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Roka-Moiia Y, Ammann KR, Miller-Gutierrez S, Sheriff J, Bluestein D, Italiano JE, Flaumenhaft RC, Slepian MJ. Shear-Mediated Platelet Microparticles Demonstrate Phenotypic Heterogeneity as to Morphology, Receptor Distribution, and Hemostatic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7386. [PMID: 37108551 PMCID: PMC10138836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable Cardiovascular Therapeutic Devices (CTD), while lifesaving, impart supraphysiologic shear stress to platelets, resulting in thrombotic and bleeding coagulopathy. We previously demonstrated that shear-mediated platelet dysfunction is associated with downregulation of platelet GPIb-IX-V and αIIbβ3 receptors via generation of Platelet-Derived MicroParticles (PDMPs). Here, we test the hypothesis that sheared PDMPs manifest phenotypical heterogeneity of morphology and receptor surface expression and modulate platelet hemostatic function. Human gel-filtered platelets were exposed to continuous shear stress. Alterations of platelet morphology were visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Surface expression of platelet receptors and PDMP generation were quantified by flow cytometry. Thrombin generation was quantified spectrophotometrically, and platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry. Shear stress promotes notable alterations in platelet morphology and ejection of distinctive types of PDMPs. Shear-mediated microvesiculation is associated with the remodeling of platelet receptors, with PDMPs expressing significantly higher levels of adhesion receptors (αIIbβ3, GPIX, PECAM-1, P-selectin, and PSGL-1) and agonist receptors (P2Y12 and PAR1). Sheared PDMPs promote thrombin generation and inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ADP. Sheared PDMPs demonstrate phenotypic heterogeneity as to morphology and defined patterns of surface receptors and impose a bidirectional effect on platelet hemostatic function. PDMP heterogeneity suggests that a range of mechanisms are operative in the microvesiculation process, contributing to CTD coagulopathy and posing opportunities for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Roka-Moiia
- Sarver Heart Center, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Building 201E, Room 6139, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (Y.R.-M.)
| | - Kaitlyn R. Ammann
- Sarver Heart Center, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Building 201E, Room 6139, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (Y.R.-M.)
| | - Samuel Miller-Gutierrez
- Sarver Heart Center, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Building 201E, Room 6139, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (Y.R.-M.)
| | - Jawaad Sheriff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Joseph E. Italiano
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Flaumenhaft
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marvin J. Slepian
- Sarver Heart Center, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave, Building 201E, Room 6139, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (Y.R.-M.)
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Roka-Moiia Y, Ammann K, Miller-Gutierrez S, Sheriff J, Bluestein D, Italiano JE, Flaumenhaft RC, Slepian MJ. Shear-Mediated Platelet Microparticles Demonstrate Phenotypic Heterogeneity as to Morphology, Receptor Distribution, and Hemostatic Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.08.527675. [PMID: 36798322 PMCID: PMC9934663 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.527675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Implantable cardiovascular therapeutic devices (CTD) including stents, percutaneous heart valves and ventricular assist devices, while lifesaving, impart supraphysiologic shear stress to platelets resulting in thrombotic and bleeding device-related coagulopathy. We previously demonstrated that shear-mediated platelet dysfunction is associated with downregulation of platelet GPIb-IX-V and αIIbβ3 receptors via generation of platelet-derived microparticles (PDMPs). Here, we test the hypothesis that shear-generated PDMPs manifest phenotypical heterogeneity of their morphology and surface expression of platelet receptors, and modulate platelet hemostatic function. Approach and Results Human gel-filtered platelets were exposed to continuous shear stress and sonication. Alterations of platelet morphology were visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Surface expression of platelet receptors and PDMP generation were quantified by flow cytometry. Thrombin generation was quantified spectrophotometrically, and platelet aggregation in plasma was measured by optical aggregometry. We demonstrate that platelet exposure to shear stress promotes notable alterations in platelet morphology and ejection of several distinctive types of PDMPs. Shear-mediated microvesiculation is associated with the differential remodeling of platelet receptors with PDMPs expressing significantly higher levels of both adhesion (α IIb β 3 , GPIX, PECAM-1, P-selectin, and PSGL-1) and agonist-evoked receptors (P 2 Y 12 & PAR1). Shear-mediated PDMPs have a bidirectional effect on platelet hemostatic function, promoting thrombin generation and inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ADP. Conclusions Shear-generated PDMPs demonstrate phenotypic heterogeneity as to morphologic features and defined patterns of surface receptor alteration, and impose a bidirectional effect on platelet hemostatic function. PDMP heterogeneity suggests that a range of mechanisms are operative in the microvesiculation process, contributing to CTD coagulopathy and posing opportunities for therapeutic manipulation.
