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Wang C, Zhang S, Li Y, Gong L, Yao C, Fu K, Li Y. Phillygenin Inhibits TGF-β1-induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Inflammation: Regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 and Wnt/β-catenin Pathways. Inflammation 2024; 47:1403-1422. [PMID: 38393550 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-01984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF), a precursor to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is caused by abnormal proliferation of connective tissue and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the liver. Notably, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a key link in the development of HF. Phillygenin (PHI, C21H24O6) is a lignan component extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Forsythiae Fructus, which has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumour effects. However, whether PHI can directly inhibit HSC activation and ameliorate the mechanism of action of HF has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro anti-HF effects of PHI and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-activated mouse HSCs (mHSCs) and human HSCs (LX-2 cells) were used as an in vitro model of HF and treated with different concentrations of PHI for 24 h. Subsequently, cell morphological changes were observed under the microscope, cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and the mechanism of anti-fibrotic effect of PHI was explored by immunofluorescence, ELISA, RT-qPCR and western blot. The results showed that PHI suppressed the proliferation of TGF-β1-activated mHSCs and LX-2 cells, arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, decreased the levels of α-SMA, Collagen I, TIMP1 and MMP2 genes and proteins, and promoted apoptosis in activated mHSCs and LX-2 cells. Besides, PHI reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in activated mHSCs and LX-2 cells, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory effect. Mechanically, PHI inhibited TGF-β1-induced HSC activation and inflammation, at least in part through modulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Overall, PHI has significant anti-HF effects and may be a promising agent for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenhao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Wang C, Wu R, Zhang S, Gong L, Fu K, Yao C, Peng C, Li Y. A comprehensive review on pharmacological, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic properties of phillygenin: Current landscape and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115410. [PMID: 37659207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Forsythiae Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine frequently in clinics. It is extensive in the treatment of various inflammation-related diseases and is renowned as 'the holy medicine of sores'. Phillygenin (C21H24O6, PHI) is a component of lignan that has been extracted from Forsythiae Fructus and exhibits notable biological activity. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that PHI demonstrates significant activities in the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, liver diseases, cancer, bacterial infection and virus infection. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological effects of PHI up to June 2023 by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, CNKI, and SciFinder databases. According to the data, PHI shows remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antitumour, antibacterial, antiviral, immunoregulatory, analgesic, antihypertensive and vasodilatory activities. More importantly, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, P2X7R/NLRP3, Nrf2-ARE, JAK/STAT, Ca2+-calcineurin-TFEB, TGF-β/Smads, Notch1 and AMPK/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathways are considered as important molecular targets for PHI to exert these pharmacological activities. Studies of its toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties have shown that PHI has very low toxicity, incomplete absorption in vivo and low oral bioavailability. In addition, the physico-chemical properties, new formulations, derivatives and existing challenges and prospects of PHI are also reviewed and discussed in this paper, aiming to provide direction and rationale for the further development and clinical application of PHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chenhao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Zhu F, Zhang X, Du BY, Zhu XX, Zhao GF, Sun Y, Yao QQ, Liang HB, Yao JC, Liu Z, Zhang GM, Qin GF. Using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and HPLC-CAD to Identify Impurities in Cycloastragenol, Which Is a Pre-Clinical Candidate for COPD. Molecules 2023; 28:6382. [PMID: 37687212 PMCID: PMC10489802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent disease that has become the third leading cause of death worldwide. Cycloastragenol (CAG), which is the genuine sapogenin of the main active triterpene saponins in Astragali radix, is a bioavailable pre-clinical candidate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it was investigated in our previous study. In order to progress medical research, it was first efficiently produced on a 2.5-kg scale via Smith degradation from astragaloside IV (AS-IV). Simultaneously, since the impurity profiling of a drug is critical for performing CMC documentation in pre-clinical development, a study on impurities was carried out. As these structures do not contain chromophores and possess weak UV absorption characteristics, HPLC-CAD and UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS were employed to carry out the quality control of the impurities. Then, column chromatography (CC), preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), and crystallization led to the identification of 15 impurities from CAG API. Among these impurities, compounds 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, and 15 were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, and 2-3, 5-8, and 11-13 were putatively identified. Interestingly, the new compounds 9 and 14 were rare 10, 19-secocycloartane triterpenoids that displayed certain anti-inflammatory activities against LPS-induced lymphocyte cells and CSE-induced MLE-12 cells. Additionally, a plausible structural transformation pathway of the degradation compounds from CAG or AS IV was proposed. The information obtained will provide a material basis to carry out the quality control and clinical safety assurance of API and related prescriptions. Reasonable guidance will also be provided regarding the compounds with weak UV absorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiang-Xia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Gui-Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | | | - Hong-Bao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jing-Chun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Gui-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Guo-Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
