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Gu Y, Xu H, Feng R, Cheng Y, Han B, Ho KF, Wang Z, He Y, Qu L, Ho SSH, Sun J, Shen Z, Cao J. Associations of personal exposure to domestic heating and cooking fuel emissions and epidemiological effects on rural residents in the Fenwei Plain, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159217. [PMID: 36206913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuel combustion for domestic heating in northern China in the wintertime is of great environmental and health concern. This study assesses personal exposure to particulate matter with different aerodynamic diameters and multiple gaseous pollutants from 123 rural residents in Yuncheng, the Fenwei Plain. The subjects are divided into groups based on the unique energy source applied, including biomass, coal, and electricity/no heating activities. The health effects of the exposures are expressed with four urinary biomarkers. The personal exposure levels to three different aerodynamic particle sizes (i.e., PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) of the electricity/no heating group are 5.1 % -12 % lower than those of the coal group. In addition, the exposure levels are 25 %-40 % lower for carbon monoxide (CO) and 10.8 %-20.3 % lower for ozone (O3) in the electricity/no heating group than the other two fuel groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) in the urine of the participants in biomass and coal groups is significantly higher than that in the electricity/no heating group, consistent with the observations on other biomarkers. Increases in 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are observed for the exposures to higher concentrations of air pollutants. For instance, PMs and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) show significant impacts on positive correlations with 8-OHdG and IL-8, while O3 positively correlates with CRP. PM1 exhibits higher effects on the biomarkers than the gaseous pollutants, especially on VEGF and IL-8. The study indicates that excessive use of traditional domestic solid fuels could pose severe health effects on rural residents. The promotion of using clean energy is urgently needed in the rural areas of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bei Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yansu He
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Sugiyama T, Ueda K, Seposo XT, Nakashima A, Kinoshita M, Matsumoto H, Ikemori F, Honda A, Takano H, Michikawa T, Nitta H. Health effects of PM 2.5 sources on children's allergic and respiratory symptoms in Fukuoka, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136023. [PMID: 31884280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a potential aggravating factor for respiratory and allergic diseases. However, which PM2.5 sources are associated with such diseases remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of PM2.5 sources with allergic and respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren. PM2.5 samples were collected in Fukuoka during the spring in 2014 and 2015. Asian dust was observed in 2014. Ion components, elemental components, and organic components were analyzed. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was conducted to calculate PM2.5 concentrations from each source. Mixed logistic regression analysis with a random intercept for each schoolchild was performed to evaluate the association of components and sources with symptoms. Among 2317 schoolchildren, the mean prevalence was 28.9%, 23.6%, 11.2%, and 11.4% for lower respiratory, nasal, ocular, and skin symptoms, respectively. PMF identified the following six PM2.5 sources "Secondary sulfate and coal combustion", "Secondary nitrate", "Heavy oil combustion", "Sea salt", "Soil" and "Traffic emission". An interquartile range of PM2.5 mass was associated with nasal (Odds ratios 1.08, 95% confidence interval [1.03, 1.13]), ocular (1.10, [1.04, 1.16]), and skin symptoms (1.13, [1.06, 1.20]). Among the source factors, "Heavy oil combustion" was significantly associated with nasal symptom (1.11, [1.05, 1.18]) while "Sea salt" was associated with nasal (1.06, [1.02, 1.11]) and skin (1.073, [1.01, 1.14]) symptoms. We found "Soil", which might be affected by Asian dust, was associated with ocular (1.07, [1.03, 1.10]) and skin (1.05, [1.01, 1.08]) symptoms. Further studies in other seasons or places are needed to clarify the influence of PM2.5 sources on children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Xerxes Tesoro Seposo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, japan
| | - Ayako Nakashima
- Environmental Science Section, Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment, 2-1-34, Jhigohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0065, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Environmental Science Section, Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment, 2-1-34, Jhigohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsumoto
- Environmental Science Section, Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment, 2-1-34, Jhigohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0065, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Ikemori
- Nagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, 5-6-18 Toyota, Minami-ku, Nagoya, 457-0841, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro Michikawa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Zhao J, Li M, Wang Z, Chen J, Zhao J, Xu Y, Wei X, Wang J, Xie J. Role of PM 2.5 in the development and progression of COPD and its mechanisms. Respir Res 2019; 20:120. [PMID: 31196090 PMCID: PMC6567502 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multitude of epidemiological studies have shown that ambient fine particulate matter 2.5 (diameter < 2.5um; PM2.5) was associated with increased morbidity and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying associated mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. We conducted this study to investigate the role of PM2.5 in the development of COPD and associated mechanisms. METHODS We firstly conducted a cross-sectional study in Chinese han population to observe PM2.5 effects on COPD morbidity. Then, in vitro, we incubated human bronchial epithelial cells to different concentrations of PM2.5 for 24 h. The expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by ELISA and the levels of MMPs, TGF-β1, fibronectin and collagen was determined by immunoblotting. In vivo, we subjected C57BL/6 mice to chronic prolonged exposure to PM2.5 for 48 weeks to study the influence of PM2.5 exposure on lung function, pulmonary structure and inflammation. RESULTS We found that the effect of PM2.5 on COPD morbidity was associated with its levels and that PM2.5 and cigarette smoke could have a synergistic impact on COPD development and progression. Both vitro and vivo studies demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure could induce pulmonary inflammation, decrease lung function, and cause emphysematous changes. Furthermore, PM2.5 could markedly aggravated cigarette smoke-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS In short, we found that prolonged chronic exposure to PM2.5 resulted in decreased lung function, emphysematous lesions and airway inflammation. Most importantly, long-term PM2.5 exposure exacerbateed cigarette smoke-induced changes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Zhao
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinkun Chen
- Acadia Junior High School, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianmao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Lim CC, Thurston GD, Shamy M, Alghamdi M, Khoder M, Mohorjy AM, Alkhalaf AK, Brocato J, Chen LC, Costa M. Temporal variations of fine and coarse particulate matter sources in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018. [PMID: 28635552 PMCID: PMC5752622 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1344158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the seasonal variations and weekday/weekend differences in fine (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; PM2.5) and coarse (aerodynamic diameter 2.5-10 μm; PM2.5-10) particulate matter mass concentrations, elemental constituents, and potential source origins in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Air quality samples were collected over 1 yr, from June 2011 to May 2012 at a frequency of three times per week, and analyzed. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 (21.9 μg/m3) and PM10 (107.8 μg/m3) during the sampling period exceeded the recommended annual average levels by the World Health Organization (WHO) for PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) and PM10 (20 μg/m3), respectively. Similar to other Middle Eastern locales, PM2.5-10 is the prevailing mass component of atmospheric particulate matter at Jeddah, accounting for approximately 80% of the PM10 mass. Considerations of enrichment factors, absolute principal component analysis (APCA), concentration roses, and backward trajectories identified the following source categories for both PM2.5 and PM2.5-10: (1) soil/road dust, (2) incineration, and (3) traffic; and for PM2.5 only, (4) residual oil burning. Soil/road dust accounted for a major portion of both the PM2.5 (27%) and PM2.5-10 (77%) mass, and the largest source contributor for PM2.5 was from residual oil burning (63%). Temporal variations of PM2.5-10 and PM2.5 were observed, with the elevated concentration levels observed for mass during the spring (due to increased dust storm frequency) and on weekdays (due to increased traffic). The predominant role of windblown soil and road dust in both the PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 masses in this city may have implications regarding the toxicity of these particles versus those in the Western world where most PM health assessments have been made in the past. These results support the need for region-specific epidemiological investigations to be conducted and considered in future PM standard setting. IMPLICATIONS Temporal variations of fine and coarse PM mass, elemental constituents, and sources were examined in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the first time. The main source of PM2.5-10 is natural windblown soil and road dust, whereas the predominant source of PM2.5 is residual oil burning, generated from the port and oil refinery located west of the air sampler, suggesting that targeted emission controls could significantly improve the air quality in the city. The compositional differences point to a need for health effect studies to be conducted in this region, so as to directly assess the applicability of the existing guidelines to the Middle East air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C. Lim
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George D. Thurston
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdy Shamy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Mohorjy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman K. Alkhalaf
- Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jason Brocato
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abu-Elmagd M, Alghamdi MA, Shamy M, Khoder MI, Costa M, Assidi M, Kadam R, Alsehli H, Gari M, Pushparaj PN, Kalamegam G, Al-Qahtani MH. Evaluation of the Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter on Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs): Cellular, Molecular and Systems Biological Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040440. [PMID: 28425934 PMCID: PMC5409640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) contains heavy metals that affect various cellular functions and gene expression associated with a range of acute and chronic diseases in humans. However, the specific effects they exert on the stem cells remain unclear. Here, we report the effects of PM collected from the city of Jeddah on proliferation, cell death, related gene expression and systems of biological analysis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), with the aim of understanding the underlying mechanisms. PM2.5 and PM10 were tested in vitro at various concentrations (15 to 300 µg/mL) and durations (24 to 72 h). PMs induced cellular stress including membrane damage, shrinkage and death. Lower concentrations of PM2.5 increased proliferation of BM-MSCs, while higher concentrations served to decrease it. PM10 decreased BM-MSCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometric analysis showed that PM contains high levels of heavy metals. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and hierarchical clustering analyses demonstrated that heavy metals were associated with signaling pathways involving cell stress/death, cancer and chronic diseases. qRT-PCR results showed differential expression of the apoptosis genes (BCL2, BAX); inflammation associated genes (TNF-α and IL-6) and the cell cycle regulation gene (p53). We conclude that PM causes inflammation and cell death, and thereby predisposes to chronic debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Magdy Shamy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Max Costa
- New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY 10987, USA.