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Oda Y, Ito T, Yamada Y, Koga T, Nagasato T, Ohnishi-Wada T, Hosokawa K, Fukase H, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with augmented thrombogenicity in healthy individuals: analysis using the Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System. Thromb J 2021; 19:88. [PMID: 34789279 PMCID: PMC8597268 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent exposure of the subendothelial prothrombotic matrix to blood cause arterial thrombosis. Circulating platelets play an indispensable role in the growth of arterial thrombi partially owing to their unique ability to adhere to the subendothelial matrix and to aggregate to each other under flow conditions. Recently, the Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System (T-TAS) was developed for ex vivo analysis of the thrombogenic potential of whole blood samples under flow conditions. Despite the potential clinical utility of the T-TAS in assessing the risk for thrombosis and bleeding, reference intervals for T-TAS analysis in healthy individuals have not been determined. METHODS In total, 122 whole blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers ranging in age from 25 to 45 years. T-TAS analysis and hematological, physiological, and lifestyle assessments were conducted in these subjects. Whole blood samples anticoagulated with hirudin were perfused into a collagen-coated microchip (PL chip). The time to 10 kPa and the area under the flow pressure curve up to 10 min (AUC10) were analyzed as representative variables for thrombogenic potential. Reference intervals, which were defined as 2.5-97.5 percentiles, were determined. Additionally, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the AUC10 in the T-TAS. RESULTS The time to 10 kPa and the AUC10 widely varied, even in healthy volunteers. The reference intervals were 1.50-4.02 min and 223.4-456.8, respectively, at a shear rate of 1500 s- 1. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that platelet counts were most significantly associated with the AUC10 of the T-TAS. The presence of one or more cardiovascular risk factors of a high body mass index, a high pulse pressure, high fasting serum glucose levels, high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, a history of smoking, and no habitual exercise, had the second largest effect on the AUC10 of the T-TAS. CONCLUSIONS Healthy volunteers who had any cardiovascular risk factors showed augmented thrombogenicity, even in artificial uniform capillaries, compared with those without any risk factors in the T-TAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Oda
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan. .,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
| | | | | | - Tomoka Nagasato
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Research Institute, Fujimori Kogyo Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Kazuya Hosokawa
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Research Institute, Fujimori Kogyo Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Teruto Hashiguchi
- Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Induces Apoptosis and Activation in Gel-Filtered Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168955. [PMID: 34445660 PMCID: PMC8396574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib (BTZ) has demonstrated its efficacy in several hematological disorders and has been associated with thrombocytopenia. There is controversy about the effect of BTZ on human platelets, so we set out to determine its effect on various types of platelet samples. Human platelets were investigated in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and as gel-filtered platelets (GFPs). Mitochondrial inner membrane potential depolarization and phosphatidylserine (PS) and P-selectin expression levels were studied by flow cytometry, while thrombin generation was measured by a fluorescent method. In PRP, BTZ caused negligible PS expression after 60 min of treatment. However, in GFPs, PS expression was dose- and time-dependently increased in the BTZ-treated groups, as was P-selectin. The percentage of depolarized cells was also higher after BTZ pretreatment at both time points. Peak thrombin and velocity index increased significantly even with the lowest BTZ concentration (p = 0.0019; p = 0.0032) whereas time to peak and start tail parameters decreased (p = 0.0007; p = 0.0034). The difference between PRP and GFP results can be attributed to the presence of plasma proteins in PRP, as the PS-stimulating effect of BTZ could be attenuated by supplementing GFPs with purified human albumin. Overall, BTZ induces a procoagulant platelet phenotype in an experimental setting devoid of plasma proteins.
