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Palaz E, Menteşe S, Bayram A, Kara M, Elbir T. Seasonal variability of airborne mold concentrations as related to dust in a coastal urban area in the Eastern Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40717-40731. [PMID: 37639105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the amount of specific airborne mold types and their concentrations increase during dust events. This study investigates the seasonal variation of airborne mold concentrations before, during, and after the dust transport in an eastern Mediterranean coastal area, Izmir city, Turkey. A total of 136 airborne mold samples were collected between September 2020 and May 2021. Two different culture media, namely Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Malt-Extract Agar (MEA), were used for enumeration and genus-based identification of the airborne mold. In addition to culture media, the influences of air temperature, relative humidity, and particulate matter equal to or less than 10 µm (PM10) were also investigated seasonally. The HYSPLIT trajectory model and web-based simulation results were mainly used to determine dusty days. The mean total mold concentrations (TMC) on dusty days (543 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/m3 on PDA and 668 CFU/m3 on MEA) were approximately 2-2.5 times higher than those on non-dusty days (288 CFU/m3 on PDA and 254 CFU/m3 on MEA) for both culture media. TMC levels showed seasonal variations (p < 0.001), indicating that meteorological parameters influenced mold concentrations and compositions. Some mold genera, including Cladosporium sp., Chrysosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Bipolaris sp., Alternaria sp., and yeast, were found higher during dusty days than non-dusty days. Thus, dust event impacts levels and types of airborne molds and has implications for regions where long-range dust transport widely occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Palaz
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Menteşe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Bayram
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey.
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Elkribi-Boukhris S, Boughattas I, Sappin-Didier V, Helaoui S, Coriou C, Bussiere S, Mokni M, Banni M. Exposure to polymetallic contaminated sites induced toxicological effects on chicken lungs: A multi-level analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141574. [PMID: 38460845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is an important environmental issue causing several hazards to organisms. In the present study, we investigated the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in chicken lungs after six months of breeding on polymetallic-contaminated area in Jebel Ressas village. Genotoxicity in term of micronuclei frequency as well as oxidative stress in term of enzymatic activities of Catalase (CAT), Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST) and malondialdehydes accumulation (MDA) were performed. In addition, gene expression levels involved in oxidative stress genes (cat, sod and gst), metal homeostasis (mt1 and mt4) and DNA metabolism (p53, bcl2, caspase 3 and DNA ligase) were detected. Exposed chicken lungs revealed an important heavy metal accumulation of Cd and Zn co-occurring with oxidative status modulation. Transcriptomic results unveiled an upregulation of oxidative stress and homeostasis genes. On the other hand, genes involved in DNA metabolism indicated cellular functioning towards cells death and apoptosis modulation. Moreover, the histopathological examination revealed lung lesions in the chickens exposed to heavy metal contamination. Our study highlights the hazardous effects of heavy metal pollution on chicken respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Elkribi-Boukhris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Mariem, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Mariem, Tunisia; Regional Field Crops Research Center of Beja, IRESA, Tunisia.
| | | | - Sondes Helaoui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Mariem, Tunisia
| | - Cécile Coriou
- UMR ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvie Bussiere
- UMR ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, 33140, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Department of Pathology, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Mariem, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir University, Tunisia
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Moniruzzaman M, Shaikh MAA, Saha B, Shahrukh S, Jawaa ZT, Khan MF. Seasonal changes and respiratory deposition flux of PM 2.5 and PM 10 bound metals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136794. [PMID: 36220426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapid urbanization and fast economic development, aerosol pollution is a serious environmental issue, especially in Bangladesh. Based on bioaccessibility and respiratory deposition doses (RDD), health risks of PM2.5 and PM10 bound 15 (fifteen) metals were investigated at fourteen urban sites (roadside, marketplace, industrial, and commercial areas). Sampling campaigns were conducted over four seasons (winter, summer, rainy, and autumn) from December 2020 to November 2021. A beta attenuation mass analyzer measured particulate matter concentrations in ambient air. The metals in PM fractions were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The airborne trace metals (Cd, As, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni) with high enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic sources. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) categorized these elements as originating from automobile exhaust, industrial emissions, and solid waste/coal combustion, whereas the geologic elements came from earth crust/soil dust. During the winter, most of the air mass trajectories arrived from India across the land (82%) and Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) region to the sampling sites, which may have aided in the transport of pollutants. The deposition flux of metals illustrated that compared to PM2.5, PM10 deposited a higher amount of metals in the upper airways (81.96%). In comparison, PM2.5 accumulates more elevated amounts of metals in alveolar regions (11.77%), due to the ability of fine particles to penetrate deeper into the lower pulmonary region. Among age groups, an adult inhales a higher amount of metals than a child, on average 0.103 mg and 0.08 mg of metals per day via PM2.5, respectively. Acute health impacts are caused by the deposited cancer-causing metals in alveolar tissue, which circulates through the bloodstream and affects several organs. Prolonged exposure to these carcinogenic metals poses significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Badhan Saha
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Saif Shahrukh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zarin Tasneem Jawaa
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh; School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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Naeimi B, Mohsenifard I, Ansari S, Sadeghzadeh F, Khamisipour G, Dobaradaran S, Faraji Ghasemi F, Ahmadi B. Phenotypic features and molecular study of airborne Penicillium species isolated in the northern part of the Persian Gulf, Bushehr, Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 7:22-28. [PMID: 35028481 PMCID: PMC8740856 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.2.7035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The main environmental saprobes, such as Penicillium, play an essential role in natural ecosystems as economically, ecologically, and medically important microorganisms. Biodiversity of this genus has not been described in Bushehr city, Iran. The present study is based on air biodiversity of Penicillium species on culture-dependent approach and culture-independent technique using partial b-tubulin sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS By using active sampling with a high volume air sampler, a total of 157 Penicillium isolates were selected and screened for phenotypic characters. For the purposes of the study, 46 strains representative of 11 morphological species were selected and identified by molecular analysis. RESULTS Based on the findings, P. crustosum (18 isolates, 39.1%) and P. chrysogenum (15 isolates, 32.6%) were the most common isolated species, followed by P. brevicompactum, P. rubens, P. citrinum, P. italicum (each 2 isolates, 4.3%), P. olsonii, P. expansum, P. griseofulvum, P. palitans, and P. polonicum (each 1 isolate, 2.1%). Except for P. chrysogenum and P. expansum with floccose colony texture, the rest of the isolated species had velutinous texture. CONCLUSION This is the first report in southern Iran to identify a large number of Penicillium strains isolated from air samples, showing P. crustosum and P. chrysogenum as the most common isolated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Naeimi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iman Mohsenifard
- The Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saham Ansari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Khamisipour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji Ghasemi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Climate change, air pollution, and allergic respiratory diseases: a call to action for health professionals. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:1552-1560. [PMID: 32590458 PMCID: PMC7386356 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have warmed the planet substantially and are also accompanied by poor air quality. The increased prevalence of allergic airway disease worldwide can be partially attributed to those global environmental changes. Climate change and air pollution pose adverse impacts on respiratory allergies, and that the mechanisms are complex and interactive. Adverse weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures, can act directly on the respiratory tract to induce allergic respiratory illnesses. Thunderstorms and floods can alter the production and distribution of aeroallergens while wildfires and dust storms increase air pollution, and therefore indirectly enhance health risks. Concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the air have been projected to increase with climate warming and air stagnation, and the rising temperatures and CO2 increase pollen, molds, and spores, which escalate the risk of allergic respiratory diseases. The synergistic effects of extreme heat and aeroallergens intensify the toxic effect of air pollutants, which in turn augment the allergenicity of aeroallergens. With the Earth's climate change, migration of humans and plants shift the living environments and allergens of susceptible people. Urban residents are exposed to multiple factors while children are sensitive to environmental exposure. Since climate change may pose many unexpected and persistent effects on allergic respiratory diseases, health professionals should advocate for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize its respiratory health effects.