| | - Mourad Assidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Roaa Kadam
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Haneen Alsehli
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mamdooh Gari
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gauthaman Kalamegam
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed H Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Kastury F, Smith E, Juhasz AL. A critical review of approaches and limitations of inhalation bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s from ambient particulate matter or dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1054-1074. [PMID: 27672736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of metal(loid)s in ambient particulate matter (APM) represents a significant exposure pathway to humans. Although exposure assessment associated with this pathway is currently based on total metal(loid) content, a bioavailability (i.e. absorption in the systemic circulation) and/or bioaccessibility (i.e. solubility in simulated lung fluid) based approach may more accurately quantify exposure. Metal(loid) bioavailability-bioaccessibility assessment from APM is inherently complex and lacks consensus. This paper reviews the discrepancies that impede the adoption of a universal protocol for the assessment of inhalation bioaccessibility. Exposure assessment approaches for in-vivo bioavailability, in-vitro cell culture and in-vitro bioaccessibility (composition of simulated lungs fluid, physico-chemical and methodological considerations) are critiqued in the context of inhalation exposure refinement. An important limitation of bioavailability and bioaccessibility studies is the use of considerably higher than environmental metal(loid) concentration, which diminishing their relevance to human exposure scenarios. Similarly, individual metal(loid) studies have been criticised due to complexities of APM metal(loid) mixtures which may impart synergistic or antagonistic effects compared to single metal(loid) exposure. Although a number of different simulated lung fluid (SLF) compositions have been used in metal(loid) bioaccessibility studies, information regarding the comparative leaching efficiency among these different SLF and comparisons to in-vivo bioavailability data is lacking. In addition, the particle size utilised is often not representative of what is deposited in the lungs while assay parameters (extraction time, solid to liquid ratio, temperature and agitation) are often not biologically relevant. Research needs are identified in order to develop robust in-vitro bioaccessibility protocols for the assessment or prediction of metal(loid) bioavailability in APM for the refinement of inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Kastury
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Euan Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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Naimabadi A, Ghadiri A, Idani E, Babaei AA, Alavi N, Shirmardi M, Khodadadi A, Marzouni MB, Ankali KA, Rouhizadeh A, Goudarzi G. Chemical composition of PM10 and its in vitro toxicological impacts on lung cells during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:316-24. [PMID: 26774778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reports on the effects of PM10 from dust storm on lung cells are limited. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro toxicological impacts of PM10 suspensions, its water-soluble fraction, and the solvent-extractable organics extracted from Middle Eastern Dust storms on the human lung epithelial cell (A549). Samples of dust storms and normal days (PM10 < 200 μg m(-3)) were collected from December 2012 until June 2013 in Ahvaz, the capital of Khuzestan Province in Iran. The chemical composition and cytotoxicity were analyzed by ICP- OES and Lactase Dehydrogenase (LDH) reduction assay, respectively. The results showed that PM10 suspensions, their water-soluble fraction and solvent-extractable organics from both dust storm and normal days caused a decrease in the cell viability and an increase in LDH in supernatant in a dose-response manner. Although samples of normal days showed higher cytotoxicity than those of dust storm at the highest treated dosage, T Test showed no significant difference in cytotoxicity between normal days and dust event days (P value > 0.05). These results led to the conclusions that dust storm PM10 as well as normal day PM10 could lead to cytotoxicity, and the organic compounds (PAHs) and the insoluble particle-core might be the main contributors to cytotoxicity. Our results showed that cytotoxicity and the risk of PM10 to human lung may be more severe during dust storm than normal days due to inhalation of a higher mass concentration of airborne particles. Further research on PM dangerous fractions and the most responsible components to make cytotoxicity in exposed cells is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Kambiz Ahmadi Ankali
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Rouhizadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Schilirò T, Alessandria L, Bonetta S, Carraro E, Gilli G. Inflammation response and cytotoxic effects in human THP-1 cells of size-fractionated PM10 extracts in a polluted urban site. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:89-97. [PMID: 26688243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To contribute to a greater characterization of the airborne particulate matter's toxicity, size-fractionated PM10 was sampled during different seasons in a polluted urban site in Torino, a northern Italian city. Three main size fractions (PM10 - 3 μm; PM3 - 0.95 μm; PM < 0.95 μm) extracts (organic and aqueous) were assayed with THP-1 cells to evaluate their effects on cell proliferation, LDH activity, TNFα, IL-8 and CYP1A1 expression. The mean PM10 concentrations were statistically different in summer and in winter and the finest fraction PM<0.95 was always higher than the others. Size-fractionated PM10 extracts, sampled in an urban traffic meteorological-chemical station produced size-related toxicological effects in relation to season and particles extraction. The PM summer extracts induced a significant release of LDH compared to winter and produced a size-related effect, with higher values measured with PM10-3. Exposure to size-fractionated PM10 extracts did not induce significant expression of TNFα. IL-8 expression was influenced by exposure to size-fractionated PM10 extracts and statistically significant differences were found between kind of extracts for both seasons. The mean fold increases in CYP1A1 expression were statistically different in summer and in winter; winter fraction extracts produced a size-related effect, in particular for organic samples with higher values measured with PM<0.95 extracts. Our results confirm that the only measure of PM can be misleading for the assessment of air quality moreover we support efforts toward identifying potential effect-based tools (e.g. in vitro test) that could be used in the context of the different monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - L Alessandria
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - S Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - G Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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Gao Y, Yang T, Jin J. Nanoparticle pollution and associated increasing potential risks on environment and human health: a case study of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19297-19306. [PMID: 26490887 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study are (1) to discuss the mechanism of nanoparticle lifecycle and estimate the impacts of its associated pollution on environment and human health; and (2) to provide recommendation to policy makers on how to leverage nanopollution and human health along with the rapid development of economics in China. Manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) could either directly or indirectly impair human health and the environment. Exposures to MNP include many ways, such as via inhalation, ingestion, direct contact, or the use of consumer products over the lifecycle of the product. In China, the number of people exposed to MNP has been increasing year by year. To better provide medical care to people exposed to MNP, the Chinese government has established many disease control and prevention centers over China. However, the existing facilities and resources for controlling MNP are still not enough considering the number of people impacted by MNP and the number of ordinary workers in the MNP related industry applying for their occupational identification through the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China should assess the apparent risk environment and human health being exposed to MNP and develop action plans to reduce the possibility of direct contacts between human beings and the emerging nanomaterials. In addition, we suggest more comprehensive studies on the MNP behavior and the development of quantitative approaches to measure MNP transport, and persistence should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Jin Jin
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering and Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
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10
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Buggiano V, Petrillo E, Alló M, Lafaille C, Redal MA, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI, Shamy M, Muñoz MJ, Kornblihtt AR. Effects of airborne particulate matter on alternative pre-mRNA splicing in colon cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:185-190. [PMID: 25863591 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing plays key roles in determining tissue- and species-specific cell differentiation as well as in the onset of hereditary disease and cancer, being controlled by multiple post- and co-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. We report here that airborne particulate matter, resulting from industrial pollution, inhibits expression and specifically affects alternative splicing at the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA encoding the bone morphogenetic protein BMP4 in human colon cells in culture. These effects are consistent with a previously reported role for BMP4 in preventing colon cancer development, suggesting that ingestion of particulate matter could contribute to the onset of colon cell proliferation. We also show that the underlying mechanism might involve changes in transcriptional elongation. This is the first study to demonstrate that particulate matter causes non-pleiotropic changes in alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Buggiano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Petrillo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Alló
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina Lafaille
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Ana Redal