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The Molecular Aspects of Disturbed Platelet Activation through ADP/P2Y 12 Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126572. [PMID: 34207429 PMCID: PMC8234174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies confirm a high risk of ischemic events in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SP MS) patients, directly associated with an increased level of pro-thrombotic activity of platelets. Our work aimed to verify potential molecular abnormalities of the platelet P2Y12 receptor expression and functionality as a cause of an increased risk of thromboembolism observed in the course of MS. We have demonstrated an enhanced platelet reactivity in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in SP MS relative to controls. We have also shown an increased mRNA expression for the P2RY12 gene in both platelets and megakaryocytes, as well as enhanced density of these receptors on the platelet surface. We postulate that one of the reasons for the elevated risk of ischemic events observed in MS may be a genetically or phenotypically reinforced expression of the platelet P2Y12 receptor. In order to analyze the effect of the PAR1 (protease activated receptor type 1) signaling pathway on the expression level of P2Y12, we also analyzed the correlation parameters between P2Y12 expression and the markers of platelet activation in MS induced by selective PAR1 agonist (thrombin receptor activating peptide-6, TRAP-6). Identifying the molecular base responsible for the enlarged pro-thrombotic activity of platelets in SP MS could contribute to the implementation of prevention and targeted treatment, reducing the development of cardiovascular disorders in the course of the disease.
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Gąsecka A, Rogula S, Eyileten C, Postuła M, Jaguszewski MJ, Kochman J, Mazurek T, Nieuwland R, Filipiak KJ. Role of P2Y Receptors in Platelet Extracellular Vesicle Release. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176065. [PMID: 32842470 PMCID: PMC7504123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are potential new biomarkers of platelet activation which may allow us to predict and/or diagnose developing coronary thrombosis before myocardial necrosis occurs. The P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors play a key role in platelet activation and aggregation. Whereas the P2Y1 antagonists are at the preclinical stage, at present, the P2Y12 antagonists are the most effective treatment strategy to prevent stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite an increasing number of publications on PEVs, the mechanisms underlying their formation, including the role of purinergic receptors in this process, remain an active research field. Here, we outline the clinical relevance of PEVs in cardiovascular disease, summarize the role and downstream signalling of P2Y receptors in platelet activation, and discuss the available evidence regarding their role in PEV formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+48-22-599-19-51
| | - Sylwester Rogula
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Marek Postuła
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.); (R.N.)
| | | | - Janusz Kochman
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (C.E.); (M.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Krzysztof J. Filipiak
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.R.); (J.K.); (T.M.); (K.J.F.)
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P2Y 12 Inhibition beyond Thrombosis: Effects on Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041391. [PMID: 32092903 PMCID: PMC7073040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is a key player in platelet activation and a major target for antithrombotic drugs. The beneficial effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists might, however, not be restricted to the primary and secondary prevention of arterial thrombosis. Indeed, it has been established that platelet activation also has an essential role in inflammation. Additionally, nonplatelet P2Y12 receptors present in immune cells and vascular smooth muscle cells might be effective players in the inflammatory response. This review will investigate the biological and clinical impact of P2Y12 receptor inhibition beyond its platelet-driven antithrombotic effects, focusing on its anti-inflammatory role. We will discuss the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms of P2Y12-mediated inflammation, including cytokine release, platelet–leukocyte interactions and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Then we will summarize the current evidence on the beneficial effects of P2Y12 antagonists during various clinical inflammatory diseases, especially during sepsis, acute lung injury, asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
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Čolić J, Matucci Cerinic M, Guiducci S, Damjanov N. Microparticles in systemic sclerosis, targets or tools to control fibrosis: This is the question! JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2020; 5:6-20. [PMID: 35382401 PMCID: PMC8922594 DOI: 10.1177/2397198319857356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is the main systemic fibrotic disease with unknown etiology characterized by peripheral microvascular injury, activation of immune system, and wide-spread progressive fibrosis. Microparticles can be derived from any cell type during normal cellular differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, and also upon cellular activation. Carrying along a broad range of surface cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules of originating cells, microparticles are closely implicated in inflammation, thrombosis, angiogenesis, and immunopathogenesis. Recently, microparticles have been proposed as biomarkers of endothelial injury, which is the primary event in the genesis of tissue fibrosis. Microparticles may have a role in fostering endothelial to mesenchymal transition, thus giving a significant contribution to the development of myofibroblasts, the most important final effectors responsible for tissue fibrosis and fibroproliferative vasculopathy. Thanks to potent profibrotic mediators, such as transforming growth factor beta, platelet-derived growth factor, high mobility group box 1 protein, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, and antifibrotic agents, such as matrix metalloproteinases, microparticles may play an opposite role in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Čolić
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of
Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC)
and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC)
and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nemanja Damjanov
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of
Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of
Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Taus F, Meneguzzi A, Castelli M, Minuz P. Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Target of Antiplatelet Agents. What Is the Evidence? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1256. [PMID: 31780927 PMCID: PMC6857039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived large extracellular vesicles (often referred to as microparticles in the field of cardiovascular disease) have been identified as effector in the atherothrombotic process, therefore representing a target of pharmacological intervention of potential interest. Despite that, limited evidence is so far available concerning the effects of antiplatelet agents on the release of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles. In the present narrative review, the mechanisms leading to vesiculation in platelets and the pathophysiological processes implicated will be discussed. This will be followed by a summary of the present evidence concerning the effects of antiplatelet agents under experimental conditions and in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Taus
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine C, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Meneguzzi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine C, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Castelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine C, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro Minuz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine C, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Said AS, Rogers SC, Doctor A. Physiologic Impact of Circulating RBC Microparticles upon Blood-Vascular Interactions. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1120. [PMID: 29379445 PMCID: PMC5770796 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we review current data elucidating the role of red blood cell derived microparticles (RMPs) in normal vascular physiology and disease progression. Microparticles (MPs) are submicron-size, membrane-encapsulated vesicles derived from various parent cell types. MPs are produced in response to numerous stimuli that promote a sequence of cytoskeletal and membrane phospholipid changes and resulting MP genesis. MPs were originally considered as potential biomarkers for multiple disease processes and more recently are recognized to have pleiotropic biological effects, most notably in: promotion of coagulation, production and handling of reactive oxygen species, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and in initiating apoptosis. RMPs, specifically, form normally during RBC maturation in response to injury during circulation, and are copiously produced during processing and storage for transfusion. Notably, several factors during RBC storage are known to trigger RMP production, including: increased intracellular calcium, increased potassium leakage, and energy failure with ATP depletion. Of note, RMP composition differs markedly from that of intact RBCs and the nature/composition of RMP components are affected by the specific circumstances of RMP genesis. Described RMP bioactivities include: promotion of coagulation, immune modulation, and promotion of endothelial adhesion as well as influence upon vasoregulation via influence upon nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Of particular relevance, RMPs scavenge NO more avidly than do intact RBCs; this physiology has been proposed to contribute to the impaired oxygen delivery homeostasis that may be observed following transfusion. In summary, RMPs are submicron particles released from RBCs, with demonstrated vasoactive properties that appear to disturb oxygen delivery homeostasis. The clinical impact of RMPs in normal and patho-physiology and in transfusion recipients is an area of continued investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Said
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stephen C Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Allan Doctor
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Influence of red blood cell-derived microparticles upon vasoregulation. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2017; 15:522-534. [PMID: 28686154 DOI: 10.2450/2017.0353-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we review recent data and the evolving understanding of the role of red blood cell-derived microparticles (RMPs) in normal physiology and in disease progression. Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles derived from various parent cell types. MPs are produced in response to a variety of stimuli through several cytoskeletal and membrane phospholipid changes. MPs have been investigated as potential biomarkers for multiple disease processes and are thought to have biological effects, most notably in: promotion of coagulation, production and handling of reactive oxygen species, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and in apoptosis. Specifically, RMPs are produced normally during RBC maturation and their production is accelerated during processing and storage for transfusion. Several factors during RBC storage are known to trigger RMP production, including: increased intracellular calcium, increased potassium leakage, and energy failure with ATP depletion. Of note, RMP composition differs from that of intact RBCs, and the nature and composition of RMP components are affected by both storage duration and the character of storage solutions. Recognised RMP bioactivities include: promotion of coagulation, immune modulation, and promotion of endothelial adhesion, as well as influence upon vasoregulation via nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. Of particular relevance, RMPs are more avid NO scavengers than intact RBCs and this feature has been proposed as a mechanism for the impaired oxygen delivery homeostasis that has been observed following transfusion. Preliminary human studies demonstrate that circulating RMP abundance increases with RBC transfusion and is associated with altered plasma vasoactivity and abnormal vasoregulation. In summary, RMPs are submicron particles released from stored RBCs, with demonstrated vasoactive properties that appear to disturb oxygen delivery homeostasis. The clinical impact of RMPs in transfusion recipients is an area of continued investigation.