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Zhang P, Jin Y, Xia W, Wang X, Zhou Z. Phillygenin inhibits inflammation in chondrocytes via the Nrf2/NF-κB axis and ameliorates osteoarthritis in mice. J Orthop Translat 2023; 41:1-11. [PMID: 37197096 PMCID: PMC10184049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoarthritis (OA), widely seen in the elderly, is featured by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remolding, and synovium inflammation. Currently, there is no cure for OA development. Phillygenin (PHI), an active ingredient from the Forsythiae Fructus, possesses many biological properties, such as anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress in several diseases. However, the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of PHI on OA remain unclear. Methods Western blotting, RT-PCR, ELISA and tissue staining were employed to explore the mechanisms by which PHI exerted a protective effect on IL-1β-induced production of pro-inflammation cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in primary murine chondrocytes and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse models. Results In this study, we found that PHI inhibited the production of pro-inflammation cytokines and ECM degradation induced by IL-1β in primary murine chondrocytes. Mechanically, PHI inhibited the NF-κB pathway via activating nuclear factor (erythrluteolind-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In vivo experiments also confirmed the chondroprotection of PHI in DMM mouse models. Conclusion PHI alleviated IL-1β-induced inflammation cytokines and ECM degradation via activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NF-κB pathway. The translational potential of this article This study provides a biological rationale for the use of PHI as a potential candidate for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yesheng Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214026, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedcis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
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Luo D, Luo H, Yan X, Lei A, He J, Liao Y, Peng K, Li X, Ye Y, Chen L, Zeng Z, Xiao H, Zeng Y. Mycoplasma genitalium Protein of Adhesion Suppresses T Cell Activation via CypA-CaN-NFAT Pathway. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0450322. [PMID: 37074201 PMCID: PMC10269615 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04503-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a prokaryotic microorganism that causes urogenital tract infections. M. genitalium protein of adhesion (MgPa) was essential for M. genitalium attachment and subsequent invasion into host cells. Our prior research confirmed that Cyclophilin A (CypA) was the binding receptor for MgPa and MgPa-CypA interaction can lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we revealed that the recombinant MgPa (rMgPa) could inhibit the CaN-NFAT signaling pathway to reduce the level of IFN-γ, IL-2, CD25, and CD69 in Jurkat cells by binding to the CypA receptor. Moreover, rMgPa inhibited the expressions of IFN-γ, IL-2, CD25, and CD69 in primary mouse T cells. Likewise, the expressions of these T cells activation-related molecules in CypA-siRNA-transfected cells and CypA-/- mouse primary T cell was strengthened by rMgPa. These findings showed that rMgPa suppressed T cell activation by downregulating the CypA-CaN-NFAT pathway, and as a result, acted as an immunosuppressive agent. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterium that can co-infect with other infections and causes nongonococcal urethritis in males, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, premature birth, and ectopic pregnancy in women. The adhesion protein of M. genitalium (MgPa) is the primary virulence factor in the complicated pathogenicity of M. genitalium. This research proved that MgPa could interact with host cell Cyclophilin A (CypA) and prevent T cell activation by inhibiting Calcineurin (CaN) phosphorylation and NFAT nuclear translocation, which clarified the immunosuppression mechanism of M. genitalium to host T cells. Therefore, this study can provide a new idea that CypA can be used for a therapeutic or prophylactic target for M. genitalium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Haodang Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yating Liao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Wang C, Liu Y, Gong L, Xue X, Fu K, Ma C, Li Y. Phillygenin Ameliorates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis: Suppression of Inflammation and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01826-1. [PMID: 37219693 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is caused by the chronic wound healing response to liver injury from various origins. Among the causes, inflammatory response is the central trigger of LF. Phillygenin (PHI) is a lignan derived from Forsythia suspensa, which has significant anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of PHI on improving LF and the underlying mechanism have rarely been studied. In this study, we used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to establish a mouse model of LF. Through histological analysis of liver tissue, and measurement of the levels of hepatocyte damage markers (ALT, AST, TBIL, TBA) and four indicators of LF (Col IV, HA, LN, PC-III) in serum, it was shown that PHI improved liver function and reduced the progress of LF. Subsequently, the detection of fibrogenic biomarkers in liver tissue showed that PHI inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Next, the expression of inflammatory markers in liver tissue/serum was detected by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and ELISA, suggesting that PHI inhibited inflammation during LF. Similarly, in vitro experiments also confirmed that PHI could inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells, which showed strong anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the results of network pharmacology, molecular docking, RT-qPCR and western blot confirmed that PHI could alleviate CCl4-induced LF by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In conclusion, our research showed that PHI curbed LF through inhibition of HSC activation and collagen accumulation via inhibiting multiple profibrogenic factors, modulating a variety of inflammatory factors, and suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Wang C, Ma C, Fu K, Liu Y, Gong L, Peng C, Li Y. Hepatoprotective effect of phillygenin on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and its effects on short chain fatty acid and bile acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115478. [PMID: 35716920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Forsythiae fructus, the dried fruit of Oleaceae plant Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in clinical practice and has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and hepatoprotection. AIM OF THE STUDY Phillygenin (PHI), an important fingerprint lignan component of Forsythiae fructus, has prominent hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Previously, it was shown that PHI could exert anti-fibrotic effects by modulating inflammation and gut microbiota. Therefore, given the important roles of SCFAs and BAs in the development of liver fibrosis, as well as their close links with gut microbiota, we aimed to determine the protective effects of PHI on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis and its effects on the metabolism of SCFAs and BAs based on metabolomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS In C57BL/6J mice, liver fibrosis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of olive oil containing 10% CCl4 for 4 weeks. Firstly, the mouse liver tissues were subjected to histological analysis and biochemical index assay to evaluate the protective effect of PHI on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Subsequently, the effects of PHI on the metabolism of SCFAs and BAs in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mice were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for metabolomics analysis. Finally, the levels of the closely related proteins and genes were detected by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to explore the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of PHI on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. RESULTS The histological analysis and the determination of relevant biochemical indexes of liver tissues showed that PHI could attenuate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The metabolomic analysis on SCFAs showed that PHI could promote SCFA production in the gut of mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, especially acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. It has been reported that the increased production of SCFAs was possibly beneficial to health. The metabolomic analysis on BAs found that PHI could restore the disturbance of BA metabolism in mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR results confirmed that PHI could ameliorate intestinal epithelial barrier disruption, and reverse the expression of BA metabolism-related genes in mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Promoting the production of SCFAs in the gut and restoring the disturbance of BA metabolism may be the potential mechanisms by which PHI alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Guo J, Yan WR, Tang JK, Jin X, Xue HH, Wang T, Zhang LW, Sun QY, Liang ZX. Dietary phillygenin supplementation ameliorates aflatoxin B 1-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in chicken liver. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113481. [PMID: 35405527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin contaminating food and feed, can trigger liver immune toxicity and threaten the poultry industry. Phillygenin (PHI) is a natural lignan derived primarily from Forsythia suspensa with hepatoprotective pharmacological and medicinal properties. This research aimed to investigate the preventive effects of PHI on the toxicity of AFB1 in the liver of chickens. Chickens were administered with AFB1 (2.8 mg/kg) and/or treated with PHI (24 mg/kg) for 33 days. The histopathological changes, serum biochemical indices, oxidative damage, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, and activation of the NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways were measured. Results revealed that dietary PHI ameliorated liver function indicators, reduced the malondialdehyde and inflammatory mediator production and the apoptotic cell number, and increased the antioxidant enzyme contents and Bcl-2 level. The quantitative realtime PCR and Western blot results revealed that PHI reduced p53, cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 levels, normalized the NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and upregulated the Nrf2 and its downstream genes expression in chicken liver. These results indicated that PHI has beneficial effects on AFB1-induced liver damage, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and immunotoxicity by inhibiting NF-κB and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in chickens. This study provides new insight into the therapeutic uses of PHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Wen-Rui Yan
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jian-Kai Tang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiang Jin
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Huan-Huan Xue
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Mordern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Center for Pharmacology and Bioactivity Research, The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Zhan-Xue Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
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ZHANG J, GAO M, LUO J, GUO Y, BAO Y, YANG T. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of phillyrin against selected four foodborne pathogens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.32922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang GUO
- Northeast Forestry University, China
| | - Yihong BAO
- Northeast Forestry University, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization of Heilongjiang Province, China
