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Basu S, Hassman L, Kodati S, Chu CJ. Intraocular Immune Response in Human Uveitis: Time to Look Beyond Animal Models. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 266:17-25. [PMID: 38703799 PMCID: PMC7616079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the current and future approaches to investigating the intraocular immune response in human uveitis. DESIGN Perspective. METHODS Review of currently available methods for investigating the immune response in ocular tissues and fluids in patients with intraocular inflammation/ uveitis. The advantages and disadvantages of human studies have been compared to those of animal models of uveitis. RESULTS Animal models, while being excellent tools for mechanistic studies, do not replicate the clinical and immunologic heterogeneity of human uveitis. Opportunities for immunological studies in human uveitis are mostly limited to histological studies, or sampling of intraocular fluids and peripheral blood. Histopathological studies can be enhanced by revisiting published historical data, tissue repositories, or autopsy specimens. Intraocular fluids can be investigated by a variety of techniques. Among these, flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) provide single-cell resolution. While the current technology is costly and labor-intensive, scRNAseq is less limited by the low cellular yield from intraocular fluids and allows unbiased immune profiling enabling discovery of new cellular subsets. Immunological phenotypes uncovered from human data can be further investigated in animal studies. CONCLUSION The diversity of the intraocular immune response in uveitis patients remains challenging but can be studied by multiple techniques including histopathology, flow cytometry, and scRNAseq. Human data can be combined with animal studies for translating uveitis research into novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyava Basu
- From the Saroja A Rao Centre for Uveitis (S.B.), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Lynn Hassman
- UCHealth Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center (L.H.), Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shilpa Kodati
- Kellogg Eye Center (S.K.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Colin J Chu
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (C.J.C.), Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Chadalawada S, Rathinam SR, Lalitha P, Kannan NB, Devarajan B. Detection of microRNAs expression signatures in vitreous humor of intraocular tuberculosis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10061-10072. [PMID: 37906423 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miRNA) expression analysis has been shown to provide them as biomarkers in several eye diseases and has a regulatory role in pathogenesis. However, miRNA expression analysis in the vitreous humor (VH) of intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) is not studied. Thus, we aim to find miRNA expression signatures in the VH of IOTB patients to identify their regulatory role in disease pathogenesis and to find them as potential biomarkers for IOTB. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we profiled miRNAs in VH of three IOTB and three Macular hole (MH) samples as controls through small-RNA deep sequencing using Illumina Platform. In-house bioinformatics analysis identified 81 dysregulated miRNAs in IOTB. Further validation in VH of IOTB (n = 15) compared to MH (n = 15) using Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) identified three significantly upregulated miRNAs, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-26b-5p, and hsa-miR-21-5p. Based on the miRNA target prediction, functional network analysis, and RT-qPCR analysis of target genes, the three miRNAs downregulating WNT5A, PRKCA, MAP3K7, IL7, TGFB2, IL1A, PRKCB, TNFA, and TP53 genes involving MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, WNT signaling pathway, Cell cycle, TGF-beta signaling pathway, Long-term potentiation, and Sphingolipid signaling pathways, have a potential role in disease pathogenesis. The ROC analysis of RT-qPCR data showed that hsa-miR-150-5p with AUC = 0.715, hsa-miR-21-5p with AUC = 0.789, and hsa-miR-26b-5p with AUC = 0.738; however, the combination of hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-26b-5p with AUC = 0.796 could serve as a potential biomarker for IOTB. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first report on miRNA expression signatures detected in VH for IOTB pathogenesis and also provides a potential biomarker for IOTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Chadalawada
- Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, 1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, India
- Biomedical Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S R Rathinam
- Uveitis Service, Aravind Eye Hospital and PG Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naresh Babu Kannan
- Chief, Retina Vitreous Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharanidharan Devarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, 1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, India.
