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Neale J, Cairns B, Gardiner K, Livingston W, McCarthy T, Perkins A. Waiting for inpatient detoxification: A qualitative analysis of patient experiences. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104291. [PMID: 38071934 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited provision of inpatient detoxification relative to other treatments for alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. This means people often need to wait prior to detoxifying. However, waiting for healthcare is generally perceived as negative and stressful. This paper aims to understand patients' experiences of waiting for inpatient AOD detoxification to ascertain whether and how service-level policies and practices might be improved. METHODS Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 32 people (20 males, 12 females; aged 25-67 years) who were waiting for inpatient detoxification. Data collection was part of a wider evaluation of a policy initiative started in 2021 to increase detoxification service capacity in England, UK. Interviews were professionally transcribed and data on waiting experiences were coded using qualitative software. Analyses were informed by new materialist thinking and undertaken via Iterative Categorisation. RESULTS We found that waiting was constituted through five dimensions: i. duration; ii. support; iii. information; iv. preparations; and v. emotions. These five dimensions were multi-faceted and operated in and through wider interacting social, material, and affective forces (e.g., professional judgements, formal and informal relationships, the availability of beds and funding, bureaucratic procedures, the utility and relevance of information, and participants' diverse feelings, including desperation for treatment). Not all accounts of waiting were negative. The experience was complex, non-uniform and variable over time. Moreover, it affected how people felt and how they behaved. CONCLUSIONS Changes to service-level policies and practices can potentially minimise the stress of waiting for inpatient AOD detoxification. The negative impact of waiting may be reduced if professionals more consistently engage patients in a wider range of constructive pre-treatment activities, offer regular 'check-ins' to mitigate any anxiety, explain changes in wait duration to help with planning and demonstrate fairness, and facilitate contact between those waiting to lessen feelings of isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Neale
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
| | - Beth Cairns
- Figure 8 Consultancy Services Ltd, Dundee, DD4 OHU, UK
| | | | - Wulf Livingston
- Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Glyndwr University, Wrexham, LL11 2AW, UK
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Brooks O, Hayashi K, Cui Z, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Fairbairn N. Re-incarceration and associated social, structural and behavioural factors among people who use drugs in an urban Canadian setting. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 115:104018. [PMID: 37060885 PMCID: PMC10683765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who use drugs (PWUD) are disproportionately incarcerated, however little is known about specific substance use, social and structural factors associated with re-incarceration among PWUD. We aimed to identify the socio-structural and substance use factors associated with re-incarceration among structurally-marginalized PWUD. METHODS We used longitudinal data from two prospective cohorts of PWUD in Vancouver, Canada. We included adults reporting at least one incarceration event in the last six months and who completed at least one additional follow-up study visit. We performed multivariable extended Cox regression to explore factors associated with re-incarceration. RESULTS Among 468 eligible participants, the median age was 40 years (Q1-Q3 = 34-46 years), 346 (73.9%) were men, 177 (37.8%) identified as Indigenous, and 227 (48.5%) experienced at least one re-incarceration event. Incidence rate of re-incarceration was 157 incarceration events per 1000 person years. In multivariable analyses, homelessness (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.17; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.79-2.61), community judicial supervision (AHR = 3.89; 95% CI: 3.21-4.71) and re-incarceration during the study period (once: AHR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.55-2.44; two or more events: AHR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.23-1.90) were positively associated with re-incarceration. Among substance use variables that included illicit drugs, only heavy alcohol use remained significantly associated with re-incarceration across analyses after adjustment (AHR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06-1.65). Engagement in addiction treatment (AHR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.53-0.75), mental illness (AHR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.59-0.84) and age (AHR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95-0.97) were negatively associated with re-incarceration. CONCLUSION Access to housing and substance use services, including treatment for alcohol use disorder, following incarceration may reduce re-incarceration among PWUD. The high rates of re-incarceration of PWUD in our sample underscores how structural factors-such as homelessness and criminalization of substance use-drive re-incarceration among PWUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Brooks
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zishan Cui
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Lim S, Lee S, Cohen L, Chin JJ, Trinh-Shevrin C, Islam NS. Factors Influencing Recovery and Well-Being Among Asian Survivors of International Criminal Sex Trafficking in an Urban U.S. City. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2360-2386. [PMID: 35548928 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sex trafficking is serious form of gender-based violence that results in profound adverse health outcomes, yet one that is poorly understood. New York City is a major hub for sex trafficking, with a significant but unquantified number of victims originating from East Asian countries and trafficked via illicit massage businesses. Peer-reviewed studies among Asian survivors of international criminal sex trafficking do not exist. The aim of this study is to qualitatively examine the factors at various levels of influence that impact the recovery and reintegration process of Asian criminal sex trafficking survivors in the United States from the perspective of survivors and front-line service providers. The study was guided by community-based participatory research and trauma-informed approaches, leveraging a collaboration with a well-established service provider organization. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted between 2018 and 2019 with three Korean survivors and seven key informants who were anti-trafficking service providers working with East Asian clients. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Survivors and service providers vocalized factors at multiple levels that either facilitate or impede recovery and well-being. Levels of influence included structural (e.g., poverty/debt bondage, immigration status, limited English proficiency), cultural (e.g., fatalism, collectivism), institutional (e.g., lack of culturally appropriate, trauma-informed care), interpersonal (e.g., exploitation, social support), and individual (e.g., resilience). Stigma was a crosscutting factor that spanned all levels of influence. This study highlights the voices of survivors and front-line service providers to understand the lives of an under-researched population of Asian sex trafficking survivors. Ultimately, the root, structural causes of survivor marginalization need to be addressed, which stem from the intersection of class-, gender-, and race-related inequities. While survivors continue to experience exploitation and marginalization post-trafficking, they also carry an enormous amount of resilience that must be leveraged in their path to recovery from trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahnah Lim
