the role of the current internalization of western culture that is under way in that country, focusing on political and economic issues rather than on issues such as media exposure per se. METHOD Participants were 503 Saudi female university students (mean age = 19.78 years). Each completed a diagnostic measure of eating disorders and measures of disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, body image, depression, social anxiety, and self-esteem. They also completed a measure of the internalization of western culture, specific to current political and cultural developments in Saudi Arabia. RESULTS Eating disorder prevalence and pathology rates among undergraduates females were comparable to western levels, though the pattern was more one of bulimic than anorexic pathology. Internalization of western values was associated with eating pathology, body image, and psychological comorbidities. CONCLUSION Eating disorders are not an exclusively western issue, as the levels in Saudi undergraduate women are similar to those in western cultures (though they tend more towards bulimic than anorexic presentations). Internalization of western values appears to be key to this pattern. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Level III, case-control analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah AlShebali
- Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, 3652 Bashir Street, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Ahmad AlHadi
- SABIC Psychological Health Research and Applications Chair, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Lewis-Smith H, Garbett KM, Chaudhry A, Uglik-Marucha N, Vitoratou S, Dhillon M, Shroff H, Diedrichs PC. Adaptation and validation of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire in English among urban Indian adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:187-202. [PMID: 33305881 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating pathology is a salient issue in India, with clinical features reported among adults and adolescents. However, there are currently no validated measures of disordered eating in the Indian context. The present study therefore aimed to validate a culturally appropriate English language version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), a widely used measure, among adolescents in India. METHOD We adapted and examined the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the EDE-Q among an urban sample of 1,413 Indian adolescents (mean age = 13 years; 45% girls). RESULTS In contrast to the original four-factor model, exploratory factor analysis identified a two-factor solution for girls and boys, which was verified by confirmatory factor analysis; a "Preoccupation and Control" subscale and a "Weight and Shape Concerns" subscale. The total scale comprised 15 items for girls and 18 items for boys. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were satisfactory for the girls' and boys' scales (Cronbach's α = .91 for both) and their comprising subscales (αs ≥ .80). Concurrent validity was established through medium-high significant correlations with measures of body image and internalization of appearance ideals. Combining items common to both versions of the scale led to a psychometrically acceptable model which was largely invariant across both genders, thus facilitating gendered comparison. DISCUSSION Findings indicate the reliability and validity of the EDE-Q among English-speaking urban Indian adolescents. This will facilitate further research examining the prevalence and nature of eating pathology among adolescents in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lewis-Smith
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsty M Garbett
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | - Megha Dhillon
- Lady Shri Ram College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemal Shroff
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Otani M, Hiraide M, Horie T, Mitsui T, Yoshida T, Takamiya S, Sakuta R, Usami M, Komaki G, Yoshiuchi K. Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire and psychopathology in Japanese patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:203-211. [PMID: 33368571 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is one of the most widely used tools to assess the core psychopathology of eating disorders (ED). However, recent empirical findings did not support the original four-factor structure. The aims of the present study were to investigate the factor structure of the EDE-Q in Japanese ED patients, to test the reliability and convergent validity of the EDE-Q, to examine group differences between various ED groups and healthy participants, and to explore the main behavioral features of Japanese ED patients using the newly developed Japanese version of EDE-Q. METHOD A total of 148 ED patients and 469 healthy participants completed the EDE-Q, Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The factor structure, reliability, and validity of the EDE-Q were assessed in ED patients. Group differences were assessed using the new Japanese version of the EDE-Q (EDE-Q-J). RESULTS The EDE-Q-J had three factors. Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.83 to 0.93. Total score and subscale scores of "Dieting" and "Bulimia and Food Preoccupation" of EAT-26 and of "Drive for Thinness," "Body Dissatisfaction," and "Bulimia" of EDI-2 correlated with the global score and three subscale scores of the EDE-Q-J. DISCUSSION For Japanese female ED patients, the EDE-Q-J had three subscales that were not consistent with the original subscales, but were interpretable. It demonstrated sufficient reliability and validity. Japanese female patients with restricting-type anorexia nervosa (AN-R) displayed less dissatisfaction with shape and weight than healthy participants. AN-R patients in Japan might present with a non-fat-phobic symptom profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Otani
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maiko Hiraide
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Horie
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Mitsui
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Development and Education, Kobe Shinwa Women's University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoshida
- School of Medical Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Takamiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe City Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Takamiya Psychiatry Clinic, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sakuta
- Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahide Usami
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gen Komaki
- Faculty of Medical Science, Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshiuchi
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Stress Sciences and Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Sahlan RN, Saunders JF, Mond JM, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE. Eating disorder symptoms among adolescent boys and girls in Iran. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:19-23. [PMID: 33270255 PMCID: PMC8006449 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies of eating disorder (ED) symptoms among young people in Iran have been conducted. This cross-sectional study examined ED symptoms, assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). METHOD Adolescent boys (n = 498) and girls (n = 607) aged 12-19 years, recruited from schools in four different regions of Iran, completed a survey that included the EDE-Q. ED symptoms, namely, EDE-Q global scores and the occurrence of specific ED behaviors, were compared between boys and girls. RESULTS Girls had higher global scores and were more likely to report regular extreme dietary restriction than boys (16.6 vs. 12.0%). The effect sizes for these differences were small. The regular occurrence of other behaviors (girls vs. boys-binge eating: 21.1 vs. 18.8%; self-induced vomiting: 3.3 vs. 5.4%; laxative misuse: 6.1 vs. 7.6%; excessive exercise: 5.3 vs. 4.4%) did not significantly differ by gender. Twelve percent of boys and 12.9% of girls met criteria for an operational definition of "probable ED case." CONCLUSION ED symptoms appear to be relatively common among Iranian adolescent boys and girls. Programs designed to reduce the occurrence and adverse impact of these symptoms may therefore be increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza N. Sahlan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jessica F. Saunders
- Department of Psychological Science, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Mond
- Center of Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
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Baceviciene M, Balciuniene V, Jankauskiene R. Validation of the Lithuanian version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 in a student sample. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01555. [PMID: 31991064 PMCID: PMC7066329 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q 6.0) is one of the most broadly used self-report tools that assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with eating disorders (EDs). The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Lithuanian version of the EDE-Q 6.0 (LT-EDE-Q 6.0) in a nonclinical student sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 382 students (mean age 24.0 ± 6.4) participated in the study. The students completed a self-report questionnaire measuring the risk of EDs (LT-EDE-Q 6.0), body image (LT-MBSRQ-AS), quality of life (LT-WHOQOL-BREF), and self-esteem (RSES). Cronbach's alpha assessed the internal consistency of the EDE-Q 6.0. Pearson's correlations were used for the analyses of the construct and concurrent validity with the subscales of LT-MBSRQ-AS, LT-WHOQOL-BREF, and RSES. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for assessing test-retest reliability. RESULTS The mean score of the LT-EDE-Q 6.0 in the mixed sample was 1.5 ± 1.02. For women and men, the general mean scores were higher than in the majority of the samples of Western Europe but lower than in the United States. Acceptable internal consistency for the four subscales (0.75-0.88) and the LT-EDE-Q 6.0 general score (0.94) was obtained. Test-retest reliability was good to excellent for all subscales (0.66-0.91) and for the items that assessed essential behavioral features of EDs (0.84-0.90, except item 14 ICC = 0.4). The LT-EDE-Q 6.0 scores had adequate concurrent validity. However, the original 4-factor structure or other proposed models of EDE-Q were not obtained by CFA. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study support the applicability, validity, and reliability of the LT-EDE-Q 6.0 in a nonclinical Lithuanian student sample. However, we recommend assessing the general scale score without the application of the subscales. The Lithuanian version of this instrument should be further investigated with clinical samples to identify clinically diagnosed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social EducationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Vaiva Balciuniene
- Department of Physical and Social EducationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
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Chevinsky JD, Wadden TA, Chao AM. Binge Eating Disorder in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Diagnostic and Management Challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1117-1131. [PMID: 32341661 PMCID: PMC7166070 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s213379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of disordered eating behaviors including binge eating disorder (BED). Comorbid BED in patients with T2DM has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes such as higher body mass index (BMI) and depressive symptoms. Identifying and addressing this disorder in patients with T2DM is a significant challenge for health-care providers. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss current perspectives on BED in the context of T2DM with implications for screening and management of these highly comorbid conditions. BED continues to be underrecognized and underdiagnosed. However, there are established tools that providers can use to screen for BED such as the SCOFF Questionnaire and Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5. There are several effective treatments for BED including cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. However, few studies have examined the effects of these treatments in patients with co-morbid T2DM and BED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A Wadden
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariana M Chao
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Ariana M Chao University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA19104, USATel +1215-746-7183Fax +1215-898-2878 Email