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13
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Giacomazzi A, Degan M, Calabria S, Meneguzzi A, Minuz P. Antiplatelet Agents Inhibit the Generation of Platelet-Derived Microparticles. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:314. [PMID: 27695417 PMCID: PMC5025445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet microparticles (PMPs) contribute to thrombogenesis but the effects of antiplatelet drugs on PMPs generation is undefined. The present study investigated the cellular events regulating PMPs shedding, testing in vitro platelet agonists and inhibitors. Platelet-rich plasma from healthy subjects was stimulated with arachidonic acid (AA), U46619, collagen type-I (10 and 1.5 μg/mL), epinephrine, ADP or TRAP-6 and pre-incubated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 100 and 10 μmol/L), SQ-29,548, apyrase, PSB-0739, or eptifibatide. PMPs were detected by flow-cytometry using CD61 and annexin-V as fluorescent markers. Platelet agonists induced annexin V-positive PMPs shedding. The strongest response was to high concentration collagen. ADP-triggered PMPs shedding was dose-independent. ASA reduced PMPs induced by AA- (645, 347–2946 vs. 3061, 446–4901 PMPs/μL; median ad range, n = 9, P < 0.001), collagen 10 μg/mL (5317, 2027–15935 vs. 10252, 4187–46316 PMPs/μL; n = 13, P < 0.001), collagen 1.5 μg/mL (1078, 528–2820 vs. 1465, 582–5948 PMPs/μL; n = 21, P < 0.001) and TRAP-6 (2008, 1621–2495 vs. 2840, 2404–3031 PMPs/μL; n = 3, P < 0.01) but did not affect the response to epinephrine or ADP. The ADP scavenger apyrase reduced PMPs induced by U46619 (1256, 395–2908 vs. 3045, 1119–5494 PMPs/μL, n = 6, P < 0.05), collagen 1.5 μg/mL (1006, 780–1309 vs. 2422, 1839–3494 PMPs/μL, n = 3, P < 0.01) and TRAP-6 (904, 761–1224 vs. 2840, 2404–3031 PMPs/μL, n = 3, P < 0.01). The TP receptor antagonist SQ-29,548 and the P2Y12 receptor antagonist PSB-0739 markedly inhibited PMPs induced by low doses of collagen. Except for high-dose collagen, eptifibatide abolished agonist-induced PMPs release. Both TXA2 generation and ADP secretion are required as amplifiers of PMP shedding. The crucial role of the fibrinogen receptor and the collagen receptor in PMPs generation, independently of platelet aggregation, was identified.
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Li RHL, Stern JA, Ho V, Tablin F, Harris SP. Platelet Activation and Clopidogrel Effects on ADP-Induced Platelet Activation in Cats with or without the A31P Mutation in MYBPC3. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1619-1629. [PMID: 27615120 PMCID: PMC5032873 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clopidogrel is commonly prescribed to cats with perceived increased risk of thromboembolic events, but little information exists regarding its antiplatelet effects. Objective To determine effects of clopidogrel on platelet responsiveness in cats with or without the A31P mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. A secondary aim was to characterize variability in feline platelet responses to clopidogrel. Animals Fourteen healthy cats from a Maine Coon/outbred mixed Domestic cat colony: 8 cats homozygous for A31P mutation in the MYPBC3 gene and 6 wild‐type cats without the A31P mutation. Methods Ex vivo study. All cats received clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO q24h) for 14 days. Before and after clopidogrel treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐induced P‐selectin expression was evaluated. ADP‐ and thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry (OA). Platelet pVASP and ADP receptor response index (ARRI) were measured by Western blot analysis. Results Platelet activation from cats with the A31P mutation was significantly (P = .0095) increased [35.55% (18.58–48.55) to 58.90% (24.85–69.90)], in response to ADP. Clopidogrel treatment attenuated ADP‐induced P‐selectin expression and platelet aggregation. ADP‐ and PGE1‐treated platelets had a similar level of pVASP as PGE1‐treated platelets after clopidogrel treatment. Clopidogrel administration resulted in significantly lower ARRI [24.13% (12.46–35.50) to 11.30% (−7.383 to 23.27)] (P = .017). Two of 13 cats were nonresponders based on OA and flow cytometry. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Clopidogrel is effective at attenuating platelet activation and aggregation in some cats. Cats with A31P mutation had increased platelet activation relative to the variable response seen in wild‐type cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H L Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
| | - J A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - V Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - F Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - S P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Badimon L, Suades R, Fuentes E, Palomo I, Padró T. Role of Platelet-Derived Microvesicles As Crosstalk Mediators in Atherothrombosis and Future Pharmacology Targets: A Link between Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Thrombosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:293. [PMID: 27630570 PMCID: PMC5005978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports in the last decade have suggested that the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications may be mediated, in part, by local secretion of platelet-derived microvesicles (pMVs), small cell blebs released during the platelet activation process. MVs are the most abundant cell-derived microvesicle subtype in the circulation. High concentrations of circulating MVs have been reported in patients with atherosclerosis, acute vascular syndromes, and/or diabetes mellitus, suggesting a potential correlation between the quantity of microvesicles and the clinical severity of the atherosclerotic disease. pMVs are considered to be biomarkers of disease but new information indicates that pMVs are also involved in signaling functions. pMVs evoke or promote haemostatic and inflammatory responses, neovascularization, cell survival, and apoptosis, processes involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. This review is focused on the complex cross-talk between platelet-derived microvesicles, inflammatory cells and vascular elements and their relevance in the development of the atherosclerotic disease and its clinical outcomes, providing an updated state-of-the art of pMV involvement in atherothrombosis and pMV potential use as therapeutic agent influencing cardiovascular biomedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant PauBarcelona, Spain; Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suades
