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Dhaliwal JS, Sekhon MS, Rajotia A, Dang AK, Singh PP, Bilal M, Sakthivel H, Ahmed R, Verma R, Ramphul K, Sethi PS. Disparities and Outcomes in the First and Second Year of the Pandemic on Events of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:597. [PMID: 38674243 PMCID: PMC11052327 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused several cardiovascular complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in infected patients. This study aims to understand the overall trends of AMI among COVID-19 patients during the first two years of the pandemic and the disparities and outcomes between the first and second years. Materials and Methods: The retrospective analysis was conducted via the 2020 and 2021 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for hospitalizations between April 2020 and December 2021 being analyzed for adults with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19 who experienced events of AMI. A comparison of month-to-month events of AMI and mortality of AMI patients with concomitant COVID-19 was made alongside their respective patient characteristics. Results: Out of 2,541,992 COVID-19 hospitalized patients, 3.55% experienced AMI. The highest rate of AMI was in December 2021 (4.35%). No statistical differences in trends of AMI mortality were noted over the 21 months. AMI cases in 2021 had higher odds of undergoing PCI (aOR 1.627, p < 0.01). They experienced higher risks of acute kidney injury (aOR 1.078, p < 0.01), acute ischemic stroke (aOR 1.215, p < 0.01), cardiac arrest (aOR 1.106, p < 0.01), need for mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.133, p < 0.01), and all-cause mortality (aOR 1.032, 95% CI 1.001-1.064, p = 0.043). Conclusions: The incidence of AMI among COVID-19 patients fluctuated over the 21 months of this study, with a peak in December 2021. COVID-19 patients reporting AMI in 2021 experienced higher overall odds of multiple complications, which could relate to the exhaustive burden of the pandemic in 2021 on healthcare, the changing impact of the virus variants, and the hesitancy of infected patients to seek care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasninder Singh Dhaliwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Manraj S. Sekhon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Arush Rajotia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ashujot K. Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prabh Partap Singh
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maham Bilal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Hemamalini Sakthivel
- One Brooklyn Health System/Interfaith Medical Ctr Program, Brooklyn, NY 11213, USA
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Renuka Verma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | | | - Prabhdeep S. Sethi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Ramphul K, Singh Dhaliwal J, Sombans S, Passi JK, Aggarwal S, Kumar N, Sakthivel H, Ahmed R, Verma R. Trends in admissions for COVID-19 in the United States between April 2020 and December 2021 and cardiovascular events. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2024; 9:e60-e65. [PMID: 38846059 PMCID: PMC11155464 DOI: 10.5114/amsad/185410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to cardiovascular complications. We aimed to understand the trends in admission for COVID-19 and the incidence of various cardiovascular events. Material and methods The 2020 and 2021 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was studied for cases of COVID-19 between April 2020 and December 2021 in the United States. Linear-by-linear association helped us understand the trends of various events. Results The number of cases of COVID-19 was highest in January 2021 (261,469 patients). The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism rose from 2.08% in April 2020 to 4.82% in November 2021, while deep vein thrombosis cases rose from 1.74% in April 2020 to 2.63% in December 2021. The incidence of cardiac arrest varied, with a maximum of 3.00% in August 2021. Similarly, acute ischemic stroke cases experienced their highest incidence in January 2021 (0.91%). The incidence of myocarditis was highest in April and May 2020 (0.42% each). Peak takotsubo cases were seen between October and December 2021. The highest overall all-cause mortality among COVID-19 cases was seen in April 2020 (16.74%). Conclusions Throughout the 21 months of our analysis, various trends in COVID-19 cases and incidence of cardiac events were noticed. This could relate to the different variants of COVID-19, their direct and indirect impact on coagulation pathways and the myocardial tissues, and the protective roles of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jatin Kumar Passi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, India
| | - Shruti Aggarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, India
| | - Nomesh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center Sinai Grace-Wayne State University, Michigan, US
| | | | - Raheel Ahmed
- Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renuka Verma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas(UNLV), Las Vegas, US
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Sato H, Yonezu K, Saito S, Abe I, Tawara K, Akioka H, Shinohara T, Teshima Y, Yufu K, Abe R, Takahashi N. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Long-Term Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japan. Cureus 2024; 16:e51905. [PMID: 38333491 PMCID: PMC10850441 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a global reduction in hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was observed. Generally, patients experienced increased severity of AMI with delays in time from symptom onset to treatment during the pandemic. However, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on in-hospital mortality among patients with AMI remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the long-term prognosis of patients with AMI during the COVID-19 pandemic to that observed in the pre-pandemic period and to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prognosis of patients with AMI. Methods We reviewed the data of patients admitted to our hospital for AMI treatment between April 1, 2018, and March 31, 2021. The time from admission to major adverse cardiac events (MACE), as well as the time from admission to all-cause death, were examined between the pandemic period (April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021) and the pre-pandemic period (April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2020). Results Eighty patients were included in the study, and those admitted during the pandemic exhibited a higher likelihood of advanced age, lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, and a reduced prevalence of hypertension. The 2.5-year MACE-free survival and overall survival rates between the patients during the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods were not significantly different. Conclusion The long-term prognosis of patients with AMI during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. In this study, we reported that the 2.5-year MACE-free survival and overall survival rates of the patients with AMI admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic were not significantly different from those during the pre-pandemic period. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prognosis of patients with AMI appears to vary according to the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
- Advanced Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Oita University Hospital, Yufu, JPN
| | - Keisuke Yonezu
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
- Advanced Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Oita University Hospital, Yufu, JPN
| | - Ichitaro Abe
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
- Advanced Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Oita University Hospital, Yufu, JPN
| | - Katsunori Tawara
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, JPN
| | - Hidefumi Akioka
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, JPN
| | - Tetsuji Shinohara
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
| | - Yasushi Teshima
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
| | - Kunio Yufu
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
| | - Ryuzo Abe
- Advanced Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Oita University Hospital, Yufu, JPN
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
| | - Naohiko Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, JPN
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