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3
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Putera I, Schrijver B, Ten Berge JCEM, Gupta V, La Distia Nora R, Agrawal R, van Hagen PM, Rombach SM, Dik WA. The immune response in tubercular uveitis and its implications for treatment: From anti-tubercular treatment to host-directed therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023:101189. [PMID: 37236420 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tubercular uveitis (TB-uveitis) remains a conundrum in the uveitis field, which is mainly related to the diverse clinical phenotypes of TB-uveitis. Moreover, it remains difficult to differentiate whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is present in the ocular tissues, elicits a heightened immune response without Mtb invasion in ocular tissues, or even induces an anti-retinal autoimmune response. Gaps in the immuno-pathological knowledge of TB-uveitis likely delay timely diagnosis and appropriate management. In the last decade, the immunopathophysiology of TB-uveitis and its clinical management, including experts' consensus to treat or not to treat certain conditions with anti-tubercular treatment (ATT), have been extensively investigated. In the meantime, research on TB treatment, in general, is shifting more toward host-directed therapies (HDT). Given the complexities of the host-Mtb interaction, enhancement of the host immune response is expected to boost the effectiveness of ATT and help overcome the rising burden of drug-resistant Mtb strains in the population. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the immunopathophysiology of TB-uveitis and recent advances in treatment modalities and outcomes of TB-uveitis, capturing results gathered from high- and low-burden TB countries with ATT as the mainstay of treatment. Moreover, we outline the recent progress of HDT development in the pulmonary TB field and discuss the possibility of its applicability to TB-uveitis. The concept of HDT might help direct future development of efficacious therapy for TB-uveitis, although more in-depth research on the immunoregulation of this disease is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhwanuliman Putera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Benjamin Schrijver
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vishali Gupta
- Retina and Uvea Services, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rina La Distia Nora
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke NUS University, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S M Rombach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Bai X, Li X, Zhao R. Phasic regulation of the ATP/P2X7 receptor signaling pathway affects the function of antigen-presenting cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110241. [PMID: 37141671 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) is a purine type P2 receptor that is expressed on a variety of immune cells. Recent studies have shown that P2X7R signaling is required to trigger an immune response, and P2X7R antagonist-oxidized ATP (oxATP) effectively blocks P2X7R activation. In this study, we investigated the effect of phasic regulation of the ATP/P2X7R signaling pathway on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by constructing an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) disease model. Our results demonstrated that APCs isolated from the 1st, 4th, 7th and 11th days of EAU presented antigen function and could stimulate the differentiation of naive T cells. Moreover, after stimulation by ATP and BzATP (a P2X7R agonist), antigen presentation, promoting differentiation and inflammation were enhanced. The regulation of the Th17 cell response was significantly stronger than that of the Th1 cell response. In addition, we verified that oxATP blocked the P2X7R signaling pathway on APCs, attenuated the effect of BzATP, and significantly improved the adoptive transfer EAU induced by antigen-specific T cells cocultured with APCs. Our results demonstrated that at an early stage of EAU, the ATP/P2X7R signaling pathway regulation of APCs was time dependent, and the treatment of EAU could be achieved by intervening in P2X7R function on APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Peng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfang Zhang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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5
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Sharma RK, Sharma J, Kumar R, Badal D, Pattekar A, Sehgal S, Gupta A, Jain P, Sachdeva N. TLR9 signalling activation via direct ligation and its functional consequences in CD4 + T cells. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13214. [PMID: 37406035 PMCID: PMC9788197 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are established TLR9 ligands; however, their functional responses in CD4+ T cells are believed to be independent of TLR9 and MyD88. We studied ligand-receptor interactions of ODN 2216 and TLR9 in human CD4+ T cells and assessed their consequences in terms of TLR9 signalling and cell phenotype. We demonstrated that the uptake of ODN 2216, a synthetic TLR9 agonist, is controlled by TLR9 signalling molecules and results in an increase in the expression of TLR9 signalling molecules, regulated via a feedback mechanism. Next, the uptake of ODN 2216 resulted in TLR9 signalling dependent but MyD88 independent increase in expression of TGF-β. Finally, ODN 2216 treated CD4+ T cells showed an anti-inflammatory phenotype that was similar to Th3 type of regulatory T cells. These Th3-like cells were able to suppress the proliferation of untreated CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate a direct and interdependent relationship between ODN 2216 uptake and TLR9 signalling in CD4+ T cells. Our findings thus pave the way for future research to explore direct modulation of adaptive immune cells, using innate immune ligands, to subvert exaggerated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Advanced Eye CentrePost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Advanced Eye CentrePost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Biological SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Darshan Badal
- Department of EndocrinologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shobha Sehgal
