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Kappas I, Promponas VJ, Ouzounis CA. A choice, not an obligation : Releasing scientific software as open source should be the responsibility of the authors. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:464-466. [PMID: 38177919 PMCID: PMC10897218 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The timing of making software open source should not be dictated by journal guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kappas
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessalonica, Thessalonica, Greece.
| | - V J Promponas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - C A Ouzounis
- School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessalonica, Thessalonica, Greece.
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2
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Ebbesen M, Korvink JG, Islam M, Lantada AD. The ethics of engineered living materials. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:5-9. [PMID: 37798144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineered living materials (ELMs) combine living and non-living entities. Their associated ethical concerns must be addressed to promote safety, promote sustainability, and regulate societal impacts. This article identifies key ethical and safety issues by reflecting on fundamental ethical principles. It further discusses a future ethical roadmap for sustainable research in ELMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ebbesen
- Techno-Anthropology & Participation, Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Monsur Islam
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Resnik DB. Disclosing and Managing Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest in Scientific Publications. RESEARCH ETHICS 2023; 19:121-138. [PMID: 37621567 PMCID: PMC10448996 DOI: 10.1177/17470161221148387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been increased recognition of the importance of disclosing and managing non-financial conflicts of interests to safeguard the objectivity, integrity, and trustworthiness of scientific research. While funding agencies and academic institutions have had policies for addressing non-financial interests in grant peer review and research oversight since the 1990s, scientific journals have been only recently begun to develop such policies. An impediment to the formulation of effective journal policies is that non-financial interests can be difficult to recognize and define. Journals can overcome this problem by providing guidance concerning the types of non-financial interests that should be disclosed, including direct research interests, direct professional interests, expert testimony, involvement in litigation, holding a leadership position in a non-governmental organization, providing technical or scientific advice to a non-governmental organization, and personal or professional relationships. The guidance should apply to authors, editors, and reviewers.
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4
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Gordon RL, Martschenko DO, Nayak S, Niarchou M, Morrison MD, Bell E, Jacoby N, Davis LK. Confronting ethical and social issues related to the genetics of musicality. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1522:5-14. [PMID: 36851882 PMCID: PMC10613828 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
New interdisciplinary research into genetic influences on musicality raises a number of ethical and social issues for future avenues of research and public engagement. The historical intersection of music cognition and eugenics heightens the need to vigilantly weigh the potential risks and benefits of these studies and the use of their outcomes. Here, we bring together diverse disciplinary expertise (complex trait genetics, music cognition, musicology, bioethics, developmental psychology, and neuroscience) to interpret and guide the ethical use of findings from recent and future studies. We discuss a framework for incorporating principles of ethically and socially responsible conduct of musicality genetics research into each stage of the research lifecycle: study design, study implementation, potential applications, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna L. Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | | | - Srishti Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Maria Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Matthew D. Morrison
- Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eamonn Bell
- Department of Music/Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nori Jacoby
- Computational Auditory Perception Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
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5
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Ambrosj J, Dierickx K, Desmond H. The Value-Free Ideal of Science: A Useful Fiction? A Review of Non-epistemic Reasons for the Research Integrity Community. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2023; 29:1. [PMID: 36622481 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Even if the "value-free ideal of science" (VFI) were an unattainable goal, one could ask: can it be a useful fiction, one that is beneficial for the research community and society? This question is particularly crucial for scholars and institutions concerned with research integrity (RI), as one cannot offer normative guidance to researchers without making some assumptions about what ideal scientific research looks like. Despite the insofar little interaction between scholars studying RI and those working on values in science, the overlap of topics and interests make collaboration between the two fields promising for understanding research and its ethics. Here, we identify-for the use of RI scholars-the non-epistemic reasons (societal, political, professional) for and against the VFI considered in the literature. All of these are concerned with the beneficial or detrimental consequences that endorsing the VFI would have on society, policy-making, or the scientific community, with some authors appealing to the same principles to argue for opposite positions. Though most of the reviewed articles do not endorse the VFI, it is generally agreed that some constraints have to be put on the use of non-epistemic values. Disagreement on the utility of the VFI lies both on the different epistemic-descriptive positions taken by different authors, and on the scarcity of relevant empirical studies. Engaging critically with the reasons here identified and more in general with the values in science debate will help the RI community decide whether the VFI should be included in future codes of conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Ambrosj
