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Jin E, Lee CE, Li H, Tham YC, Chen DZ. Association between sleep and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:2027-2038. [PMID: 38091060 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a scarcity of literature focusing on sleep's impact on myopia in children despite an epidemic rise of myopia among the age group and the importance of early prevention. As such, this systematic review-meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between various aspects of sleep and myopia in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library on 08/12/2022 for studies reporting sleep in relation to myopia among children and adolescents. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction < -0.5 diopter. The primary outcome was the relationship between sleep duration and myopia prevalence. Secondary outcomes include the effect of sleep quality, bedtime, and waketime on myopia prevalence, incidence, and progression. Odds ratio (OR) was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS Eighteen studies (49,277 participants) were included in the review, and six studies (14,116 participants) were included in the meta-analysis for the primary outcome. There was no significant correlation between sleep and myopia prevalence (OR = 0.905, 95% CI = 0.782 to 1.047). Some studies suggested that better sleep quality (2 of 6 studies), earlier bedtime (3 of 5 studies), and later waketimes (2 of 3 studies) had protective effects on myopia. CONCLUSION Sleep duration did not affect myopia prevalence in children, while other aspects of sleep had plausible but inconclusive impacts on myopia development and progression. More research with diverse populations and standardized methods of reporting is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chae Eun Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hengtong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih-Chung Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Z Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Level 7, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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Au Eong JTW, Chen KS, Teo BHK, Lee SSY, Au Eong KG. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the progression, prevalence, and incidence of myopia: A systematic review. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2024; 14:159-171. [PMID: 39027071 PMCID: PMC11253998 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-24-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the progression, prevalence, and incidence of myopia. A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases. Studies included in the review assessed myopia progression, prevalence, and/or incidence as the primary outcome. Of 523 articles yielded in the initial search, 23 studies (6 cross-sectional and 17 cohort) were eligible for inclusion. Sixteen of these were conducted in China and one each in Hong Kong, Turkey, Spain, Israel, India, Korea, and Tibet. Quality appraisals were conducted with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Of the included studies, a large majority reported a greater myopic shift and increase in myopia prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID-19 years. All three studies on myopia incidence showed increased incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Myopia progression accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, even in individuals using low-concentration atropine eye drops in two studies but not in those using orthokeratology treatment in one study. Overall, the studies found that the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated home confinement measures generally increased myopia progression, prevalence, and incidence, even in individuals using low-concentration atropine eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krystal S. Chen
- International Eye Cataract Retina Centre, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre and Farrer Park Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Benjamin H. K. Teo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samantha S. Y. Lee
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Kah-Guan Au Eong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- International Eye Cataract Retina Centre, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre and Farrer Park Medical Centre, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
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Yang YC, Tsai DC, Wang CY, Chen YL, Shyong MP, Hsu NW. The prevalence of myopia remains stable under tighter COVID-19 social restriction in preschoolers receiving a school-based eyecare program. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102:e78-e85. [PMID: 37144676 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the impact of different levels of COVID-19 social restrictions (social distancing in 2020, large-scale home confinement in 2021) on myopia prevalence and behaviours in a preschool population with school-based eyecare programme. METHODS Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted between August and December in 2019, 2020 and 2021. Children aged 5-6 years received ocular examinations, and questionnaires were answered by caregivers before the day of the examination. The main outcome measures were the changes in after-school time spent on homework, screen-based devices and outdoors. Secondary outcome was the change in myopia prevalence (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -0.5 D in either eye after cycloplegia). RESULTS A total of 9997 preschoolers were included in the analysis. Under tighter restrictions, more preschoolers spent ≥1 h/day on screen-based devices (42.8% in 2019, 45.2% in 2020, 48.9% in 2021, p < 0.001), and fewer preschoolers spent ≥30 min/day on after-school outdoor activities (49.5% in 2019, 46.0% in 2020, 41.0% in 2021, p < 0.001) on weekdays. A similar trend was found on weekends. While more preschoolers spent ≥2 h/day on screen-based devices (35.3% in 2019, 38.5% in 2020, 43.0% in 2021, p < 0.001), fewer preschoolers spent ≥2 h/day on outdoor activities (41.7% in 2019, 41.7% in 2020, 34.0% in 2021, p < 0.001). The mean SE and myopia prevalence were stable (9.1% in 2019, 10.3% in 2020, 9.4% in 2021, p = 0.707). CONCLUSION Our study showed dose-dependent effect of social restrictions on near-work and outdoor behaviours at home. The prevalence of myopia did not increase significantly with short-term cessation of school-based eyecare programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Der-Chong Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | | | - Mong-Ping Shyong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suao Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wei Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Public Health Bureau, Yilan County, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