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Shamy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel J Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alberto R Kornblihtt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Sijan Z, Antkiewicz DS, Heo J, Kado NY, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C, Shafer MM. An in vitro alveolar macrophage assay for the assessment of inflammatory cytokine expression induced by atmospheric particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:836-851. [PMID: 24497439 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to air pollution in the form of particulate matter (PM) can result in excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the respiratory system, potentially causing both localized cellular injury and triggering a systemic inflammatory response. PM-induced inflammation in the lung is modulated in large part by alveolar macrophages and their biochemical signaling, including production of inflammatory cytokines, the primary mechanism via which inflammation is initiated and sustained. We developed a robust, relevant, and flexible method employing a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) which can be applied to routine samples of PM from air quality monitoring sites to gain insight into the drivers of PM toxicity that lead to oxidative stress and inflammation. Method performance was characterized using extracts of ambient and vehicular engine exhaust PM samples. Our results indicate that the reproducibility and the sensitivity of the method are satisfactory and comparisons between PM samples can be made with good precision. The average relative percent difference for all genes detected during 10 different exposures was 17.1%. Our analysis demonstrated that 71% of genes had an average signal to noise ratio (SNR) ≥ 3. Our time course study suggests that 4 h may be an optimal in vitro exposure time for observing short-term effects of PM and capturing the initial steps of inflammatory signaling. The 4 h exposure resulted in the detection of 57 genes (out of 84 total), of which 86% had altered expression. Similarities and conserved gene signaling regulation among the PM samples were demonstrated through hierarchical clustering and other analyses. Overlying the core congruent patterns were differentially regulated genes that resulted in distinct sample-specific gene expression "fingerprints." Consistent upregulation of Il1f5 and downregulation of Ccr7 was observed across all samples, while TNFα was upregulated in half of the samples and downregulated in the other half. Overall, this PM-induced cytokine expression assay could be effectively integrated into health studies and air quality monitoring programs to better understand relationships between specific PM components, oxidative stress activity and inflammatory signaling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana Sijan
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53718, USA
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Norman Y Kado
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53718, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, USA
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Cuevas AK, Niu J, Zhong M, Liberda EN, Ghio A, Qu Q, Chen LC. Metal rich particulate matter impairs acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation of microvessels in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 26041432 PMCID: PMC4456050 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm) has been associated with changes in endothelial function. PM2.5 was collected from two Chinese cities, Jinchang (JC) and Zhangye (ZH), both with similar PM2.5 concentrations. However, JC had levels of nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and arsenic (As) that were 76, 25, 17, and 7 fold higher than that measured in ZH, respectively. We used this unique PM sample to delineate the chemical components that drive pulmonary and systemic effects and explore the mechanism(s) by which vascular dysfunction is caused. Methods Male FVB/N mice received oropharyngeal aspiration of water or PM2.5 from JC, ZH or ZH spiked with one of the following elements at the same concentrations found in the JC PM (Ni = 4.76; As = 2.36; Se = 0.24; Cu = 2.43 μg/mg) followed by evaluation of markers of pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Mesenteric arteries were isolated for gene expression or functional response to various agonists (Phenylephrine, Acetylcholine, and Sodium Nitroprusside) and inhibitors (L-NAME, Apocynin, and VAS2870) ex vivo. Results Protein and total cell counts from lung lavage revealed significant pulmonary inflammation from ZH (p < 0.01) and JC and ZH + NiSO4 (p < 0.001) as compared to control and a significant decrease in mesenteric artery relaxation (p < 0.001) and this decrease is blunted in the presence of NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Significant increases in gene expression (TNF-α, IL-6, Nos3; p < 0.01; NOX4; p < 0.05) were observed in JC and ZH + NiSO4, as well as significantly higher concentrations of VEGF and IL-10 (p < 0.01, p < 0.001; respectively). Conclusions Our results indicate that the specific toxicity observed in PM from JC is likely due to the nickel component in the PM. Further, since VAS2870 was the most successful inhibitor to return vessels to baseline relaxation values, NADPH Oxidase is implicated as the primary source of PM-induced O2•-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita K Cuevas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Jingping Niu
- Lanzhou University School of Public Health, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Mianhua Zhong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Eric N Liberda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew Ghio
- Human Studies Division, NHEERL, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Qingshan Qu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, 10987, NY, USA.
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13
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McGee MA, Kamal AS, McGee JK, Wood CE, Dye JA, Krantz QT, Landis MS, Gilmour MI, Gavett SH. Differential effects of particulate matter upwind and downwind of an urban freeway in an allergic mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3930-3939. [PMID: 25710269 DOI: 10.1021/es506048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Near-road exposure to air pollutants has been associated with decreased lung function and other adverse health effects in susceptible populations. This study was designed to investigate whether different types of near-road particulate matter (PM) contribute to exacerbation of allergic asthma. Samples of upwind and downwind coarse, fine, and ultrafine PM were collected using a wind direction-actuated ChemVol sampler at a single site 100 m from Interstate-96 in Detroit, MI during winter 2010/2011. Upwind PM was enriched in crustal and wood combustion sources while downwind PM was dominated by traffic sources. Control and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/cJ mice were exposed via oropharyngeal (OP) aspiration to 20 or 100 μg of each PM sample 2 h prior to OP challenge with OVA. In OVA-allergic mice, 100 μg of downwind coarse PM caused greater increases than downwind fine/ultrafine PM in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils, eosinophils, and lactate dehydrogenase. Upwind fine PM (100 μg) produced greater increases in neutrophils and eosinophils compared to other upwind size fractions. Cytokine (IL-5) levels in BAL fluid also increased markedly following 100 μg downwind coarse and downwind ultrafine PM exposures. These findings indicate coarse PM downwind and fine PM upwind of an interstate highway promote inflammation in allergic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A McGee
- †Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ali S Kamal
- ‡Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John K McGee
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Charles E Wood
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Janice A Dye
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew S Landis
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- §National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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14
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Gray DL, Wallace LA, Brinkman MC, Buehler SS, La Londe C. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of metals in ambient particulate matter: a critical review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 234:135-203. [PMID: 25385514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we critically evaluated the epidemiological and toxicological evidence for the role of specific transition metals (As. Cr. Cu. Fe. Mn. Ni. Sc. Ti. V and Zn) in causing or contributing to the respiratory and cardiovascular health effects associated with ambient PM. Although the epidemiologic studies arc suggestive. and both the in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies document the toxicity of specific metals (Fe. Ni. V and Zn). the overall weight of evidence does not convincingly implicate metals as major contributors to health effects. None of the epidemiology studies that we reviewed conclusively implicated specific transition metals as having caused the respiratory and cardiovascular effects associated with ambient levels of PM. However, the studies reviewed tended to be internal ly consistent in identifying some metals (Fe, Ni, V and Zn) more frequently than others (As, Cu, Mn and Sc) as having positive associations wi th health effects. The major problem wi th which the epidemiological studies were faced was classifying and quantifying exposure. Community and population exposures to metals or other components of ambient PM were inferred from centrally- located samplers that may not accurately represent individual level exposures. Only a few authors reported findings that did not support the stated premise of the study; indeed, statistic ally significant associations are not necessarily biologically significant. It is likely that ·'negative studies" are under-represented in the published literature, making it a challenge to achieve a balanced evaluation of the role of metals in causing health effects associated with ambient PM. Both the in vivo and in vitro study results demonstrated that individual metals (Cu. Fe. Ni. V and Zn) and extracts of metals from ambient PM sources can produce acute inflammatory responses. However. the doses administered to laboratory animals were many orders of magnitude greater than what humans experience from breathing ambient air. The studies that used intratracheal instillation have the advantage of delivering a known dose to a specific anatomical location. but arc not analogous to an inhaled dose that is distributed over the surface area of the respiratory tract. Studies. in which laboratory animals or human volunteers inhaled CAPs best represent exposures to the general human population. The in vivo and in vitro studies reviewed provide indications that the probable mechanisms involved in the respiratory and cardiac effects from high metal exposures include: an inflammatory response mediated by formation of ROS, upregulation of genes coding for inflammatory cytokines, altered expression of genes involved in cell signaling pathways and maintenance of metals homeostasis.The fact that doses of metals many orders of magnitude greater than those existing in ambient air were required to produce measurable adverse effects in animals makes it doubtful that metals play any major role in respiratory and cardiovascular effects produced from human exposure to ambient PM. We suggest that future research priorities should focus on testing at more environmentally relevant exposure levels and that any new toxicological studies be written to include dosages in units that can be easily compared to human exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Gray
- Stantec Consulting Services, Inc., 1500 Lake Shore Drive, Suite 100, Columbus, OH, 43204, USA,
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15
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:133-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Oakes M, Baxter L, Long TC. Evaluating the application of multipollutant exposure metrics in air pollution health studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:90-9. [PMID: 24815342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health effects associated with air pollution are typically evaluated using a single pollutant approach, yet people are exposed to mixtures consisting of multiple pollutants that may have independent or combined effects on human health. Development of exposure metrics that represent the multipollutant environment is important to understand the impact of ambient air pollution on human health. OBJECTIVES We reviewed existing multipollutant exposure metrics to evaluate how they can be applied to understand associations between air pollution and health effects. METHODS We conducted a literature search using both targeted search terms and a relational search in Web of Science and PubMed in April and December 2013. We focused on exposure metrics that are constructed from ambient pollutant concentrations and can be broadly applied to evaluate air pollution health effects. RESULTS Multipollutant exposure metrics were identified in 57 eligible studies. Metrics reviewed can be categorized into broad pollutant grouping paradigms based on: 1) source emissions and atmospheric processes or 2) common health outcomes. DISCUSSION When comparing metrics, it is apparent that no universal exposure metric exists; each type of metric addresses different research questions and provides unique information on human health effects. Key limitations of these metrics include the balance between complexity and simplicity as well as the lack of an existing "gold standard" for multipollutant health effects and exposure. CONCLUSIONS Future work on characterizing multipollutant exposure error and joint effects will inform development of improved multipollutant metrics to advance air pollution health effects research and human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Oakes