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Box, 7001 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Kris Dierickx
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Box, 7001 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Hugh Desmond
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 Box, 7001 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, CNRS/Paris I-Sorbonne, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium
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6
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Peters U, Krauss A, Braganza O. Generalization Bias in Science. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13188. [PMID: 36044007 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many scientists routinely generalize from study samples to larger populations. It is commonly assumed that this cognitive process of scientific induction is a voluntary inference in which researchers assess the generalizability of their data and then draw conclusions accordingly. We challenge this view and argue for a novel account. The account describes scientific induction as involving by default a generalization bias that operates automatically and frequently leads researchers to unintentionally generalize their findings without sufficient evidence. The result is unwarranted, overgeneralized conclusions. We support this account of scientific induction by integrating a range of disparate findings from across the cognitive sciences that have until now not been connected to research on the nature of scientific induction. The view that scientific induction involves by default a generalization bias calls for a revision of the current thinking about scientific induction and highlights an overlooked cause of the replication crisis in the sciences. Commonly proposed interventions to tackle scientific overgeneralizations that may feed into this crisis need to be supplemented with cognitive debiasing strategies against generalization bias to most effectively improve science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Peters
- Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge.,Center for Science and Thought, University of Bonn
| | - Alexander Krauss
- CPNSS, London School of Economics.,Spanish National Research Council
| | - Oliver Braganza
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn.,Center for Science and Thought, University of Bonn
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7
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Drolet MJ, Rose-Derouin E, Leblanc JC, Ruest M, Williams-Jones B. Ethical Issues in Research: Perceptions of Researchers, Research Ethics Board Members and Research Ethics Experts. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ETHICS 2022; 21:269-292. [PMID: 35975128 PMCID: PMC9372977 DOI: 10.1007/s10805-022-09455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of academic research, a diversity of ethical issues, conditioned by the different roles of members within these institutions, arise. Previous studies on this topic addressed mainly the perceptions of researchers. However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored the transversal ethical issues from a wider spectrum, including other members of academic institutions as the research ethics board (REB) members, and the research ethics experts. The present study used a descriptive phenomenological approach to document the ethical issues experienced by a heterogeneous group of Canadian researchers, REB members, and research ethics experts. Data collection involved socio-demographic questionnaires and individual semi-structured interviews. Following the triangulation of different perspectives (researchers, REB members and ethics experts), emerging ethical issues were synthesized in ten units of meaning: (1) research integrity, (2) conflicts of interest, (3) respect for research participants, (4) lack of supervision and power imbalances, (5) individualism and performance, (6) inadequate ethical guidance, (7) social injustices, (8) distributive injustices, (9) epistemic injustices, and (10) ethical distress. This study highlighted several problematic elements that can support the identification of future solutions to resolve transversal ethical issues in research that affect the heterogeneous members of the academic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josée Drolet
- Department of Occupational Therapy (OT), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières (Québec), Canada
| | - Eugénie Rose-Derouin
- Bachelor OT program, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières (Québec), Canada
| | - Julie-Claude Leblanc
- Bachelor OT program, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières (Québec), Canada
| | - Mélanie Ruest
- Bachelor OT program, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières (Québec), Canada
| | - Bryn Williams-Jones
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
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8
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Naudé A, Bornman J, Kanji A. A Systematic Review of Ethics Knowledge in Audiology Literature: A Follow-Up Study (2011-2020). Am J Audiol 2022; 31:835-844. [PMID: 35944019 DOI: 10.1044/2022_aja-22-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to update and explore the extant literature (2011-2020) regarding ethics knowledge in audiology and to compare the findings to an earlier study (2001-2010). METHOD This systematic review employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. RESULTS MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, MasterFILE Premier, E-Journals, Africa-Wide information and Academic Search Premier electronic databases, and non-peer-reviewed papers in Seminars in Hearing yielded a total of 63 papers. Following systematic screening using inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 12 full-text papers were included in this review. Pertinent data and findings from the review were tabulated and analyzed using a qualitative, deductive approach. Results showed that the 12 papers were published in nine peer-reviewed journals with a predominantly social scientific approach. This differs from the earlier review that reported only five papers with a predominantly philosophical approach. However, both the current and earlier studies focused on the rehabilitation/management role of the audiologist. In the earlier study, the focus was on moral judgment (as one of the components of moral behavior), whereas this was the focus of only half of the papers identified in this study, with the remaining papers focusing on moral sensitivity and moral motivation. CONCLUSIONS The focus of papers had evolved and continued to include more elements related to the multiple perspectives used to analyze and describe ethics research. The body of knowledge of ethics in audiology specifically expanded in the area of social scientific research, focusing on beneficence and nonmaleficence, including moral motivation and basing research on moral judgment with the emphasis on the rehabilitation/management and education/research/administration role of audiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Naudé