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados, Conicyt-RegionalGore-Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados, Conicyt-RegionalGore-Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain
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Pachel C, Mathes D, Arias-Loza AP, Heitzmann W, Nordbeck P, Deppermann C, Lorenz V, Hofmann U, Nieswandt B, Frantz S. Inhibition of Platelet GPVI Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:629-35. [PMID: 26916731 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of platelet inhibition on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Timely restoration of coronary blood flow after myocardial infarction is indispensable but leads to additional damage to the heart (myocardial IR injury). Microvascular dysfunction contributes to myocardial IR injury. We hypothesized that platelet activation during IR determines microvascular perfusion and thereby the infarct size in the reperfused myocardium. The 3 phases of thrombus formation were analyzed by targeting individual key platelet-surface molecules with monoclonal antibody derivatives: (1) adhesion (anti-glycoprotein [GP]-Ib), (2) activation (anti-GPVI), and (3) aggregation (anti-GPIIbIIIa) in a murine in vivo model of left coronary artery ligation (30 minutes of ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion). Infarct sizes were determined by Evans Blue/2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, infiltrating neutrophils by immunohistology. Anti-GPVI treatment significantly reduced infarct size versus control, whereas anti-GPIb or anti-GPIIbIIIa antibody fragments showed no significant differences. Mechanistically, anti-GPVI antibody-mediated reduction of infarct size was not because of impaired Ca(2+) signaling or platelet degranulation because mice deficient in store-operated calcium channels (stromal interaction molecule 1, ORAI1), α-granules (Nbeal2(-/-)), and dense granule release (Unc13d(-/-)) had similar infarct sizes as control animals. Protective effects of anti-GPVI treatment were accompanied by improved microperfusion. Leukocyte infiltration was reduced in both anti-GPVI and anti-GPIb-treated IR mice. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of platelet activation by an anti-GPVI antibody, but not inhibition of platelet adhesion or aggregation by an anti-GPIb or anti-GPIIbIIIa antibody significantly reduces infarct size. The reduction of the infarct size is primarily based on an improved microperfusion after anti-GPVI antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pachel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Denise Mathes
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Anahi-Paula Arias-Loza
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Wolfram Heitzmann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Peter Nordbeck
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Viola Lorenz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Ulrich Hofmann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.)
| | - Stefan Frantz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.P., D.M., A.-P.A.-L., W.H., P.N., U.H., S.F.); Hospital Pharmacy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (D.M.); Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (U.H., S.F.); Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Würzburg, Germany (C.D., V.L., B.N.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (V.L.); and Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany (U.H., S.F.).
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Microparticles: a new perspective in central nervous system disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:756327. [PMID: 24860829 PMCID: PMC4000927 DOI: 10.1155/2014/756327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small cell-derived vesicles, ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 μm. They contain a variety of bioactive molecules, including proteins, biolipids, and nucleic acids, which can be transferred between cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. Consequently, MPs represent a novel form of intercellular communication, which could play a role in both physiological and pathological processes. Growing evidence indicates that circulating MPs contribute to the development of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Most cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) have also been shown to release MPs, which could be important for neurodevelopment, CNS maintenance, and pathologies. In disease, levels of certain MPs appear elevated; therefore, they may serve as biomarkers allowing for the development of new diagnostic tools for detecting the early stages of CNS pathologies. Quantification and characterization of MPs could also provide useful information for making decisions on treatment options and for monitoring success of therapies, particularly for such difficult-to-treat diseases as cerebral malaria, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Overall, studies on MPs in the CNS represent a novel area of research, which promises to expand the knowledge on the mechanisms governing some of the physiological and pathophysiological processes of the CNS.