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, TN, United States; United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Lisa Baxter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Thomas C Long
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Fang GC, Kuo YC, Zhuang YJ, Chen YC. Diurnal concentrations variations, size distributions for ambient air particles and metallic pollutants (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb) during summer season at a traffic area. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4139-4151. [PMID: 24619364 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized and discussed particulate ambient air particulate concentrations and seasonal variations for PM18, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 during June 2013-July 2013 at this traffic sampling site. In addition, this study also characterized the ambient air particulates size distributions by using MOUDI-100S4 sampler to collect 1-day the ambient suspended particles (PM18, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) at this sampling site. In addition, the study also showed that the main pollutants contributions were from traffic and residual areas. As for the pollutants seasonal concentrations variations, the results indicated that the average particle concentrations orders were all displayed as daytime > nighttime for PM18, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at this characteristic sampling site. The results further indicated that the mean highest of metal concentrations in this study indicated that the average metal concentration were all displayed as Mn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd for PM18, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 on daytime and nighttime at this characteristic sampling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan,
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18
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Akhtar US, Rastogi N, McWhinney RD, Urch B, Chow CW, Evans GJ, Scott JA. The combined effects of physicochemical properties of size-fractionated ambient particulate matter on in vitro toxicity in human A549 lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:145-156. [PMID: 28962235 PMCID: PMC5598238 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies have suggested that the health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) are related to the different physicochemical properties of PM. These effects occur through the initiation of differential cellular responses including: the induction of antioxidant defenses, proinflammatory responses, and ultimately cell death. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of size-fractionated ambient PM on epithelial cells in relation to their physicochemical properties. Concentrated ambient PM was collected on filters for three size fractions: coarse (aerodynamic diameter [AD] 2.5-10 μm), fine (0.15-2.5 μm), and quasi-ultrafine (<0.2 μm), near a busy street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Filters were extracted and analyzed for chemical composition and redox activity. Chemical analyses showed that the coarse, fine, and quasi-ultrafine particles were comprised primarily of metals, water-soluble species, and organic compounds, respectively. The highest redox activity was observed for fine PM. After exposure of A549 cells to PM (10-100 μg/ml) for 4 h, activation of antioxidant, proinflammatory and cytotoxic responses were assessed by determining the expression of heme oxygenase (HMOX-1, mRNA), interleukin-8 (IL-8, mRNA), and metabolic activity of the cells, respectively. All three size fractions induced mass-dependent antioxidant, proinflammatory, and cytotoxic responses to different degrees. Quasi-ultrafine PM caused significant induction of HMOX-1 at the lowest exposure dose. Correlation analyses with chemical components suggested that the biological responses correlated mainly with transition metals and organic compounds for coarse and fine PM and with organic compounds for quasi-ultrafine PM. Overall, the observed biological responses appeared to be related to the combined effects of size and chemical composition and thus both of these physicochemical properties should be considered when explaining PM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme S. Akhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D. McWhinney
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce Urch
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gage Occupational & Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplantation Programme, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J. Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gage Occupational & Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Scott
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gage Occupational & Environmental Health Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Science, Lakehead University, Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Hou L, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wang S, Dou C, Guo L, Byun HM, Motta V, McCracken J, Díaz A, Kang CM, Koutrakis P, Bertazzi PA, Li J, Schwartz J, Baccarelli AA. Altered methylation in tandem repeat element and elemental component levels in inhalable air particles. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:256-65. [PMID: 24273195 PMCID: PMC4001244 DOI: 10.1002/em.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with lung cancer risk in epidemiology investigations. Elemental components of PM have been suggested to have critical roles in PM toxicity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their association with cancer risks remain poorly understood. DNA methylation has emerged as a promising biomarker for environmental-related diseases, including lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PM elemental components on methylation of three tandem repeats in a highly exposed population in Beijing, China. The Beijing Truck Driver Air Pollution Study was conducted shortly before the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games (June 15-July 27, 2008) and included 60 truck drivers and 60 office workers. On two days separated by 1-2 weeks, we measured blood DNA methylation of SATα, NBL2, D4Z4, and personal exposure to eight elemental components in PM2.5 , including aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). We estimated the associations of individual elemental component with each tandem-repeat methylation in generalized estimating equations (GEE) models adjusted for PM2.5 mass and other covariates. Out of the eight examined elements, NBL2 methylation was positively associated with concentrations of Si [0.121, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.030; 0.212, False Discovery Rate (FDR) = 0.047] and Ca (0.065, 95%CI: 0.014; 0.115, FDR = 0.047) in truck drivers. In office workers, SATα methylation was positively associated with concentrations of S (0.115, 95% CI: 0.034; 0.196, FDR = 0.042). PM-associated differences in blood tandem-repeat methylation may help detect biological effects of the exposure and identify individuals who may eventually experience higher lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Driskill Graduate Program (DGP) in Life Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Dou
- Department of Safety Engineering, China Institute of Industrial Health, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valeria Motta
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John McCracken
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anaité Díaz
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health - DISCCO, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jingyun Li
- Beijing Institute of Occupational Medicine for Chemical Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Cachon BF, Firmin S, Verdin A, Ayi-Fanou L, Billet S, Cazier F, Martin PJ, Aissi F, Courcot D, Sanni A, Shirali P. Proinflammatory effects and oxidative stress within human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to atmospheric particulate matter (PM(2.5) and PM(>2.5)) collected from Cotonou, Benin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 185:340-51. [PMID: 24333687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
After particulate matter (PM) collection in Cotonou (Benin), a complete physicochemical characterization of PM2.5 and PM>2.5 was led. Then, their adverse health effects were evaluated by using in vitro culture of human lung cells. BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelial cells) were intoxicated during short-term exposure at increasing PM concentrations (1.5-96 μg/cm(2)) to determine global cytotoxicity. Hence, cells were exposed to 3 and 12 μg/cm(2) to investigate the potential biological imbalance generated by PM toxicity. Our findings showed the ability of both PM to induce oxidative stress and to cause inflammatory cytokines/chemokines gene expression and secretion. Furthermore, PM were able to induce gene expression of enzymes involved in the xenobiotic metabolism pathway. Strong correlations between gene expression of metabolizing enzymes, proinflammatory responses and cell cycle alteration were found, as well as between proinflammatory responses and cell viability. Stress oxidant parameters were highly correlated with expression and protein secretion of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Fresnel Cachon
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 04 BP 0320, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Stéphane Firmin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; UPSP-EGEAL, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, 60026 Beauvais Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
| | - Lucie Ayi-Fanou
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 04 BP 0320, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Perrine J Martin
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | | | - Dominique Courcot
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Ambaliou Sanni
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 04 BP 0320, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 2, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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21