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Lin Y, Yang P. Phillygenin inhibits the inflammation and apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells by activating PPARγ signaling via downregulation of MMP8. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:775. [PMID: 34490481 PMCID: PMC8441984 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is often responsible for the high morbidity of critically ill patients. The present study aimed to investigate whether phillygenin (PHI) can inhibit inflammation and apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling. The in vitro model of ALI was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PHI was used to treat the LPS-induced cells. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay and the concentration levels of the inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were conducted to measure the expression levels of the inflammation- and apoptosis-associated proteins. The MMP8-overexpression plasmid was transfected into LPS-induced cells, which were treated with PHI treatment and the expression levels of PPARγ were detected via western blotting. PHI treatment suppressed the induction of inflammation and apoptosis of LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of MMP8 in BEAS-2B cells induced by LPS were decreased following PHI treatment. Following transfection of the MMP8 overexpression plasmid into the LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells and subsequent treatment of these cells with PHI, the expression levels of PPARγ were decreased. In conclusion, it was shown that PHI inhibited the inflammation and apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells by activating PPARγ signaling via downregulating MMP8. These data may provide valuable information for future studies exploring the therapeutic effects of PHI for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaolangang Hospital of Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of PICU, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Ding X, Lu D, Fan J. A natural product phillygenin suppresses osteosarcoma growth and metastasis by regulating the SHP-1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:307-314. [PMID: 33604629 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma represents one of the most devastating cancers due to its high metastatic potency and fatality. Osteosarcoma is insensitive to traditional chemotherapy. Identification of a small molecule that blocks osteosarcoma progression has been a challenge in drug development. Phillygenin, a plant-derived tetrahydrofurofuran lignin, has shown to suppress cancer cell growth and inflammatory response. However, how phillygenin plays functional roles in osteosarcoma has remained unveiled. In this study, we showed that phillygenin inhibited osteosarcoma cell growth and motility in vitro. Further mechanistic studies indicated that phillygenin blocked STAT3 signaling pathway. Phillygenin led to significant downregulation of Janus kinase 2 and upregulation of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1. Gene products of STAT3 regulating cell survival and invasion were also inhibited by phillygenin. Therefore, our studies provided the first evidence that phillygenin repressed osteosarcoma progression by interfering STAT3 signaling pathway. Phillygenin is a potential candidate in osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danqing Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, No. 142 Zhongshan Road of Kunshan City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbo Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
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Hu N, Wang C, Dai X, Zhou M, Gong L, Yu L, Peng C, Li Y. Phillygenin inhibits LPS-induced activation and inflammation of LX2 cells by TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112361. [PMID: 31683033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese medicine Forsythiae Fructus is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. It is commonly used to clear heat and detoxify, reduce swelling and disperse knot, and evacuate wind and heat. AIM OF THE STUDY Inflammation is involved in liver fibrosis. Phillygenin (PHI) is a kind of lignans extracted and separated from Forsythiae Fructus, which has been reported to have a good anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether PHI has a therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis caused by inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, the induction of the LX2 cells inflammatory model and fibrosis model by LPS with different concentrations were studied. Then, high, medium and low doses PHI was given for intervention therapy. The secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA kit, and the expression of collagen I and α-SMA was detected by Western blot and RT-qPCR. The possible mechanism of PHI on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway was studied by computer-aided drug design software and the results were further verified by Western blot and RT-qPCR experiments. RESULTS The results showed that LPS could promote the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and the expression of collagen I and α-SMA, indicating that LPS could induce inflammation and fibrosis in LX2 cells. PHI could inhibit LX2 cell activation and fibrotic cytokine expression by inhibiting LPS-induced pro-inflammatory reaction. Molecular docking results showed that PHI could successfully dock with TLR4, MyD88, IKKβ, p65, IκBα, and TAK1 proteins. Subsequently, Western blot and qPCR results further proved that PHI could inhibit the proteins expression in TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway which were consistent with the molecular docking results. CONCLUSION PHI can inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory reaction and LX2 cell activation through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihua Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xuyang Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lingyuan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Combining use of Phillyrin and autophagy blocker alleviates laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma via AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190459. [PMID: 31147451 PMCID: PMC6616054 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phillyrin (PHN), one of the major active constituents of Forsythia suspensa and F. koreana, has been reported to produce antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, no study has demonstrated the role of PHN in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). We aimed to investigate the effects of PHN on the proliferation and apoptosis of HEp-2 cells. In the present study, PHN alone showed little effect on HEp-2 cell proliferation and apoptosis. Subsequent tests showed that PHN could largely enhance the level of autophagy on HEp-2 cells. Combining use of PHN and autophagy blockers including 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) significantly inhibited HEp-2 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis after 24 h in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we found that the possible underlying molecular mechanism of PHN-induced autophagy might be through the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Taken together, our study indicates that combining use of PHN and autophagy blockers may serve as a novel strategy in LSCC treatment.
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