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Luo L. 24-H movement behaviors and visual impairment among Chinese adolescents with and without obesity. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2024; 54:101823. [PMID: 38171052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified obesity, sleep patterns, screen time, and physical activity as independent risk factors for the visual health of adolescents. However, our understanding of how these factors interact and contribute to visual impairment remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines (24-HMG) and visual impairment in adolescents with and without obesity. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2014-2015 China Education Panel Survey. Participants provided self-reported information on their screen time, sleep duration, and physical activity levels. The data on weight, height, and visual acuity were obtained from school health examination reports. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between 24-h movement behaviors and visual impairment, reported as odds ratios (ORs) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). RESULTS After controlling for covariates such as sex and age, it was found that adolescents with obesity who adhered to the sleep guidelines had a lower risk of visual impairment compared with adolescents without obesity who did not adhere to the 24-HMG (OR = 0.84, 95 % CI: 0.75-0.94, P = 0.003). Additionally, adolescents who adhered to both the physical activity and sleep guidelines had an even lower risk of visual impairment (OR = 0.58, 95 % CI: 0.42-0.79, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adhering to the Sleep and physical activity + Sleep recommendations in the 24-HMG could significantly reduce the risk of visual impairment in adolescents without obesity. No significant relationship was observed between adherence to 24-HMG and the risk of visual impairment in adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
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Liu XN, Naduvilath TJ, Sankaridurg PR. Myopia and sleep in children-a systematic review. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad162. [PMID: 37381700 PMCID: PMC10639155 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately one in three people are myopic or short-sighted. Myopia in children is of particular concern as younger onset age implies a higher risk of progression, and consequently greater risk of developing vision-threatening complications. The importance of sleep in children's health has long been acknowledged, but evidence for its role in childhood myopia is fairly new and mixed results were presented across studies. To facilitate better understanding of this relationship, a broad literature search, up to and including October 31, 2022, was performed using three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus). Seventeen studies were included in the review, covering four main aspects of sleep, namely duration, quality, timing, and efficiency, and their associations with myopia in children. The present literature review discussed these studies, revealed potential limitations in their methodologies, and identified gaps that need to be addressed in the future. The review also acknowledges that current evidence is insufficient, and the role of sleep in childhood myopia is far from being fully understood. Future studies that primarily, objectively, and accurately assess sleep and myopia, taking other characteristics of sleep beyond duration into consideration, with a more diverse sample in terms of age, ethnicity, and cultural/environmental background, and control for confounders such as light exposure and education load are much needed. Although more research is required, myopia management should be a holistic approach and the inclusion of sleep hygiene in myopia education targeting children and parents ought to be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Nicole Liu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, SYD, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, SYD, Australia
| | - Thomas John Naduvilath
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, SYD, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, SYD, Australia
| | - Padmaja R Sankaridurg
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, SYD, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited, Sydney, SYD, Australia
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Wang X, Lin Q, Liu S, Li X, Kong X, Wang Y, Ten W, Huang Y, Yang Y, Zhao J, Ma X, Zhou X. LncRNA-XR_002792574.1-mediated ceRNA network reveals potential biomarkers in myopia-induced retinal ganglion cell damage. J Transl Med 2023; 21:785. [PMID: 37932794 PMCID: PMC10629108 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in the occurrence and progression of myopia. However, the function of lncRNAs in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the pathogenesis of myopia is still unknown. The aim of our study was to explore the lncRNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in RGCs during the development of myopia. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed to analyze lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in RGCs between guinea pigs with form-deprived myopia (FDM) and normal control guinea pigs, and related ceRNA networks were constructed. Then, potentially important genes in ceRNA networks were verified by qRT‒PCR, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to explore biological functions in the RGCs of FDM guinea pigs. The important genes and related signaling pathways were further verified by qRT‒PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot in myopia in FDM guinea pigs, FDM mice, and highly myopic adults. RESULTS The distribution of RGCs was uneven, the number of RGCs was decreased, and RGC apoptosis was increased in FDM guinea pigs. In total, 873 lncRNAs and 2480 mRNAs were determined to be differentially expressed genes in RGCs from normal control and FDM guinea pigs. Via lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network construction and PCR verification, we found that lncRNA-XR_002792574.1 may be involved in the development of myopia through the miR-760-3p/Adcy1 pathway in RGCs. Further verification in FDM guinea pigs, FDM mice, and highly myopic adults demonstrated that the lncRNA-XR_002792574.1/miR-760-3p/Adcy1 axis in RGCs might be related to cGMP/PKG, the apelin signaling pathway and scleral remodeling. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the lncRNA-XR_002792574.1/miR-760-3p/Adcy1 axis in RGCs might be related to myopia. On the one hand, the lncRNA-XR_002792574.1/miR-760-3p/Adcy1 axis might inhibit the cGMP/PKG and apelin signaling pathways in RGCs, thereby causing RGC damage in myopia. On the other hand, the lncRNA-XR_002792574.1/miR-760-3p/Adcy1 axis may cause myopic scleral remodeling through the ERK-MMP-2 pathway. These findings may reveal novel potential targets in myopia and provide reference value for exploration and development of gene editing therapeutics for hereditary myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghong Lin
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengtao Liu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiehe Kong
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijung Ten
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyi Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China.