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Duncan KE, Cook PM, Gavett SH, Dailey LA, Mahoney RK, Ghio AJ, Roggli VL, Devlin RB. In vitro determinants of asbestos fiber toxicity: effect on the relative toxicity of Libby amphibole in primary human airway epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:2. [PMID: 24401117 PMCID: PMC3892100 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An abnormally high incidence of lung disease has been observed in the residents of Libby, Montana, which has been attributed to occupational and environmental exposure to fibrous amphiboles originating from a nearby contaminated vermiculite mine. The composition of Libby amphibole (LA) is complex and minimal toxicity data are available. In this study, we conduct a comparative particle toxicity analysis of LA compared with standard reference asbestiform amphibole samples. Methods Primary human airway epithelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to two different LA samples as well as standard amphibole reference samples. Analysis of the samples included a complete particle size distribution analysis, calculation of surface area by electron microscopy and by gas adsorption and quantification of surface-conjugated iron and hydroxyl radical production by the fibers. Interleukin-8 mRNA levels were quantified by qRT-PCR to measure relative pro-inflammatory response induced in HAEC in response to amphibole fiber exposure. The relative contribution of key physicochemical determinants on the observed pro-inflammatory response were also evaluated. Results The RTI amosite reference sample contained the longest fibers and demonstrated the greatest potency at increasing IL-8 transcript levels when evaluated on an equal mass basis. The two LA samples and the UICC amosite reference sample consisted of similar particle numbers per milligram as well as similar particle size distributions and induced comparable levels of IL-8 mRNA. A strong correlation was observed between the elongated particle (aspect ratio ≥3:1) dose metrics of length and external surface area. Expression of the IL-8 data with respect to either of these metrics eliminated the differential response between the RTI amosite sample and the other samples that was observed when HAEC were exposed on an equal mass basis. Conclusions On an equal mass basis, LA is as potent as the UICC amosite reference sample at inducing a pro-inflammatory response in HAEC but is less potent than the RTI amosite sample. The results of this study show that the particle length and particle surface area are highly correlated metrics that contribute significantly to the toxicological potential of these amphibole samples with respect to the inflammogenic response induced in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert B Devlin
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U,S, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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22
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Elvidge T, Matthews IP, Gregory C, Hoogendoorn B. Feasibility of using biomarkers in blood serum as markers of effect following exposure of the lungs to particulate matter air pollution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:1-44. [PMID: 23534393 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.763575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has significant cardiopulmonary health effects. Serum biomarkers may elucidate the disease mechanisms involved and provide a means for biomonitoring exposed populations, thereby enabling accurate policy decisions on air quality standards to be made. For this review, research investigating association of blood serum biomarkers and exposure to PM was identified, finding 26 different biomarkers that were significantly associated with exposure. Recent evidence links different effects to different components of PM. Future research on biomarkers of effect will need to address exposure by all PM size fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Elvidge
- Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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23
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Sun H, Shamy M, Kluz T, Muñoz AB, Zhong M, Laulicht F, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI, Chen LC, Costa M. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to airborne particulate matter collected from Saudi Arabia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:147-57. [PMID: 23085030 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established a positive correlation between human mortality and increased concentration of airborne particulate matters (PM). However, the mechanisms underlying PM related human diseases, as well as the molecules and pathways mediating the cellular response to PM, are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the global gene expression changes in human cells exposed to PM(10) and to identify genes and pathways that may contribute to PM related adverse health effects. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to PM(10) collected from Saudi Arabia for 1 or 4 days, and whole transcript expression was profiled using the GeneChip human gene 1.0 ST array. A total of 140 and 230 genes were identified that significantly changed more than 1.5 fold after PM(10) exposure for 1 or 4 days, respectively. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that different exposure durations triggered distinct pathways. Genes involved in NRF2-mediated response to oxidative stress were up-regulated after 1 day exposure. In contrast, cells exposed for 4 days exhibited significant changes in genes related to cholesterol and lipid synthesis pathways. These observed changes in cellular oxidative stress and lipid synthesis might contribute to PM related respiratory and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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24
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Anderson GB, Krall JR, Peng RD, Bell ML. Is the relation between ozone and mortality confounded by chemical components of particulate matter? Analysis of 7 components in 57 US communities. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:726-32. [PMID: 23043133 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have linked tropospheric ozone pollution and human mortality. Although research has shown that this relation is not confounded by particulate matter when measured by mass, little scientific evidence exists on whether confounding exists by chemical components of the particle mixture. Using mortality and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) component data from 57 US communities (2000-2005), the authors investigate whether the ozone-mortality relation is confounded by 7 components of PM(2.5): sulfate, nitrate, silicon, elemental carbon, organic carbon matter, sodium ion, and ammonium. Together, these components constitute most PM(2.5) mass in the United States. Estimates of the effect of ozone on mortality were almost identical before and after controlling for the 7 components of PM(2.5) considered (mortality increase/10-ppb ozone increase, before and after controlling: ammonium, 0.34% vs. 0.35%; elemental carbon, 0.36% vs. 0.37%; nitrate, 0.27% vs. 0.26%; organic carbon matter, 0.34% vs. 0.31%; silicon, 0.36% vs. 0.37%; sodium ion, 0.21% vs. 0.18%; and sulfate, 0.35% vs. 0.38%). Additionally, correlations were weak between ozone and each particulate component across all communities. Previous research found that the ozone-mortality relation is not confounded by particulate matter measured by mass; this national study indicates that the relation is also robust to control for specific components of PM(2.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brooke Anderson
- Department of Biostatistics, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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25
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Camatini M, Corvaja V, Pezzolato E, Mantecca P, Gualtieri M. PM10-biogenic fraction drives the seasonal variation of proinflammatory response in A549 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:63-73. [PMID: 20549640 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PM10 was collected in a Milan urban site, representative of the city air quality, during winter and summer 2006. Mean daily PM10 concentration was 48 μg m(-3) during summer and 148 μg m(-3) during winter. Particles collected on Teflon filters were chemically characterized and the endotoxin content determined by the LAL test. PM10-induced cell toxicity, assessed with MTT and LDH methods, and proinflammatory potential, monitored by IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines release, were investigated on the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 exposed to increasing doses of PM. Besides untreated cells, exposure to inert carbon particles (2-12 μm) was also used as additional control. Both cell toxicity and proinflammatory potency resulted to be higher for summer PM10 with respect of winter PM10, with IL-6 showing the highest dose-dependent release. The relevance of biogenic components adsorbed onto PM10 in eliciting the proinflammatory mediators release was investigated by inhibition experiments. Polymixin B (Poly) was used to inhibit particle-bind LPS while Toll-like receptor-2 antibody (a-TLR2) to specifically block the activation of this receptor. While cell viability was not modulated in cells coexposed to PM10 and Poly or a-TLR2 or both, inflammatory response did it, with IL-6 release being the most inhibited. In conclusion, Milan PM10-induced seasonal-dependent biological effects, with summer particles showing higher cytotoxic and proinflammatory potential. Cytotoxicity seemed to be unaffected by the PM biogenic components, while inflammation was significantly reduced after the inhibition of some biogenic activated pathways. Besides, the PM-associated biogenic activity does not entirely justify the PM-induced inflammatory effects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Camatini
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Environmental Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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26
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Hernández-Mena L, Murillo-Tovar M, Ramírez-Muñíz M, Colunga-Urbina E, de la Garza-Rodríguez I, Saldarriaga-Noreña H. Enrichment Factor and profiles of elemental composition of PM 2.5 in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 87:545-9. [PMID: 21837390 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Enrichment Factors and elemental composition profiles of the PM2.5 were used to suggest the emission sources. The selected sites were Miravalle and Centro, and in both cases there were high values lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Cupper, Molybdenum, Nickel, Antimony, Selenium and Zinc for EF (>5), suggesting an anthropogenic origin. The remaining elements (Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Strontium and Titanium) had Enrichment Factors <5, attributable to a geological origin, probably due to the suspension of particles from motor vehicles or wind. Comparing the elemental composition profiles of the two sites allowed establishing similarities with some reference profiles (SPECIATE database Version 4.2-EPA) from sources such as Paved Road Dust (PRD) and Industrial Soil (IS) and profiles of combustion sources such as Diesel Exhaust (DE). Through the estimation the Enrichment Factors and of the elemental composition profiles of two different sites in the city, it was possible to suggest not only the general type of emission source (geological or anthropogenic), but also more specific sources based on elemental composition of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Hernández-Mena
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
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27
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Feasibility of biomarker studies for engineered nanoparticles: what can be learned from air pollution research. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:S74-9. [PMID: 21654422 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31821b1bf2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational exposure to engineered nanoparticles (NP) may pose health risks to the workers. This article is to discuss the feasibility of identifying biomarkers that are associated with NP exposure. METHODS Scientific literature on the adverse health effects of ambient ultrafine particles (UFP) and NP was reviewed to discuss the feasibility of conducting biomarker studies to identify NP-induced early biological changes. RESULTS Various approaches for biomarker studies have been identified, including potential injury pathways that need to be considered and the methodologies that may be used for such studies. CONCLUSIONS Although NP may have novel mechanisms of injury, much can be learned from our experience in studying UFP. Oxidative stress-related pathways can be an important consideration for identifying NP-associated biomarkers, and one of the most effective approaches for such studies may be proteome profiling. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Biomarker studies will provide valuable information to identify early biological events associated with the adverse health effects of engineered nanomaterials before the manifestation of clinical outcomes. This is particularly important for the health surveillance of workers who may be at higher risk due to their occupational settings.