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Liu Y, Hu J, Wang X, Jia J, Li J, Wang L, Hao L, Gao P. Distribution, bioaccessibility, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM 2.5 and PM 10 during winter heating periods in five types of cities in Northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112071. [PMID: 33690004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected from the outdoor environment of five types of cities (provincial central cities, regional central cities, resource-based cities, agricultural cities, and forested cities) situated in Northeast China. Based on bioaccessibility and respiratory deposition fluxes, health risks of PM2.5- and PM10-bound six heavy metals [HM6: Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), and Lead (Pb)] were studied. Cobalt (Co) and Cr were found to be the most abundantly bioaccessible fraction among HM6 after extraction of simulated lung fluids. After inhalation exposure, among HM6, Co mainly contributed 88.39-93.19% to the non-carcinogenic risk, while Cr account for 82.92-93.72% of cancer risk. The estimated daily intake of bioaccessible HM6 in outdoor environment during the heating period was calculated to be 293.11 ± 121.03, 117.08 ± 32.46, 105.57 ± 32.49, 100.35 ± 25.58 and 83.11 ± 17.64 ng/h for provincial central cities, regional central cities, agricultural city, resource-based cities and forested cities, respectively, for local residents. During the heating period of 180 days, non-carcinogenic risks (As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Co) in outdoor environment of 0.5 residence time were below the safety threshold (HQ < 1). Cancer risks for Cr and Co were above 10-5 in the five types of cities, but in the assumable range (< 10-4). Our study highlighted the wide range of measures needed to cut airborne particles pollution to safer levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiran Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Jia
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ling Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Architectural Engineering, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Zhao N, Zhao M, Liu W, Jin H. Atmospheric particulate represents a source of C 8-C 12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in tree bark. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116475. [PMID: 33465649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 30 legacy and emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in paired atmospheric particulate and bark samples collected around a Chinese fluorochemical manufacturing park (FMP), with the aim to explore the sources of PFASs in tree bark. The results showed that PFASs in atmospheric particulate and tree bark samples were consistently dominated by perfluorooctanoate (mean 73 ng/g; 44 pg/m3), perfluorohexanoate (47 ng/g; 36 pg/m3), perfluorononanoate (9.1 ng/g; 8.8 pg/m3), and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH; 5.6 ng/g; 12 pg/m3). Spatially, concentrations of C8-C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and 10:2 FTOH all showed a similar and exponentially decreased trend in both bark and atmospheric particulate samples with the increasing distance from the FMP. For the first time, we observed strongly significant (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.53-0.79, p < 0.01) correlations between bark and atmospheric particulate concentrations for C8-C12 PFCAs and 10:2 FTOH over 1-2 orders of magnitude, suggesting that the continues trapping of atmospheric particulates resulted in the accumulation of these compounds in bark. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that atmospheric particulate is an obvious source of C8-C12 PFCAs and 10:2 FTOH in tree bark. This result may further contribute to the application of tree bark as an indicator of certain PFASs in atmospheric particulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China.
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Moelling K, Broecker F. Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:1646943. [PMID: 32565838 PMCID: PMC7256708 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1646943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polluted air poses a significant threat to human health. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and harmful gases contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including allergies and obstructive lung disease. Air pollution may also be linked to cancer and reduced life expectancy. Uptake of PM has been shown to cause pathological changes in the intestinal microbiota in mice and humans. Less is known about the effects of pollution-associated microbiota on human health. Several recent studies described the microbiomes of urban and rural air samples, of the stratosphere and sand particles, which can be transported over long distances, as well as the air of indoor environments. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on airborne bacterial, viral, and fungal communities and discuss their potential consequences on human health. The current data suggest that bacterial pathogens are typically too sparse and short-lived in air to pose a significant risk for infecting healthy people. However, airborne fungal spores may exacerbate allergies and asthma. Little information is available on viruses including phages, and future studies are likely to detect known and novel viruses with a yet unknown impact on human health. Furthermore, varying experimental protocols have been employed in the recent microbiome and virome studies. Therefore, standardized methodologies will be required to allow for better comparisons between studies. Air pollution has been linked to more severe outcomes of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections. This may have contributed to severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, especially those in China, Northern Italy, Iran, and New York City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Moelling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Broecker
