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Weber K, Bruer G, Krueger N, Schuster TB, Creutzenberg O, Schaudien D. Regenerative and progressing lesions in lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes from fourteen 90-day inhalation studies with chemically different particulate materials. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)01118-9. [PMID: 38159619 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rat lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes from 14 inhalation studies with chemically different particulate materials were histopathologically re-evaluated, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) data and lung burden analyses were compared. All investigated substances caused similar lesions. For most substances, 1 mg/m3 of respirable particulate matter was established as the borderline for adverse morphological changes after the 90-day exposure period, confirmed by the increase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils in BALF. Possible reversibility was demonstrated when recovery groups are included in the study especially allowing the differentiation between regeneration or progressing of inflammatory changes during the recovery period. It was concluded, that the major driver of toxicity is not an intrinsic chemical property of the particle but a particle effect. Concerning classification for specific target organ toxicant (STOT) repeated exposure (RE), this paper highlights that merely comparing the lowest concentration, at which adverse effects were observed, with the Classification Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation (EC) no. 1272/2008 guidance values is inappropriate and might lead to a STOT classification under CLP for a large part of the substances discussed in this paper, on the basis of typically mild to moderate findings in rat lung and lung-associated lymph nodes on day 1 after exposure. An in-depth evaluation of the pathologic findings is required and an expert judgement has to be included in the decision on classification and labeling, evaluating the type and severity of effects and comparing these with the classification criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustav Bruer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Germany
| | - Nils Krueger
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Hanau, Germany
| | | | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Germany.
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Carmichael P, Davies M, Dent M, Fentem J, Fletcher S, Gilmour N, MacKay C, Maxwell G, Merolla L, Pease C, Reynolds F, Westmoreland C. Non-Animal Approaches for Consumer Safety Risk Assessments: Unilever's Scientific Research Programme. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:595-610. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-animal based approaches to risk assessment are now routinely used for assuring consumer safety for some endpoints (such as skin irritation) following considerable investment in developing and applying new methods over the past 20 years. Unilever's research programme into non-animal approaches for safety assessment is currently focused on the application of new technologies to risk assessments in the areas of skin allergy, cancer and general toxicity (including inhalation toxicity). In all of these areas, a long-term investment is essential to increase the scientific understanding of the underlying biological and chemical processes that we believe will ultimately form a sound basis for novel risk assessment approaches. Our research programme in these priority areas consists of in-house research as well as Unilever-sponsored academic research, involvement with EU-funded projects (e.g. Sens-it-iv, carcino-GENOMICS), participation in cross-industry collaborative research (e.g. COLIPA, EPAA) and ongoing involvement with other scientific initiatives on non-animal approaches to risk assessment (e.g. UK NC3Rs, US ‘Human Toxicology Project’ consortium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Matt Dent
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Julia Fentem
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Samantha Fletcher
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Cameron MacKay
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Leona Merolla
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Camilla Pease
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Fiona Reynolds
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
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Exposure based waiving: The application of the toxicological threshold of concern (TTC) to inhalation exposure for aerosol ingredients in consumer products. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1150] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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