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juan Bornman
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amisha Kanji
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Courtright-Lim A. "CRISPR for Disabilities: How to Self-Regulate" or Something? JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2022; 19:151-161. [PMID: 35362932 PMCID: PMC9007770 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-021-10162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of the CRISPR gene editing technique has been hyped as a technique that could fundamentally change scientific research and its clinical application. Unrecognized is the fact that it joins other technologies that have tried and failed under the same discourse of scientific hype. These technologies, like gene therapy and stem cell research, have moved quickly passed basic research into clinical application with dire consequences. Before hastily moving to clinical applications, it is necessary to consider basic research and determine how CRISPR/Cas systems should be applied. In the case of single gene diseases, that application is expected to have positive impacts, but as we shift to more complex diseases, the impact could be unintentionally negative. In the context of common disabilities, the level of genetic complexity may render this technology useless but potentially toxic, aggravating a social discourse that devalues those with disabilities. This paper intends to define the issues related to disability that are associated with using the CRIPSR/Cas system in basic research. It also aims to provide a decision tree to help determine whether the technology should be utilized or if alternative approaches beyond scientific research could lead to a better use of limited funding resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Courtright-Lim
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK.
- Translational Genomic Research Institute, 445 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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“The elephant in the room”: social responsibility in the production of sociogenomics research. BIOSOCIETIES 2021; 17:713-731. [DOI: 10.1057/s41292-021-00239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Froeling F, Gignac F, Hoek G, Vermeulen R, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Ficorilli A, De Marchi B, Biggeri A, Kocman D, Robinson JA, Grazuleviciene R, Andrusaityte S, Righi V, Basagaña X. Narrative review of citizen science in environmental epidemiology: Setting the stage for co-created research projects in environmental epidemiology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106470. [PMID: 33677244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several citizen science (CS) initiatives have been adopted in environmental science to monitor air and noise pollution, and water quality related to civic concerns. Nevertheless, CS projects in environmental epidemiology remain scarce. This is because little attention has been paid to evaluate associations of environmental exposures with health effects directly. This narrative review aims to promote the understanding and application of CS in environmental epidemiology. There are many commonalities between CS and other participatory approaches in environmental epidemiology. Yet, CS can foster the democratization of scientific governance and enhance the sustainability of research projects more effectively than other existing participatory approaches. This is especially the case in projects where citizens are invited to participate, engage and become involved throughout all the phases of a research project (co-created projects). This paper identifies various challenges and opportunities specific to the implementation of co-created CS projects in environmental epidemiology. The development of more locally relevant research designs, using local knowledge, obtaining medical ethical clearance, and co-analysing the association between exposure and health, are examples of opportunities and challenges that require epidemiologists to go beyond the traditional research framework and include more outreach activities. Continued efforts, particularly the sharing of information about projects' collaborative processes, are needed to make CS a more concrete and cohesive approach in environmental epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Gignac
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Antonella Ficorilli
- Epidemiologia e Prevenzione "Giulio A. Maccacaro" Social Enterprise, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruna De Marchi
- Epidemiologia e Prevenzione "Giulio A. Maccacaro" Social Enterprise, Milan, Italy; SVT, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annibale Biggeri
- Epidemiologia e Prevenzione "Giulio A. Maccacaro" Social Enterprise, Milan, Italy; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "G. Parenti" University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - David Kocman
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Johanna Amalia Robinson
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Science, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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12