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18
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Thushara RM, Hemshekhar M, Kemparaju K, Rangappa KS, Devaraja S, Girish KS. Therapeutic drug-induced platelet apoptosis: an overlooked issue in pharmacotoxicology. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:185-98. [PMID: 24363025 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The surfacing of the applied fields of biology such as, biotechnology, pharmacology and drug discovery was a boon to the modern man. However, it had its share of disadvantages too. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and other biological drugs resulted in numerous adverse reactions including thrombocytopenia. One of the reasons for drug-induced thrombocytopenia could be attributed to an enhanced rate of platelet apoptosis, which is a less investigated aspect. The present essay sheds light on the adverse (pro-apoptotic) effects of some of the commonly used drugs and antibiotics on platelets viz. cisplatin, aspirin, vancomycin and balhimycin. Furthermore, the undesirable reactions resulting from chemotherapy could be attributed at least to some extent to the systemic stress induced by microparticles, which in turn are the byproducts of platelet apoptosis. Thereby, the essay aims to highlight the challenges in the emerging trend of cross-disciplinary implications, i.e., drug-induced platelet apoptosis, which is a nascent field. Thus, the different mechanisms through which drugs induce platelet apoptosis are discussed, which also opens up a new perspective through which the adverse effects of commonly used drugs could be dealt. The drug-associated platelet toxicity is of grave concern and demands immediate attention. Besides, it would also be appealing to examine the platelet pro-apoptotic effects of other commonly used therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Thushara
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570006, India
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19
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Abstract
Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other classes of extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) on the basis of size, content and mechanism of formation. Microparticles are found in plasma and other biological fluids from healthy individuals and their levels are altered in various diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia and hypertension among others. Accordingly, they have been considered biomarkers of vascular injury and pro-thrombotic or pro-inflammatory conditions. In addition to this, emerging evidence suggests that microparticles are not simply a consequence of disease, but that they themselves may contribute to pathological processes. Thus microparticles appear to serve as both markers and mediators of pathology. The present review examines the evidence for microparticles as both biomarkers of, and contributors to, the progression of disease. Approaches for the detection of microparticles are summarized and novel concepts relating to the formation of microparticles and their biological effects are examined.
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20
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Zwicker JI, Lacroix R, Dignat-George F, Furie BC, Furie B. Measurement of platelet microparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 788:127-39. [PMID: 22130705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-307-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Platelet microparticles are submicron vesicles that can support thrombin generation on externalized negatively charged phospholipids. Increased numbers of circulating platelet microparticles have been investigated as the basis of hypercoagulability in a variety of prothrombotic conditions. Measurement of platelet microparticles is not standardized and a number of preanalytic considerations can influence accurate analysis. We describe methodology for light scatter-based flow cytometry as well as impedance-based flow cytometry for the enumeration and characterization of platelet microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Zwicker
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Pérez-Casal M, Thompson V, Downey C, Welters I, Wyncoll D, Thachil J, Toh CH. The clinical and functional relevance of microparticles induced by activated protein C treatment in sepsis. Crit Care 2011; 15:R195. [PMID: 21834973 PMCID: PMC3387637 DOI: 10.1186/cc10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activated protein C (APC) induces release of microparticles (MP) from primary physiological cells, which are found in patients undergoing treatment with recombinant human APC (rhAPC) for severe sepsis. We hypothesised that APC on these circulating MPs activate endothelial protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) to induce anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties that can improve patient outcome. METHODS This was an experimental study on clinical samples in an intensive care setting, and included patients with severe sepsis who fulfilled criteria for treatment with rhAPC. The number of CD13+ MPs from the patients were analysed to determine their origin. They were also quantified for endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and APC expression. Clinical relevance of these MPs were ascertained by comparing survival between the group receiving rhAPC (n = 25) and a control group of untreated patients (n = 25). MPs were also incubated with endothelial cells to analyse apoptotic gene expression, cytoprotection and anti-inflammatory effects. RESULTS rhAPC treatment induced a significant increase in circulating MP-associated EPCR by flow cytometry (P < 0.05) and by quantitative ELISA (P < 0.005). APC expression also showed significant increases (P < 0.05). Numerically, CD13+ MPs were higher in rhAPC-treated survivors versus non-survivors. However, the number of non-survivors was low and this was not significantly different. APC on MPs was demonstrated to induce anti-apoptotic and endothelial barrier effects through the activation of endothelial PAR1. CONCLUSIONS rhAPC treatment in patients with sepsis significantly increases circulating EPCR + MPs. These MPs were noted to express APC, which has specific anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects, with a non-significant correlative trend towards survival. This suggests that MPs could disseminate APC function and activate endothelial PAR1 at distal vascular sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pérez-Casal
- Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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Circulating microparticles: new insights into the biochemical basis of microparticle release and activity. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:911-23. [PMID: 21691898 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating microparticles released from various cell types are present in healthy individuals and the number and composition of their membrane vary in different disorders. Long considered to be cellular debris, microparticles have been recently identified as regulatory vectors of intercellular cross-talk. Indeed, circulating microparticles represent a heterogeneous mixture of spheroids of diverse surface membrane glycoproteins and lipids, with diverse cytoplasm components, the pattern of which depends on the type of stimulation and pathophysiology of parental cells. Despite extensive research into the procoagulant and proinflammatory properties of microparticles, there are few data that can provide information on the mechanism(s) of their formation and biological effects. Although several mechanisms of microparticle release have been suggested, the precise order of the events associated with key features of microparticle formation, transmembrane phosphatidylserine redistribution and cytoskeleton disruption remain to be clarified. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in microparticle formation, as well as the diverse physiological and pathological roles they are able to undertake. Understanding the mechanism(s) governing microparticle release processes may be critical to understanding their precise role in various pathophysiological processes and thus indicate new potential routes to therapy.