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28
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Wellenius GA, Diaz EA, Gupta T, Ruiz PA, Long M, Kang CM, Coull BA, Godleski JJ. Electrocardiographic and respiratory responses to coal-fired power plant emissions in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction: results from the Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions of Source Aerosols Study. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 2:84-94. [PMID: 21401387 PMCID: PMC3632641 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.554461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient particulate matter (PM) derived from coal-fired power plants may have important cardiovascular effects, but existing toxicological studies are inadequate for understanding these effects. The Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study aims to evaluate the toxicity of primary and secondary PM derived from coal-fired power plants. As a part of this effort, we evaluated in susceptible animals the effect of stack emissions on cardiac electrophysiology and respiratory function under exposure conditions intended to simulate an aged plume with unneutralized acidity and secondary organic aerosols (POS exposure scenario). METHODS Rats with acute myocardial infarction were exposed to either stack emissions (n = 15) or filtered air (n = 14) for 5 h at a single power plant. Respiration and electrocardiograms were continuously monitored via telemetry and heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), premature ventricular beat (PVB) frequency, electrocardiographic intervals, and respiratory intervals and volumes were evaluated. Similar experiments at another power plant were attempted but were unsuccessful. RESULTS POS exposure (fine particle mass = 219.1 µg/m(3); total sulfate = 172.5 µg/m(3); acidic sulfate = 132.5 µg/m(3); organic carbon = 50.9 µg/m(3)) was associated with increased PVB frequency and decreased respiratory expiratory time and end-inspiratory pause, but not with changes in heart rate, HRV, or electrocardiographic intervals. RESULTS from a second power plant were uninterpretable. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to primary and unneutralized secondary PM formed from aged emissions from a coal-fired power plant, as simulated by the POS scenario, may be associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Wellenius
- Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Edgar A. Diaz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Pablo A. Ruiz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark Long
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Choong Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - John J. Godleski
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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29
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Saldarriaga-Noreña H, Hernández-Mena L, Murillo-Tovar M, López-López A, Ramírez-Muñíz M. Elemental contribution to the mass of PM2.5 in Guadalajara City, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:490-494. [PMID: 21445683 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal behavior of the mass of PM(2.5) and its elemental components and their contribution to the mass of the particles is described for two different sites in Guadalajara City. The average mass of the particles for the entire study period at the two sites, Centro and Miravalle (1.3 and 1.8 mg, respectively), showed significant differences (p<0.05), while differences (p<0.05) between seasons (rainy and dry season) only occurred at Miravalle. The total elemental contribution to the mass of the particles was 1.97% in Miravalle and 2.05% at Centro, with Iron and Titanium the largest contributors and most abundant elements for both sites. Likewise, the monthly contribution per element with respect to the monthly mass of all elements was estimated. The results revealed that the elements that present the biggest contribution to this mass were Iron, Titanium, Zinc and Magnesium. Iron was the largest contributor at both sites. At Miravalle, the contribution oscillated between 56 and 58% from January to June, while at Centro it oscillated between 55 and 40% for the same period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México.
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Osornio-Vargas AR, Serrano J, Rojas-Bracho L, Miranda J, García-Cuellar C, Reyna MA, Flores G, Zuk M, Quintero M, Vázquez I, Sánchez-Pérez Y, López T, Rosas I. In vitro biological effects of airborne PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ from a semi-desert city on the Mexico-US border. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:618-626. [PMID: 21168895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that exposure to urban airborne particulate matter (PM) affects health. However, how PM components interact with PM-size to cause adverse health effects needs elucidation, especially when considering soil and anthropogenic sources. We studied PM from Mexicali, Mexico, where soil particles contribute importantly to air pollution, expecting to differentiate in vitro effects related to PM-size and composition. PM samples with mean aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5μm (PM(2.5)) and ≤10μm (PM(10)) were collected in Mexicali (October 2005-March 2006) from a semi-urban (expected larger participation of soil sources) and an urban (predominately combustion sources) site. Samples were pooled by site and size, analyzed for elemental composition (particle-induced X-ray emission) and tested in vitro for: induction of human erythrocytes membrane disruption (hemolysis) (colorimetrically); inhibition of cell proliferation (ICP) (crystal violet) and TNFα/IL-6 secretion (ELISA) using J774.A1 murine monocytic cells; and DNA degradation using Balb/c3T3 cell naked DNA (electrophoretically). Results of PM elemental composition principal component analysis were used in associating cellular effects. Sixteen elements identified in PM grouped in two principal components: Component(1) (C(1)): Mg, Al, Si, P, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, and Component(2) (C(2)): Cu, Zn. Hemolysis was predominately induced by semi-urban-PM(10) (p<0.05) and was associated with urban-PM(10)C(1) (r=0.62, p=0.003). Major ICP resulted with semi-urban PM(2.5) (p<0.05). TNFα was mainly induced by urban samples regardless of size (p<0.05) and associated with urban-PM(2.5)C(2) (r=0.48, p=0.02). Both PM(10) samples induced highest DNA degradation (p<0.05), regardless of location. We conclude that PM-size and PM-related soil or anthropogenic elements trigger specific biological-response patterns.