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Gooding P, Kariotis T. Ethics and Law in Research on Algorithmic and Data-Driven Technology in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review. JMIR Ment Health 2021; 8:e24668. [PMID: 34110297 PMCID: PMC8262551 DOI: 10.2196/24668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncertainty surrounds the ethical and legal implications of algorithmic and data-driven technologies in the mental health context, including technologies characterized as artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and other forms of automation. OBJECTIVE This study aims to survey empirical scholarly literature on the application of algorithmic and data-driven technologies in mental health initiatives to identify the legal and ethical issues that have been raised. METHODS We searched for peer-reviewed empirical studies on the application of algorithmic technologies in mental health care in the Scopus, Embase, and Association for Computing Machinery databases. A total of 1078 relevant peer-reviewed applied studies were identified, which were narrowed to 132 empirical research papers for review based on selection criteria. Conventional content analysis was undertaken to address our aims, and this was supplemented by a keyword-in-context analysis. RESULTS We grouped the findings into the following five categories of technology: social media (53/132, 40.1%), smartphones (37/132, 28%), sensing technology (20/132, 15.1%), chatbots (5/132, 3.8%), and miscellaneous (17/132, 12.9%). Most initiatives were directed toward detection and diagnosis. Most papers discussed privacy, mainly in terms of respecting the privacy of research participants. There was relatively little discussion of privacy in this context. A small number of studies discussed ethics directly (10/132, 7.6%) and indirectly (10/132, 7.6%). Legal issues were not substantively discussed in any studies, although some legal issues were discussed in passing (7/132, 5.3%), such as the rights of user subjects and privacy law compliance. CONCLUSIONS Ethical and legal issues tend to not be explicitly addressed in empirical studies on algorithmic and data-driven technologies in mental health initiatives. Scholars may have considered ethical or legal matters at the ethics committee or institutional review board stage. If so, this consideration seldom appears in published materials in applied research in any detail. The form itself of peer-reviewed papers that detail applied research in this field may well preclude a substantial focus on ethics and law. Regardless, we identified several concerns, including the near-complete lack of involvement of mental health service users, the scant consideration of algorithmic accountability, and the potential for overmedicalization and techno-solutionism. Most papers were published in the computer science field at the pilot or exploratory stages. Thus, these technologies could be appropriated into practice in rarely acknowledged ways, with serious legal and ethical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers Gooding
- Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mozilla Foundation, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Kariotis
- Melbourne School of Government, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Conceptualising Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Research: Results from a Critical and Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ETHICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10805-021-09411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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14
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Martschenko DO, Smith M. Genes do not operate in a vacuum, and neither should our research. Nat Genet 2021; 53:255-256. [PMID: 33686261 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markia Smith
- BlackInGenetics.,University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Kafaee M, Taqavi M. The Value of 'Traditionality': The Epistemological and Ethical Significance of Non-western Alternatives in Science. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2021; 27:6. [PMID: 33532937 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
After a brief review of the relationship between science and value, this paper introduces the value of 'traditionality' as a value in the pure and applied sciences. Along with other recognized values, this value can also contribute to formulating hypotheses and determining theories. There are three reasons for legitimizing the internal role of this value in science: first, this value can contribute to scientific progress by presenting more diverse hypotheses; second, the value of external consistency in science entails this value; and third, this value helps to eliminate some of the adverse social and cultural effects of Western science in non-Western societies. 'Traditionality' is an extrinsic epistemic value, according to the first two reasons, and at the same time, is an ethical value, according to the last reason. Also, the ethics of belief is adopted to further confirm the ethical role of this value. Finally, this paper discusses three potential criticisms that can be levelled against this idea and responds to each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Kafaee
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, PO Box 3619995161, Shahrood, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Taqavi
- Department of Philosophy of Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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16
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From Transdisciplinary Research to Transdisciplinary Education—The Role of Schools in Contributing to Community Well-Being and Sustainable Development. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su13010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article looks at transdisciplinary research and discusses the possibilities of translating this concept into a new type of education, which we will call Transdisciplinary Education. Following the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals by the community of states, there has been increased international recognition of education as being a key driver for sustainable development. Considering the global grand challenges of the 21st century, the integration of Education for Sustainable Development at all school levels ought to be prioritized in order to empower young people to contribute to sustainable development. Collaborating with out-of-school partners and doing research on real-world problems within their lifeworld, help students develop the competences necessary for responsible citizenship, while at the same time contributing to community well-being. Both concepts transdisciplinary research and Transdisciplinary Education acknowledge the responsibility of addressing social relevant problems and the significant role of those who are and who will be affected by these challenges. The project Science Education for Action and Engagement Towards Sustainability (SEAS) aims at analyzing different partnerships between schools and out-of-school institutions in European countries. By comparing the collaborative formats and providing a concept and method pool for educators, SEAS targets facilitating the integration of Transdisciplinary Education in formal schooling in the future. This article gives insights into the Austrian research-education collaboration k.i.d.Z.21. Drawing on experiences of k.i.d.Z.21 and taking up characteristics of transdisciplinary research, opportunities and challenges of integrating Transdisciplinary Education in formal schooling are discussed.