- Department of ImmunopathologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Amod Gupta
- Advanced Eye CentrePost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of EndocrinologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
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6
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Pepple KL, John S, Wilson L, Wang V, Van Gelder RN. Systemic prime exacerbates the ocular immune response to heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Exp Eye Res 2022; 223:109198. [PMID: 35921962 PMCID: PMC10240933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-infectious uveitis describes the condition of chronic immune mediated ocular inflammation associated with pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb associated post-infectious uveitis can be modeled in mice by intravitreal injection of heat-killed Mtb (HKMtb). To better understand how prior systemic exposure to the pathogen alters the local immune response to Mtb, we used flow cytometry and multiplex ELISAs to compare ocular responses to intravitreal HKMtb in the presence or absence of a systemic "prime" of HKMtb. Priming resulted in exacerbation of local inflammation with significantly increased clinical and histologic inflammation scores and increased vitreous cytokines concentrations one day after intravitreal injection of HKMtb. Seven days after injection, uveitis in unprimed animals had largely resolved. In contrast in primed animals, clinical signs of chronic inflammation were associated with a significant increase in the number of ocular T cells, NK cells, and Ly6Chi macrophages and increasing vitreous concentrations of IL-17, VEGF, MIG(CXCL9), IP-10(CXCL10), IL-12p40 and MIP-1α(CCL3). In mice lacking mature T and B cells (RAG2 deficient), the impact of priming on the ocular immune response was ameliorated with significantly lower vitreous cytokine concentrations and spontaneous resolution of uveitis. Altogether these results suggest that the ocular response to Mtb is exacerbated by prior systemic Mtb infection and chronic post-infectious uveitis is mediated by local production of cytokines and chemokines that amplify Th17 and Th1 responses. This mouse model of chronic Mtb associated uveitis will help elucidate mechanisms of disease in patients with post-infectious uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Pepple
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; University of Washington, Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Sarah John
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Leslie Wilson
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Victoria Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Russell N Van Gelder
- University of Washington, Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; University of Washington, Department of Biological Structure, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; University of Washington, Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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7
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Toral MA, Charlesworth CT, Ng B, Chemudupati T, Homma S, Nakauchi H, Bassuk AG, Porteus MH, Mahajan VB. Investigation of Cas9 antibodies in the human eye. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1053. [PMID: 35217666 PMCID: PMC8881612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting immunity against Cas9 proteins in humans represents a safety risk for CRISPR–Cas9 technologies. However, it is unclear to what extent preexisting Cas9 immunity is relevant to the eye as it is targeted for early in vivo CRISPR–Cas9 clinical trials. While the eye lacks T-cells, it contains antibodies, cytokines, and resident immune cells. Although precise mechanisms are unclear, intraocular inflammation remains a major cause of vision loss. Here, we used immunoglobulin isotyping and ELISA platforms to profile antibodies in serum and vitreous fluid biopsies from human adult subjects and Cas9-immunized mice. We observed high prevalence of preexisting Cas9-reactive antibodies in serum but not in the eye. However, we detected intraocular antibodies reactive to S. pyogenes-derived Cas9 after S. pyogenes intraocular infection. Our data suggest that serum antibody concentration may determine whether specific intraocular antibodies develop, but preexisting immunity to Cas9 may represent a lower risk in human eyes than systemically. Pre-existing antibodies against Cas9 proteins represent a potential issue for gene therapies, including those targeting the eye. Here the authors assess the presence of intraocular antibodies, and show that Cas9 antibodies were prevalent in human serum but not the eye, unless prior bacterial infection occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Toral
- Molecular Surgery Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program and Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Ng
- Molecular Surgery Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teja Chemudupati
- Molecular Surgery Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Shota Homma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology and The Iowa Neuroscience Institute (INI), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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8
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Insights into the molecular pathogenesis of ocular tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102018. [PMID: 33202350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Unclear pathogenic mechanisms underlying the ocular tuberculosis (OTB) has resulted in perplexity related to the diagnosis and management of the disease. Developments in experimental research and innovations in molecular diagnostics have recently provided a new understanding of disease pathogenesis and natural history. The current review focuses on the new insights into OTB pathogenesis, derived from in vivo and in vitro studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination and localization into the eye, in combination with histopathological studies on chorioretinal tissue and vascular network. Advances in the knowledge of OTB have influenced disease management in the clinical setting and lead to reconsideration of the role of existing treatments and suggesting potential new therapeutic approaches.