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Seunggun Lee
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Lori Cohen
- Anti-Trafficking Initiative, Sanctuary for Families, New York, NY, USA
| | - John J Chin
- Hunter College, 5924The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Chau Trinh-Shevrin
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Nadia S Islam
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NY, USA
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Koegler E, Wood CA, Johnson SD, Bahlinger L. Service providers' perspectives on substance use and treatment needs among human trafficking survivors. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 143:108897. [PMID: 36215910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2022.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding substance use and treatment needs for survivors of human trafficking remains an underdeveloped area in the field of substance use treatment. This study assessed the nature of substance use among survivors of all types of human trafficking and identified treatment barriers and needs, as reported by human trafficking service providers in one Midwest major metropolitan area. METHODS Participants were purposively selected from agencies that served foreign-born and domestic-born survivors of human trafficking. The study interviewed fifteen key informants across 13 agencies directly serving survivors of trafficking. RESULTS Providers highlighted frequent use of alcohol and marijuana, as well as polysubstance use. They noted survivors' significant use of opioids, associated concerns regarding fentanyl-related deaths, and increased frequency of stimulant use. Barriers for addressing substance use problems with survivors included low self-perceptions of need, lack of available residential or inpatient treatment options, and prioritizing basic needs such as housing over substance use treatment. CONCLUSIONS Results underscore how broader trends in substance use and overdose in a region can mirror substance use patterns and treatment needs of human trafficking survivors. Further, a need exists for broader substance use screening and low-barrier referral services to address emergent needs of survivors of trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Koegler
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
| | - Claire A Wood
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
| | - Sharon D Johnson
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
| | - Lilly Bahlinger
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, United States of America.
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Owczarzak J, Kazi AK, Mazhnaya A, Alpatova P, Zub T, Filippova O, Phillips SD. "You're nobody without a piece of paper:" visibility, the state, and access to services among women who use drugs in Ukraine. Soc Sci Med 2020; 269:113563. [PMID: 33309442 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Ukraine, women constitute a third of all new HIV infections, and injection drug use accounts for nearly half of HIV infections among women. Women who use drugs (WWUD) often have diminished access to drug use treatment, HIV care, and other health and social services or underutilize women-specific services such as maternal health services. While interpersonal and contextual factors diminish access to and utilization of services among WWUD, rules, processes, and bureaucratic structures also systematically exclude women from accessing services and resources. Institutions, bureaucratic processes, and instruments of legibility such as documents regulate who can and cannot access services and raise questions about "deservingness." In this paper, we use the lens of bureaucracy to explore paperwork as a form of structural violence through its production of "legible" citizens, often through reinforcement of gender stereotypes and moral narratives of deservingness. Between December 2017 and October 2018, we interviewed 41 medical and social service providers and 37 WWUD in two Ukrainian cities. Our analysis revealed that requirements for internal passports and residency permits-the primary state apparatus through which rights to services are granted in Ukraine-compelled participants to continually render themselves visible to the state in order to receive services, despite financial, logistical and other challenges that undermined women's ability to obtain documents. These requirements exposed them to new forms of stigma and exclusion, such as reduced opportunities for employment and losing custody of children. Nongovernmental organizations, due to funding cuts, curtailed direct services such as support groups but became liaisons between clients and the state. They enforced new narratives of deservingness, such as the ability to define "good" behavior or reward social relationships with agency staff. Ukraine's current reforms to social safety net institutions present an opportunity to interrogate underlying assumptions about spheres of responsibility for the country's most marginalized and stigmatized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Owczarzak
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House Room 739, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Asiya K Kazi
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-1996, USA.
| | - Alyona Mazhnaya
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,; 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205-1996, USA.
| | - Polina Alpatova
- Institute of Social-Humanitarian Research, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 6 Svobody Sq, Office 351, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
| | - Tatyana Zub
- Department of Sociology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 6 Svobody Sq, Office 351, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
| | - Olga Filippova
- Department of Sociology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 6 Svobody Sq, Office 351, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
| | - Sarah D Phillips
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Student Building 130, 701 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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