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17
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Malinowska JK, Żuradzki T. Non-Epistemological Values in Collaborative Research in Neuroscience: The Case of Alleged Differences Between Human Populations. AJOB Neurosci 2020; 11:203-206. [PMID: 32716750 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2020.1778126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Obeidat RF, Al-Delaimy W. Applying the Ethical Principle of Social Benefits in Nursing Research in Developing Countries: the Case of Jordan. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC ETHICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10805-020-09380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chowdhry A, Kapoor P, Popli DB. Strengthening health care research and academics during and after COVID19 pandemic- an Indian perspective. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:343-346. [PMID: 32704469 PMCID: PMC7333619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The world-wide crisis of COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted daily lives, global economies, intra/inter-countries political outlook and educational systems. Schools and colleges in India and abroad are under lock-down to maximize social distancing and minimize the spread of infection amongst students and teaching staff. Health sciences related universities and researchers are forced to adopt non-contact teaching and research. Present article highlights the positive impact and opportunities provided by COVID-19 crisis to health care research and academic set-up. We have compiled ethical, effective and practical guidelines to mitigate the impact on health care related research and academic front during these pandemic times in an Indian perspective. These guidelines and management suggestions can be modified to suit region based cases and can be applied in global perspective also. The suggestions in the current article provide a working collaboration of students and teachers to effectively connect on virtual platforms to strengthen their research output, giving suggestions of data-sharing and rapid review of proposals by online review ethical boards. This time is proposed to be used for generating a positive impact on health and research sector to use each adversity as an opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Chowdhry
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Kapoor
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Bablani Popli
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Turner PV, Barbee RW. Responsible Science and Research Animal Use. ILAR J 2020; 60:1-4. [PMID: 31930313 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of the ILAR Journal focuses on the topic of responsible science as it relates to animal research. We start with the concept of the scientist as a responsible citizen and then move through multiple phases of research including careful experimental planning, reporting, and incorporation of laboratory animal science. The work of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) or animal ethical/oversight body in reviewing both animal use and contributing to scientific excellence is explored. Additional topics include protection of animal handlers from multiple experimental hazards, use of agricultural animals and wildlife studies, regulatory ambiguities, and harmonization of animal research. Rounding out the issue is a discussion of how animal care and use programs can enhance animal welfare while mitigating regulatory burden, and our responsibility to clearly communicate the ethical use of animals in advancing biomedical research. A deeper understanding of these topics can assist scientists in simultaneously advancing their research and animal welfare.
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Perkins D, Danskin K, Rowe AE, Livinski AA. The Culture of Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Responsible Conduct in the Life Sciences: A Comprehensive Literature Review. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2019; 24:34-45. [PMID: 36034634 PMCID: PMC9093240 DOI: 10.1177/1535676018778538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Managing biological risks requires an organizational culture that holistically ensures the biosafety, biosecurity, and biocontainment of infectious disease agents and toxins, in addition to conducting science in a responsible manner, complying with relevant laws, regulations, guidelines, and policies, as well as emphasizing norms, values, and beliefs of the entire life sciences profession. METHODS Drawing upon the Federal Experts Security Advisory Panel's (FESAP's) 2014 recommendation to "strengthen a culture that emphasizes biosafety, laboratory biosecurity, and responsible conduct in the life sciences," we undertook a comprehensive literature review of the culture of biosafety, biosecurity, and responsible conduct in the life sciences, including metrics by which to evaluate interventions at the organizational level. RESULTS We identified 4031 unique citations published from January 2001 to January 2017 by searching the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Global Health databases. In addition, a subset of 326 articles was reviewed in full. DISCUSSION We found that while there were discussions in the literature about specific elements of culture (management systems, leadership and/or personnel behavior, beliefs and attitudes, or principles for guiding decisions and behaviors), there was a general lack of integration of these concepts, as well as limited information about specific indicators or metrics and the effectiveness of training or similar interventions. CONCLUSION We concluded that life scientists seeking to foster a culture of biosafety and biosecurity should learn from the substantial literature in analogous areas such as nuclear safety and security culture, high-reliability organizations, and the responsible conduct of research, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Perkins
- Office of Policy and Planning, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen Danskin
- Office of Policy and Planning, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A. Elise Rowe
- Office of Policy and Planning, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alicia A. Livinski