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9
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Maślanka T, Ziółkowski H, Garncarz J, Ziółkowska N. CD4- and CD8-expressing cells in the chambers of normal, cataract and uveitic eyes: A comparative study in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:393-399. [PMID: 32758722 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The main aims of this study were to determine whether CD4+ and CD8+ cells are present in the normal chambers of the eye in dogs and to verify the hypothesis that uncomplicated cataract may be associated with the local recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The presence of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was detected in aqueous humor (AH) of normal and cataract eyes. The study did not reveal differences in the percentage and absolute number of CD4+ cells between normal and cataract eyes. However, the values of these parameters in AH from cataract eyes were approximately 2- and 3-fold higher than in normal eyes, respectively. The mean percentage and absolute count of CD8+ cells increased approximately by 2.7- and 6-fold, respectively, in AH samples from cataract eyes compared to normal ones. The absolute count of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in AH of uveitic eyes was approximately 5- and 3-fold higher than in cataract eyes. The results indicate that CD4+ and CD8+ cells occur constitutively in the normal chambers of the eye in dogs. However, it should be pointed out that both of these cell populations appeared in trace amounts. The development of uncomplicated cataract in dogs may not be immunologically neutral in terms of the local immune response, but it may be associated with the recruitment of CD8+ cells into the eye chambers. This event does not seem to be of an inflammatory nature because it appears on a scale a few times smaller than in the course of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Hubert Ziółkowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jacek Garncarz
- Veterinary Ophthalmology Clinic, Grupy AK "Północ" 2, 00-713 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Natalia Ziółkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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10
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Hutchinson PE, Kee AR, Agrawal R, Yawata N, Tumulak MJ, Connolly JE, Chee SP, Siak J. Singapore Ocular Tuberculosis Immunity Study (SPOTIS): Role of T-lymphocyte Profiling in Patients with Presumed Ocular Tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:1489-1495. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1767791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Hutchinson
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ae Ra Kee
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nobuyo Yawata
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mayjane Jg Tumulak
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John E. Connolly
- Translational Immunology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon-Phaik Chee
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jay Siak
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Zeeshan M, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Huang W, Wang Z, Zeng XY, Liu RQ, Yang BY, Hu LW, Zeng XW, Sun X, Yu Y, Dong GH. Incidence of ocular conditions associated with perfluoroalkyl substances exposure: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105555. [PMID: 32059142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on several physiological systems have been reported, but the association of PFASs with eye, one of the most sensitive and exposed organ, has never been explored. To investigate the association between eye diseases including visual impairment (VI) and PFASs isomers, a cross-sectional stratified study was conducted in 1202 Chinese population, aged 22-96 years, from Shenyang, China. A standard protocol including Snellen vision chart, slit-lamp microscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy was used to examine eye diseases/conditions relating to anterior and posterior segment of eyes. In addition, we measured the blood concentrations of 19 linear and branched PFASs at one-time point. Results indicated that blood levels of PFASs were significantly higher in eye disease group than normal group. PFASs exposure were positively associated with both combined eye diseases and individual eye diseases. Among other PFASs, linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (n-PFOS; odds ratio [OR] = 3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.50, 4.56), branched perfluorooctane sulfonate (Br-PFOS; OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.93) and linear perfluorooctanoic acid (n-PFOA; OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.37) significantly increases the odds of VI. Vitreous disorder was adversely associated with long-chain PFASs exposure. For example, perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA; OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.51, 2.29) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA; OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.36) showed the most significant association. In conclusion, this study suggests higher serum PFASs levels were associated with increase odds of VI and vitreous disorder in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zeeshan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunqing Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenzhong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenomes, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21205, USA
| | - Xiao-Yun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital. No.87 Danan Street, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110011, China.