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Faraji Ghasemi F, Dobaradaran S, Saeedi R, Nabipour I, Nazmara S, Ranjbar Vakil Abadi D, Arfaeinia H, Ramavandi B, Spitz J, Mohammadi MJ, Keshtkar M. Levels and ecological and health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound heavy metals in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5305-5313. [PMID: 31848967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bushehr, a port along the northern part of the Persian Gulf, has repeatedly encountered dust storms in recent years but there is not been a comprehensive study on the PM2.5 contents in this region. The present study reports the characteristics and health risks of atmospheric PM2.5-bound heavy metals (HMs) in Bushehr from December 2016 to September 2017. A total of 46 samples were analyzed, and a high volume air sampler equipped with quartz fiber filters was used for sampling. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was also used for HMs analyses. Risk assessment and hazard index (HI) of these metals were computed by using USEPA's exposure parameters. The results showed that the average 24-h mass concentration of PM2.5 ranged from 22.09 to 292.45 μg/m3. The results also indicated that 95.65 and 82.61% of the samples were higher than WHO and EPA guidelines for 24-h PM2.5. Also there was no statistically significant relationship between wind direction and PM2.5.The average concentration levels of seven measured metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and V) in the PM2.5 samples were in the range of 6.03 ng/m3 to 1335.94 ng/m3, and the order of their concentration was Fe > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd > V > Co. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PM2.5-bound heavy metals were categorized in three groups. The ecological risk level of calculated metals was very significant, and the major contribution of the ecological risk was related to Cd. The highest HQ in children and adults was related to Cr, and overall HI in children was higher than adults. Also the RI values of Cr in both groups of children and adults were indicated high risk of developing cancer in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Faraji Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Ranjbar Vakil Abadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie für menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Keshtkar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke at Airport Terminals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:9648761. [PMID: 30853997 PMCID: PMC6377972 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9648761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Airports may represent significant sources of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for both travelers and employees. While previously common smoking rooms have largely disappeared from US airports, smoking continues to occur outdoors at terminal entrances. SHS may be especially high at arrival areas, since they oftentimes are partially enclosed by overhead departures, creating stagnant microenvironments. This study assessed particulate matter <2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), a common surrogate for SHS, at airport terminal locations to evaluate both outdoor exposure risk and possible indoor drift of SHS from outdoor sources. Methods A convenience sample of nine airport terminal arrival areas in the US state of Florida was surveyed between February and July 2018. PM2.5 levels were assessed outdoors and indoors at terminal entrances and at control areas far into terminal interiors. We also examined the impact of smoking location on SHS exposure by correlating cigarette and passing vehicle counts with PM2.5 levels at terminals with contrasting proximity of designated smoking locations to terminal entrances. Results Although outdoor PM2.5 levels (mean 17.9, SD 6.1 µg/m3) were significantly higher than indoors (p < 0.001), there was no difference between indoor areas directly inside terminal entrances and areas much further interior (mean 8.8, SD 2.6 vs mean 8.5, SD 3.0 µg/m3, p=0.49). However, when smoking areas were in close proximity to terminal entrances, the number of lit cigarettes and vehicular traffic per minute predicted 70% of the variance of PM2.5 levels (p < 0.001), which was attributable mostly to the cigarette number (β = 0.83; 95% CI (0.55 to 1.11); p < 0.001). This effect was not observed at smoking areas further away. Conclusion PM2.5 data did not suggest indoor drift from outside smoking. Nevertheless, absolute exposure outdoors was high and correlated with the location of designated smoking areas. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of microclimate formation on exposure risk.
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Allahbakhshi K, Khorasani-Zavareh D, Jazani RK, Ghomian Z. Preparedness components of health systems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region for effective responses to dust and sand storms: a systematic review. F1000Res 2019; 8:146. [PMID: 30984383 PMCID: PMC6436192 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17543.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dust and Sand Storm (DSS), according to estimates by global reports, will increase dramatically in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). Numerous health problems caused by DSS will be severely affected regions and vulnerable groups. This study aimed to identify the components of the preparedness of health systems for the DSS phenomenon in EMR. Methods: In this systematic review, the peer-reviewed papers in four electronic databases, including Medline through PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and the Cochrane library, as well as available grey literature, were searched and selected. The research process was carried out by including papers whose results were related to the potential health effects caused by desert dusts in EMR. Was used the combination of three groups of keywords: the exposure factor, health effects as outcomes, and the countries located in EMR. The focus was on the PRISMA checklist, with no time limitations until December 2017. Finally, through 520 related citations, 30 articles were included. Descriptive and thematic content analyses were evaluated. Results: The preparedness components were divided into three and ten main categories and subcategories, respectively. The three categories covered the areas of DSS hazard identification, planning and policy-making, and risk assessment. Conclusions: Recognition of the health system preparedness factors for DSS in EMR will help policy-makers and managers perform appropriate measures when dealing with this hazard. More studies should be conducted to understand these factors in other parts of the world. Registration: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018093325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoumars Allahbakhshi
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Khorasani-Zavareh
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Sciences and Education Department, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khani Jazani
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghomian
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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