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Luo Z, Guo C, Yang X, Zhang M. Comparison of myopia progression among Chinese schoolchildren before and during COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3911-3921. [PMID: 37389764 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare myopia progression in Chinese schoolchildren before and after the COVID-19 pandemic home confinement. METHODS This study was done through the data searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from January 2022 to March 2023 related to the COVID-19 pandemic home confinement and myopia progression among Chinese schoolchildren. Myopia progression was evaluated by the mean change of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sex and regional differences in myopia progression among schoolchildren before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were also analyzed. RESULTS A total of eight eligible studies were included in this study. There was a significant difference in SER before and during home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic (OR = 0.34; 95%CI = [0.23, 0.44]; Z = 6.39; P < 0.00001), but no significant difference in AL (OR = 0.16; 95%CI = [- 0.09, 0.41]; Z = 1.22, P = 0.22). There was a significant difference in SER between male and female groups during the COVID-19 home confinement (OR = 0.10; 95%CI = [0.00, 0.19]; Z = 1.98, P = 0.05). As for regional analysis, there was a significant difference in SER between urban and rural areas during the COVID-19 quarantine period (OR = -0.56; 95%CI = [- 0.88, - 0.25]; Z = 3.50, P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Compared with the time before the COVID-19 home confinement, a higher rate of myopic progression among Chinese schoolchildren during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfen Luo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengyao Guo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Huang S, Shen F, Zhou F, Gong Q, Liu K, Feng W, Cen D. Myopia in elementary school students in Eastern China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1167379. [PMID: 37415713 PMCID: PMC10320216 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1167379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is an increasingly serious public concern, particularly among primary school students. The prevalence of myopia and its influencing factors in primary school pupils in Eastern China during the COVID-19 pandemic had not been explored. Methods A randomly clustered sampling method was performed, and selected pupils from grade 1 to grade 3 in 15 primary schools in the Fenghua District of Zhejiang Province were included and given myopia screening and uniform questionnaire survey 1 year later. Results A total of 4,213 students completed the myopia screening and questionnaire survey. Myopia was diagnosed in 1,356 pupils, with a myopia incidence of 32.19%. The spherical equivalent (SE) refraction of the included pupils decreased on average by 0.50 ± 2.15 D 1 year later. The myopia rate was positively correlated with the increase of grade, in which the myopia rate among grade 3 students was the highest at 39.69%. The myopia rate among female students was higher than that among male students. Students residing in urban areas had a higher myopia rate than in rural areas. Maintaining an near work distance ≥33 cm was a significant protective factor (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74-0.96). Students with two myopic parents had a higher risk of myopia (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34-1.92). Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, the myopia rate among early primary school students in Eastern China was high. More attention and implementation of interventions from health and education departments, such as training the development of good eye behavior, should be considered to strengthen the intervention of myopia in primary school students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanhan Shen
- Fenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Fujun Zhou
- Fenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Qinghai Gong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Fenghua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Dong Cen
- Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Yien L, Lun K, Ngo C. Let Us Avoid a ‘Myopic View’ in Times of COVID-19. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081125. [PMID: 36010016 PMCID: PMC9406293 DOI: 10.3390/children9081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people from almost all facets of life and it’s impact is extremely palpable among students. In this review paper, we discuss about the risk factors for myopia progression that were exacerbated by the pandemic, which are supported by evidence from studies published recently. It is imperative that measures are put in place to address the rising incidence of myopia so as to prevent the impending myopia pandemic.
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