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Kling J, Kwakkenbos L, Diedrichs PC, Rumsey N, Frisén A, Brandão MP, Silva AG, Dooley B, Rodgers RF, Fitzgerald A. Systematic review of body image measures. Body Image 2019; 30:170-211. [PMID: 31394462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes and critically appraises measurement properties of influential body image measures. Eight measures that met the definition of an assessment of body image (i.e., an individual's cognitive or affective evaluation of their body or appearance with a positive or negative valence), and scored high on systematic expert priority ranking, were included. These measures were: the Body Appreciation Scale (original BAS and BAS-2), the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Centre for Appearance Research Valence Scale, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, two subscales of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, one subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory 3, and two subscales of the Multidimensional Body Relations Questionnaire. Articles assessing these scales' psychometric properties (N = 136) were evaluated for their methodological quality using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. The results supported the majority of measures in terms of reliability and validity; however, suitability varied across populations, and some measurement properties were insufficiently evaluated. The measures are discussed in detail, including recommendations for their future use in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kling
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Linda Kwakkenbos
- Behavioural Science Institute, Clinical Psychology, Radboud University, Postbus 9104, 6500, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Phillippa C Diedrichs
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS161QY, UK.
| | - Nichola Rumsey
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS161QY, UK.
| | - Ann Frisén
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria Piedade Brandão
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Cintesis, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Anabela G Silva
- School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Cintesis, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Barbara Dooley
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France.
| | - Amanda Fitzgerald
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Dahlgren CL, Stedal K, Rø Ø. Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA): clinical norms and functional impairment in male and female adults with eating disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:256-261. [PMID: 28084126 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1271452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to collect clinical normative data for the Clinical Impairment Assessment questionnaire (CIA) and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) from adult patients with eating disorders (EDs). This study also examined unique contributions of eating disorder (ED) symptoms on levels of ED-related impairment. METHODS A sample of 667 patients, 620 females and 47 males, was recruited from six specialist centres across Norway. The majority of the sample (40.3%) was diagnosed with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), 34.5% had bulimia nervosa (BN), and 25.2% were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (AN). RESULTS There were significant differences for global EDE-Q and CIA scores between females and males. In the female sample, significant differences were found on several EDE-Q sub-scales between the AN and BN group, and between the AN and EDNOS group. No significant differences were found between the diagnostic groups on the CIA. In the male sample, no significant differences were found between diagnostic groups on the EDE-Q or CIA. A multiple regression analysis revealed that 46.8% of the variance in impairment as measured by the CIA was accounted for by ED symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Body mass index, Eating Concern, Shape/Weight Concern, and binge eating served as significant, unique predictors of impairment. The results from the present study contribute to the interpretation of EDE-Q and CIA scores in ED samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindvall Dahlgren
- a Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål HF , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kristin Stedal
- a Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål HF , Oslo , Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- a Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål HF , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Kelly NR, Cotter EW, Lydecker JA, Mazzeo SE. Missing and discrepant data on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): Quantity, quality, and implications. Eat Behav 2017; 24:1-6. [PMID: 27851988 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine relations among missing and discrepant data on the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994) and individual demographic factors and eating disorder symptoms. Data from 3968 men and women collected in five independent studies were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to detect the quantity of missing and discrepant data, as well as independent samples t-tests and chi-square analyses to examine group differences between participants with and without missing or discrepant data. Results indicated significant differences in data completeness by participant race/ethnicity and severity of eating disorder symptoms. White participants were most likely to provide complete survey responses, and Asian American participants were least likely to provide complete survey responses. Participants with incomplete surveys reported greater eating disorder symptoms and behaviors compared with those with complete surveys. Similarly, those with discrepant responses to behavioral items reported greater eating disorder symptoms and behaviors compared with those with congruent responses. Practical implications and recommendations for reducing and addressing incomplete data on the EDE-Q are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, and the Prevention Science Institute, College of Education, University of Oregon, United States.
| | | | - Janet A Lydecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States
| | - Suzanne E Mazzeo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
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