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Yin X, Wei H, Wu S, Wang Z, Liu B, Guo L, Bi H, Guo D. DAPT reverses the Th17/Treg imbalance in experimental autoimmune uveitis in vitro via inhibiting Notch signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106107. [PMID: 31863921 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is the most common cause in inflammatory eye diseases that can lead to visual impairment even blindness worldwide. T helper (Th) 17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators for immune response. Notch signaling can regulate the cell differentiation, playing a role in the pathogenesis of the diseases. In this study, we measured the expression levels of Notch1, DLL4, IL-10, IL-17, RORγt and Foxp3 in T cells from lymph node, spleen and eye tissues in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) rats in vitro, determined the ratios of CD4+/CD8+ and Th17/Treg. Moreover, we also investigated the effect of Notch signaling inhibitor N-(N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl))-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl Ester (DAPT) on Notch1, DLL4 expression and on Th17, Treg cell differentiation. The results indicated that the pathogenesis of uveitis accompanied by the elevated expression of Notch1, DLL4, IL-10, IL-17, RORγt, and Foxp3 as well as the imbalanced CD4+/CD8+ and Th17/Treg ratios. By contrast, inhibition of Notch signaling by DAPT can efficiently decrease Th17 cell response, downregulate the expression of Notch1, DLL4, IL-17 and the transcription of RORγt, reduce Th17 levels and restore the CD4+/CD8+, Th17/Treg balance. Moreover, DAPT can also inhibit Th17 cell differentiation in healthy rats, though the inhibitory capacity of Th17, Treg differentiation is less than that in EAU rats. Overall, Notch signaling activation can lead to the disturbed Th17/Treg balance in uveitis, whereas inhibition of Notch signaling can ameliorate the inflammatory response and may be a potential immunoregulatory strategy in patients with uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Yin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Huixia Wei
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zaozhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zaozhuang 277000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Lijie Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250002, China.
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Sharma RK, Sehgal S, Sachdeva N, Kumar R, Gupta A. Direct Engagement of TLR9 Ligand with T Helper Cells Leads to Cell Proliferation & Up-regulation of Cytokines. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:79-95. [PMID: 30239236 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1515223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toll like receptor (TLR) engagement is primarily a function of the innate immune cells. The purpose of the study was to assess direct uptake of ODN 2216 in T helper cells and effects on cell proliferation and cytokine expression. METHODS We isolated CD4+ CD25- T helper cells by magnetic sorting and studied the uptake of ODN 2216 using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We then studied the effect of ODN 2216 engagement on cell proliferation and cytokine expression using flow cytometry and gene expression of TLR9 signaling genes using real time RT-PCR. RESULTS We made a chance observation that purified T helper cells from healthy individuals consistently bind to the TLR9 ligand ODN 2216. In PBMCs, on the other hand, 98% of monocytes preferentially bound to ODN 2216 FITC, indicating that they competed with the lymphocytes. We confirmed intracellular localization of ODN 2216 FITC as well as intracellular expression of TLR9 in Thelper cells. Furthermore, ODN 2216 FITC was also co-localized with the lysosomal membrane associated protein 1. The uptake of TLR9 ligand culminated in cellular proliferation, up-regulation of cytokines and increased mRNA expression of TLR9 and IRF7 in T helper cells, in the absence of antigen presenting cells. ODN 2216 uptake was inhibited by promethazine as well as by TLR9 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a direct engagement of TLR9 ligand in T helper cells and suggest involvement of TLR9 signalling in CD4+T cells, which may envisage novel targets for TLR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Sharma
- a Advanced Eye Center , Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Shobha Sehgal
- b Department of Immunopathology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- c Department of Endocrinology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali , Punjab , India
| | - Amod Gupta
- a Advanced Eye Center , Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
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Sharma RK, Sharma J, Khan ZK, Pattekar A, Gupta V, Bansal R, Sharma K, Aggarwal AN, Gupta A, Sachdeva N. Diminished TLR2-TLR9 mediated CD4+ T cell responses are associated with increased inflammation in intraocular tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13812. [PMID: 30218032 PMCID: PMC6138653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) is amongst the leading causes of uveitis in tropical countries. Despite reports on involvement of proinflammatory cytokines, studies on innate immune responses in disease pathogenesis are lacking. Reports from animal models and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis indicate that defects in toll like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR9 signalling predispose them to tuberculosis. In this context, we investigated the role of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in generation of CD4+ T effector (Teff) cell responses during IOTB. Firstly, the cells in vitreous fluids showed lower expression of TLR2 and TLR9 in IOTB as compared to non-uveitis and non-TB uveitis groups. Next, peripheral CD4+ Teff cells of subjects with IOTB showed decreased proliferative responses and lower induction of Tregs following TLR2 and TLR9 stimulation. Further, TLR9 ligation resulted in increased IFN-γ and IL-17a but decreased expression of IL-10 and TGF-β. Lastly, lower expression of genes involved in TLR9 signalling after direct TLR9 ligation was observed in IOTB. Collectively, our results show that a subdued response to direct TLR2 and TLR9 stimulation in CD4+ T cells is associated with increased proinflammatory responses in IOTB. These findings reveal an important link between innate immune signalling and ensuing adaptive immune responses in IOTB with implications in other forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reema Bansal
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Nath Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amod Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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