- NIH Library, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kits O, Angus C, MacLeod A, Tummons J. Progressive research collaborations and the limits of soft power. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 8:28-32. [PMID: 30689173 PMCID: PMC6382625 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-019-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Collaboration in diverse teams is a central topic area in medical education, health research, and healthcare. As medical education researchers we implemented an internal grant policy to develop a progressive research partnership based on widely accepted guidelines for responsible conduct of research. Our intention was to proactively manage and guide group expectations around issues such as access to data and authorship. Our policy was based on 'soft power' principles, using the persuasiveness of ideas, relationships and inducements to encourage people to 'want what you want.' This article shares how we developed and implemented the policy, experienced first-hand the limits of soft power, and it explicates some of the lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kits
- Research Methods Unit, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Camille Angus
- Social Dimensions of Health Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna MacLeod
- Division of Medical Education & Continuing Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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From a variety of ethics to the integrity and congruence of research on biodiversity conservation. Asian Bioeth Rev 2018; 10:313-332. [PMID: 33717295 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-018-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to find the elements that are required for a common ethical approach that is suitable for the different perspectives adopted in integrative biodiversity conservation research. A general reflection on the integrity of research is a priority worldwide, with a common aim to promote good research practice. Beyond the relationship between researcher and research subject, the integrity of research is considered in a broader perspective which entails scientific integrity towards society. In research involving a variety of disciplines and a diversity of legal and ethical frameworks, there is a need of harmony between different sets of values. The notion of congruence (or more pragmatically, alignment) reflects the consistency of ethics in research within the biodiversity conservation's community of researchers. It also bears on the coherence of values shared between the scientific community and society. We examine the notion of research integrity in a broad sense. This examination is to be conducted in relation to the goal of protecting ecological integrity, which is at the core of biodiversity conservation. The notion of integrity constraints should be investigated further to develop a pragmatic response to the need for integrity and congruence in research for biodiversity conservation.
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Bezuidenhout L. The relational responsibilities of scientists: (Re) considering science as a practice. RESEARCH ETHICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1747016117695368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of science are increasingly drawing attention to the highly communal nature of research. Ethics, sociology, philosophy, and anthropology of science all emphasize the key role that collaborative actions play in the generation of scientific knowledge. Nonetheless, despite the increasing interest in these communal aspects of scientific research, studies on the relationships underpinning communality are commonly focused on the how the individual interacts with their peers and contributes to the epistemic activities of science. In contrast, there is little literature that broadens out the scope of this analysis to consider the multidimensional nature of these research relationships. In particular, little is said about how scientists mediate their social interactions with peers during daily laboratory research. Less, indeed, is said about the tradition of ‘learning through example’ that characterizes most in situ laboratory training.All of these relational activities are of critical importance in sustaining and perpetuating the practice of science. It therefore becomes important to ask how we understand these relational activities directed towards building and sustaining relationships in different loci for the primary purpose of strengthening the practice of research and sustaining the traditions of scientific research. Moreover, it is vital to consider how discussions on responsibility may be cached out for individual scientists.This article employs a virtue ethics approach to consider these issues. It begins by sketching out the plethora of different relationships present in daily laboratory practice using existing ethnographic studies. It then uses virtue ethics to identify specific responsibilities that individual scientists have in cultivating and safeguarding the development of these relationships. It concludes by suggesting ways in which these issues may be taken up in teaching responsible conduct to scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bezuidenhout
- Center for Theology, Science and Human Flourishing, University of Notre Dame, USA
- Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
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Brall C, Maeckelberghe E, Porz R, Makhoul J, Schröder-Bäck P. Research Ethics 2.0: New Perspectives on Norms, Values, and Integrity in Genomic Research in Times of Even Scarcer Resources. Public Health Genomics 2017; 20:27-35. [PMID: 28288472 PMCID: PMC5516405 DOI: 10.1159/000462960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research ethics anew gained importance due to the changing scientific landscape and increasing demands and competition in the academic field. These changes are further exaggerated because of scarce(r) resources in some countries on the one hand and advances in genomics on the other. In this paper, we will highlight the current challenges thereof to scientific integrity. To mark key developments in research ethics, we will distinguish between what we call research ethics 1.0 and research ethics 2.0. Whereas research ethics 1.0 focuses on individual integrity and informed consent, research ethics 2.0 entails social scientific integrity within a broader perspective of a research network. This research network can be regarded as a network of responsibilities in which every stakeholder involved has to jointly meet the ethical challenges posed to research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Brall
- Department of International Health, School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Ethics Unit, Bern University Hospital Inselspital, Inselgruppe AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Els Maeckelberghe
- Institute for Medical Education, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rouven Porz
- Clinical Ethics Unit, Bern University Hospital Inselspital, Inselgruppe AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jihad Makhoul
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Peter Schröder-Bäck
- Department of International Health, School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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