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23
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Cattaneo M. Bleeding manifestations of congenital and drug-induced defects of the platelet P2Y12 receptor for adenosine diphosphate. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105 Suppl 1:S67-74. [PMID: 21479342 DOI: 10.1160/ths10-11-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
P2Y12, one of the two platelet receptors for adenosine diphosphate (ADP), plays a central role in platelet function. Defects of P2Y12 should be suspected when ADP, even at high concentrations (≥10 µM), is unable to induce full, irreversible platelet aggregation. Patients with congenital P2Y12 defects display a mild-to-moderate bleeding diathesis of variable severity, characterised by mucocutaneous bleeding and excessive post-surgical and post-traumatic blood loss. Drugs that inhibit P2Y12 are potent antithrombotic drugs, attesting the central role played by P2Y12 in platelet thrombus formation. Clopidogrel, the most widely used drug that inhibits P2Y12, is effective both in monotherapy and in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Its most important drawback is the inability to inhibit adequately P2Y12-dependent platelet function in about 1/3 of patients, at the recommended therapeutic doses. The incidence of bleeding events is similar in ASA-treated and clopidogrel-treated patients; however, the combination of ASA and clopidogrel causes more bleeding than each drug in monotherapy. Compared to clopidogrel, new drugs inhibiting P2Y12, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, decrease the risk of cardiovascular events and increase the risk of bleeding complications, because they adequately inhibit P2Y12-dependent platelet function in the vast majority of treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cattaneo
- Unità di Medicina 3, Ospedale San Paolo-Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, Milan, Italy.
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Hu W, Jin R, Zhang J, You T, Peng Z, Ge X, Bronson RT, Halperin JA, Loscalzo J, Qin X. The critical roles of platelet activation and reduced NO bioavailability in fatal pulmonary arterial hypertension in a murine hemolysis model. Blood 2010; 116:1613-22. [PMID: 20511540 PMCID: PMC2938847 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-267112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is suspected to be a strong mortality determinant of hemolytic disorders. However, direct contribution of acute intravascular hemolysis to fatal PAH has not been investigated. The roles of nitric oxide (NO) insufficiency and platelet activation in hemolysis-associated fatal PAH have been suspected but not been experimentally studied. We recently generated a unique intravascular hemolysis mouse model in which the membrane toxin, intermedilysin (ILY), exclusively lyses the erythrocytes of transgenically expressing human CD59 mice (ThCD59(RBC)), thereby inducing ILY-dose-dependent massive hemolysis. Using this murine hemolysis model, we found that the acute increase in pulmonary arterial pressure leading to right ventricle failure caused sudden death. Reduced NO bioavailability and massive platelet activation/aggregation leading to the formation of massive thrombosis specifically in the pulmonary microvasculature played the critical roles in pathogenesis of acute hemolysis-associated fatal PAH. Therapeutic interventions enhancing NO bioactivity or inhibiting platelet activation prevented sudden death or prolonged survival time via the suppression of the acute increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and improvement of right ventricle function. These findings further highlight the importance of the inhibition of platelet activation and the enhancement of NO bioavailability for the treatment and prevention of hemolysis-associated (fatal) PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Hu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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