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Duncan KE, Ghio AJ, Dailey LA, Bern AM, Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Padilla-Carlin DJ, Roggli VL, Devlin RB. Effect of size fractionation on the toxicity of amosite and Libby amphibole asbestos. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:420-34. [PMID: 20855422 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally high incidences of asbestos-related pulmonary disease have been reported in residents of Libby, Montana, because of occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos-contaminated vermiculite. The mechanism by which Libby amphibole (LA) causes pulmonary injury is not known. The purpose of this study is to compare the cellular stress responses induced in primary human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) exposed to a respirable size fraction (≤ 2.5 μm) of Libby amphibole (LA(2.5)) to a similar size fraction of a reference amphibole sample amosite (AM(2.5)). HAEC were exposed to 0, 2.64, 13.2, or 26.4 μg/cm(2) AM(2.5) or LA(2.5) or to equivalent doses of unfractionated amosite (AM) or LA for 2 or 24 h. Comparable messenger RNA transcript levels were observed for interleukin-8, cyclooxygenase-2, and heme oxygenase-1 in HAEC following a 24-h exposure to AM or LA. Conversely, exposure to AM(2.5) resulted in a 4- to 10-fold greater induction in these proinflammatory mediators compared with LA(2.5) after 24 h. Evaluation of the expression of 84 additional genes involved in cellular stress and toxicity responses confirmed a more robust response for AM(2.5) compared with LA(2.5) on an equal mass basis. Differences in total surface area (TSA) by gas adsorption, total particle number, or oxidant generation by the size-fractionated particles did not account for the observed difference in response. In summary, AM(2.5) and LA(2.5) are at least as potent in stimulating production of proinflammatory cytokines as unfractionated AM and LA. Interestingly, AM(2.5) was more potent at inducing a proinflammatory response than LA(2.5). This difference could not be explained by differences in mineral contamination between the two samples, TSA, or oxidant generation by the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Duncan
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Perrone MG, Gualtieri M, Ferrero L, Lo Porto C, Udisti R, Bolzacchini E, Camatini M. Seasonal variations in chemical composition and in vitro biological effects of fine PM from Milan. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1368-77. [PMID: 20123145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) was collected in Milan over the summer (August-September) and winter (January-March) seasons of 2007/2008. Particles were analyzed for their chemical composition (inorganic ions, elements and PAHs) and the effects produced on the human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line A549. In vitro tests were performed to assess cell viability with MTT assay, cytokine release (IL-6 and IL-8) with ELISA, and DNA damage with COMET assay. Results were investigated by bivariate analysis and multivariate data analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) to investigate the relationship between PM chemical composition and the biological effects produced by cell exposure to 12 microg cm(-2). The different seasonal chemical composition of PM showed to influence some biological properties. Summer PM samples had a high mass contribution of SO(4)(=) (13+/-2%) and were enriched in some elements, like Al, As, Cr, Cu, and Zn, compared to winter PM samples. Cell viability reduction was two times higher for summer PM samples in comparison with winter ones (27+/-5% and 14+/-5%, respectively), and the highest correlation coefficients between cell viability reduction and single chemical components were with As (R(2)=0.57) and SO(4)(=) (R(2)=0.47). PM1 affected cell viability reduction and induced IL-8 release, and these events were interrelated (R(2)=0.95), and apparently connected with the same chemical compounds. PM2.5 fraction, which was enriched in Ca(++) and Mg(++) (from soil dust), and Al, Fe, Zn, Ba Mn, produced cell viability reduction and DNA damage (R(2)=0.73).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Perrone
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, DISAT, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
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Tan HH, Fiel MI, Sun Q, Guo J, Gordon RE, Chen LC, Friedman SL, Odin JA, Allina J. Kupffer cell activation by ambient air particulate matter exposure may exacerbate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Immunotoxicol 2010. [PMID: 19908945 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903241704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to increased obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent liver disease in the United States. NAFLD is considered a component of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of disorders that also includes diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. Exposure to ambient air particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis and lung disease, but its effect on NAFLD is unknown. PM(2.5) induces pulmonary dysfunction via Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation on alveolar macrophages. TLR activation of Kupffer cells, resident hepatic macrophages, and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been shown to play a key role in NAFLD progression. We hypothesized that PM(2.5) exposure is a significant risk factor for the progression of NAFLD. Thus, following exposure of male C57BL/6 mice fed high fat chow (HFC) to concentrated air particulate matter (CAPs) or filtered air for 6 weeks, progression of NAFLD was evaluated by standardized histological assessment of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In mice fed HFC, the hepatic inflammatory grade (3.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 1.50 +/- 0.71, P < 0.001) and fibrosis stage (1.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.52, P = 0.023) were both significantly higher in mice exposed to CAPs versus filtered air, respectively. Increased numbers of Kupffer cells contained PM in CAPs-exposed mice scores of (2.00 +/- 0.94 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.42, respectively, P < 0.001). PM exposure increased IL-6 secretion up to seven-fold in a dose-dependent manner by isolated wild-type but not TLR4(-/-) Kupffer cells (P < 0.050). In conclusion, ambient PM(2.5) exposure may be a significant risk factor for NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Tan
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Tan HH, Fiel MI, Sun Q, Guo J, Gordon RE, Chen LC, Friedman SL, Odin JA, Allina J. Kupffer cell activation by ambient air particulate matter exposure may exacerbate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 6:266-75. [PMID: 19908945 DOI: 10.1080/15476910903241704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to increased obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent liver disease in the United States. NAFLD is considered a component of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of disorders that also includes diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. Exposure to ambient air particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis and lung disease, but its effect on NAFLD is unknown. PM(2.5) induces pulmonary dysfunction via Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation on alveolar macrophages. TLR activation of Kupffer cells, resident hepatic macrophages, and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been shown to play a key role in NAFLD progression. We hypothesized that PM(2.5) exposure is a significant risk factor for the progression of NAFLD. Thus, following exposure of male C57BL/6 mice fed high fat chow (HFC) to concentrated air particulate matter (CAPs) or filtered air for 6 weeks, progression of NAFLD was evaluated by standardized histological assessment of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In mice fed HFC, the hepatic inflammatory grade (3.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 1.50 +/- 0.71, P < 0.001) and fibrosis stage (1.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.52, P = 0.023) were both significantly higher in mice exposed to CAPs versus filtered air, respectively. Increased numbers of Kupffer cells contained PM in CAPs-exposed mice scores of (2.00 +/- 0.94 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.42, respectively, P < 0.001). PM exposure increased IL-6 secretion up to seven-fold in a dose-dependent manner by isolated wild-type but not TLR4(-/-) Kupffer cells (P < 0.050). In conclusion, ambient PM(2.5) exposure may be a significant risk factor for NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Tan
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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35
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Qu S, Liberda EN, Qu Q, Chen LC. In vitro assessment of the inflammatory response of respiratory endothelial cells exposed to particulate matter. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1113-1121. [PMID: 20574913 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.484335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that has been associated with increased risk of cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity in urban communities. An increasing body of evidence suggests that inflammation induced by PM may play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, airway epithelial cell lines, instead of vascular endothelial cells, are commonly used to investigate the effects of PM with respect to cardiovascular effects. Thus, the present study was conducted using primary human vascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-LB1), human white blood cells (WBC), and their cocultures to evaluate their inflammatory responses to various PM exposures. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, soluble intercellular adhesion marker (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion marker (sVCAM-1) in HMVEC-LB1, WBC, and their cocultures after exposure to size-fractionated PM. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors was performed in order to examine pathways involved in PM-induced cellular responses. IL-6 levels increased significantly in HMVEC-LB1 cells exposed to PM in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, particle exposure for up to 24 h failed to induce any detectable production of sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1 in HMVEC-LB1 cells. IL-6 production in response to size-fractioned PM exposures failed to show evidence of relative importance of particle sizes in their abilities to induce proinflammatory responses. Lastly, cocultures with WBC significantly enhanced particle induced IL-6 release in HMVEC-LB1 cells in a synergistic manner. The present study suggests that HMVEC-LB1 cells can be successfully used as an in vitro model to examine effects of PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qu
- New York University College of Arts and Sciences, New York, NY 10987, USA.
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Williams R, Rea A, Vette A, Croghan C, Whitaker D, Stevens C, McDow S, Fortmann R, Sheldon L, Wilson H, Thornburg J, Phillips M, Lawless P, Rodes C, Daughtrey H. The design and field implementation of the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2009; 19:643-59. [PMID: 18941480 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency recently conducted the Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS). The study began in 2004 and involved community, residential, and personal-based measurements of air pollutants targeting 120 participants and their residences. The primary goal of the study was to evaluate and describe the relationship between air toxics, particulate matter (PM), PM constituents, and PM from specific sources measured at a central site monitor with those from the residential and personal locations. The impact of regional, local (point and mobile), and personal sources on pollutant concentrations and the role of physical and human factors that might influence these concentrations were investigated. A combination of active and passive sampling methodologies were employed in the collection of PM mass, criteria gases, semivolatile organics, and volatile organic compound air pollutants among others. Monitoring was conducted in six selected neighborhoods along with one community site using a repeated measure design. Households from each of the selected communities were monitored for 5 consecutive days in the winter and again in the summer. Household, participant and a variety of other surveys were utilized to better understand human and household factors that might affect the impact of ambient-based pollution sources upon personal and residential locations. A randomized recruitment strategy was successful in enrolling nearly 140 participants over the course of the study. Over 36,000 daily-based environmental data points or records were ultimately collected. This paper fully describes the design of the DEARS and the approach used to implement this field monitoring study and reports select preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Williams
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD E-204-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Jalava PI, Hirvonen MR, Sillanpää M, Pennanen AS, Happo MS, Hillamo R, Cassee FR, Gerlofs-Nijland M, Borm PJA, Schins RPF, Janssen NAH, Salonen RO. Associations of urban air particulate composition with inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in RAW 246.7 cell line. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:994-1006. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802695710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gualtieri M, Øvrevik J, Holme JA, Perrone MG, Bolzacchini E, Schwarze PE, Camatini M. Differences in cytotoxicity versus pro-inflammatory potency of different PM fractions in human epithelial lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 24:29-39. [PMID: 19772914 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution in Milan causes health concern due to the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The aim of this study was to investigate possible seasonal differences in PM10 and PM2.5 chemical composition and their biological effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and cytotoxicity. The PM was sampled during winter and summer seasons. The winter PMs had higher levels of PAHs than the summer samples which contained a greater amount of mineral dust elements. The PM toxicity was tested in the human pulmonary epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and A549. The winter PMs were more cytotoxic than summer samples, whereas the summer PM10 exhibited a higher pro-inflammatory potential, as measured by ELISA. This inflammatory potential seemed partly due to biological components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as evaluated by the use of Polymixin B. Interestingly, in the BEAS-2B cells the winter PM2.5 reduced proliferation due to a mitotic delay/arrest, while no such effects were observed in the A549 cells. These results underline that the in vitro responsiveness to PM may be cell line dependent and suggest that the PM different properties may trigger different endpoints such as inflammation, perturbation of cell cycle and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gualtieri
- Polaris Research Centre, Dipartimento Scienze Ambiente e Territorio, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, Milano, Italy.
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Rice RH, Vidrio EA, Kumfer BM, Qin Q, Willits NH, Kennedy IM, Anastasio C. Generation of oxidant response to copper and iron nanoparticles and salts: Stimulation by ascorbate. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:359-65. [PMID: 19683516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a two-stage approach to analyzing combustion-generated samples for their potential to produce oxidant stress. This approach is illustrated with the two commonly encountered transition metals, copper and iron. First, their abilities to generate hydroxyl radical were measured in a cell-free, phosphate-buffered saline solution containing ascorbate and/or citrate. Second, their abilities to induce heme oxygenase-1 in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes were assessed in cell culture. Combustion-generated copper oxide nanoparticles were active in both assays and were found to be soluble in culture medium. Depletion of glutathione in the cells or loading the cells with ascorbate greatly increased heme oxygenase-1 induction in the presence of copper. By contrast, iron oxide nanoparticles were active in the phosphate-buffered saline but not in cell culture, and they aggregated in culture medium. Soluble salts of copper and iron exhibited the same contrast in activities as the respective combustion-generated particles. The results suggest that the capability of combustion-generated environmental samples to produce oxidant stress can be screened effectively in a two step process, first in phosphate-buffered saline with ascorbate and subsequently in epithelial cell culture for those exhibiting activity initially. The results also point to an unanticipated interaction in cells of oxidant stress-generating metals with an antioxidant (ascorbate) that is usually missing in culture medium formulations. Thus, ascorbate supplementation of cultured human cells is likely to improve their ability to model the in vivo effects of particulate matter containing copper and other redox-active metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Russell AG, Brunekreef B. A focus on particulate matter and health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4620-4625. [PMID: 19673243 DOI: 10.1021/es9005459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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41
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Alfaro-Moreno E, Torres V, Miranda J, Martínez L, García-Cuellar C, Nawrot TS, Vanaudenaerde B, Hoet P, Ramírez-López P, Rosas I, Nemery B, Osornio-Vargas AR. Induction of IL-6 and inhibition of IL-8 secretion in the human airway cell line Calu-3 by urban particulate matter collected with a modified method of PM sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:528-35. [PMID: 19304283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) induces inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we evaluated the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by an airway cell line exposed to PM with a mean aerodynamic size equal to or less than 10 or 2.5 microm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively) collected in Mexico City, using a modified high-volume sampling method avoiding the use of solvents or introducing membrane components into the samples. PM was collected on cellulose-nitrate (CN) membranes modified for collection on high-volume samplers. Composition of the particles was evaluated by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and scanning electron microscopy. The particles (10-160 microg/cm2) were tested on Calu-3 cells. Control cultures were exposed to LPS (10 ng/mL to 100 microg/mL) or silica (10-160 microg/cm2). IL-6 and IL-8 secretions were evaluated by ELISA. An average of 10 mg of PM was recovered form each cellulose-nitrate filter. No evidence of contamination from the filter was found. Cells exposed to PM10 presented an increase in the secretion of IL-6 (up to 400%), while IL-8 decreased (from 40% to levels below the detection limit). A similar but weaker effect was observed with PM2.5. In conclusion, our modified sampling method provides a large amount of urban PM free of membrane contamination. The urban particles induce a decrease in IL-8 secretion that contrasts with the LPS and silica effects. These results suggest that the regulation of IL-8 expression is different for urban particles (complex mixture containing combustion-related particles, soil and biologic components) than for biogenic compounds or pure mineral particles.
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Lauer FT, Mitchell LA, Bedrick E, McDonald JD, Lee WY, Li WW, Olvera H, Amaya MA, Berwick M, Gonzales M, Currey R, Pingitore NE, Burchiel SW. Temporal-spatial analysis of U.S.-Mexico border environmental fine and coarse PM air sample extract activity in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:1-10. [PMID: 19410595 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM10) has been shown to be associated with aggravation of asthma and respiratory and cardiopulmonary morbidity. There is also great interest in the potential health effects of PM2.5. Particulate matter (PM) varies in composition both spatially and temporally depending on the source, location and seasonal condition. El Paso County which lies in the Paso del Norte airshed is a unique location to study ambient air pollution due to three major points: the geological land formation, the relatively large population and the various sources of PM. In this study, dichotomous filters were collected from various sites in El Paso County every 7 days for a period of 1 year. The sampling sites were both distant and near border crossings, which are near heavily populated areas with high traffic volume. Fine (PM2.5) and Coarse (PM10-2.5) PM filter samples were extracted using dichloromethane and were assessed for biologic activity and polycyclic aromatic (PAH) content. Three sets of marker genes human BEAS2B bronchial epithelial cells were utilized to assess the effects of airborne PAHs on biologic activities associated with specific biological pathways associated with airway diseases. These pathways included in inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, IL-8), oxidative stress (HMOX-1, NQO-1, ALDH3A1, AKR1C1), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent signaling (CYP1A1). Results demonstrated interesting temporal and spatial patterns of gene induction for all pathways, particularly those associated with oxidative stress, and significant differences in the PAHs detected in the PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 fractions. Temporally, the greatest effects on gene induction were observed in winter months, which appeared to correlate with inversions that are common in the air basin. Spatially, the greatest gene expression increases were seen in extracts collected from the central most areas of El Paso which are also closest to highways and border crossings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredine T Lauer
- The University of New Mexico Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Bente M, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R. Thermal Desorption−Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Individual Aerosol Particles: A Simplified Approach for Online Single-Particle Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2525-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bente
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
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Bell ML, Ebisu K, Belanger K. The relationship between air pollution and low birth weight: effects by mother's age, infant sex, co-pollutants, and pre-term births. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2008; 3:44003. [PMID: 23930137 PMCID: PMC3735236 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously we identified associations between the mother's air pollution exposure and birth weight for births in Connecticut and Massachusetts from 1999-2002. Other studies also found effects, though results are inconsistent. We explored potential uncertainties in earlier work and further explored associations between air pollution and birth weight for PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, and SO2. Specifically we investigated: (1) whether infants of younger (≤24 years) and older (≥40 years) mothers are particularly susceptible to air pollution's effects on birth weight; (2) whether the relationship between air pollution and birth weight differed by infant sex; (3) confounding by co-pollutants and differences in pollutants' measurement frequencies; and (4) whether observed associations were influenced by inclusion of pre-term births. Findings did not indicate higher susceptibility to the relationship between air pollution and birth weight based on the mother's age or the infant's sex. Results were robust to exclusion of pre-term infants and co-pollutant adjustment, although sample size decreased for some pollutant pairs. These findings provide additional evidence for the relationship between air pollution and birth weight, and do not identify susceptible sub-populations based on infant sex or mother's age. We conclude with discussion of key challenges in research on air pollution and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - Keita Ebisu
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kathleen Belanger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, Yale University, One Church Street, 6th Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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