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Cooper JA, Murphy S, Kirk R, O'Reilly D, Donnelly M. Data linkage studies of primary care utilisation after release from prison: a scoping review. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:287. [PMID: 39112954 PMCID: PMC11308621 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care plays a central role in most, if not all, health care systems including the care of vulnerable populations such as people who have been incarcerated. Studies linking incarceration records to health care data can improve understanding about health care access following release from prison. This review maps evidence from data-linkage studies about primary care use after prison release. METHODS The framework by Arksey and O'Malley and guidance by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were used in this review. This scoping review followed methods published in a study protocol. Searches were performed (January 2012-March 2023) in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science Core Collection using key-terms relating to two areas: (i) people who have been incarcerated and (ii) primary care. Using eligibility criteria, two authors independently screened publication titles and abstracts (step 1), and subsequently, screened full text publications (step 2). Discrepancies were resolved with a third author. Two authors independently charted data from included publications. Findings were mapped by methodology, key findings and gaps in research. RESULTS The database searches generated 1,050 publications which were screened by title and abstract. Following this, publications were fully screened (n = 63 reviewer 1 and n = 87 reviewer 2), leading to the inclusion of 17 publications. Among the included studies, primary care use after prison release was variable. Early contact with primary care services after prison release (e.g. first month) was positively associated with an increased health service use, but an investigation found that a large proportion of individuals did not access primary care during the first month. The quality of care was found to be largely inadequate (measured continuity of care) for moderate multimorbidity. There were lower levels of colorectal and breast cancer screening among people released from custody. The review identified studies of enhanced primary care programmes for individuals following release from prison, with studies reporting a reduction in reincarceration and criminal justice system costs. CONCLUSIONS This review has suggested mixed evidence regarding primary care use after prison release and has highlighted challenges and areas of suboptimal care. Further research has been discussed in relation to the scoping review findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine A Cooper
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK.
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK.
| | - Siobhán Murphy
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Richard Kirk
- South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Ulster Hospital, Dundonald, UK
| | - Dermot O'Reilly
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael Donnelly
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
- Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Hospitals Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, UK
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Puing AG, Li X, Rich J, Nijhawan AE. Emergency department utilization by people living with HIV released from jail in the US South. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2020; 8:16. [PMID: 32594269 PMCID: PMC7321540 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-020-00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarceration is disruptive to HIV care, often resulting in poor retention in care for people living with HIV (PLWH) after jail release. This gap in HIV care might result in potentially preventable emergency department (ED) utilization. We analyzed demographic, incarceration, socioeconomic and clinical data for PLWH released from the Dallas County Jail to the community (1450 incarcerations, 1155 unique individuals) between January 2011 and November 2013. RESULTS The study population consisted of predominantly men (77%), with a mean age of 39 years, 67% were black and 14% were Hispanic; half of the releasees visited the ED at least once during the first-year post-jail. In adjusted analyses, female gender, family awareness of HIV status, serious mental illness, and late engagement to HIV care were significantly associated with higher ED utilization. Compared to the general Dallas population, PLWH released from jail had a 5-fold higher proportion of ED visits classified as related to substance use or mental health. CONCLUSIONS Further efforts are needed to improve the transition from incarceration to community-based HIV care, substance use disorder treatment and mental health services, and to directly address re-engagement in HIV care for out-of-care PLWH who visit the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xilong Li
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Josiah Rich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ank E Nijhawan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9169, USA.
- Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Huber F, Vandentorren S, Merceron A, Bonifay T, Pastre A, Lucarelli A, Nacher M. Returning to care after incarceration with HIV: the French Guianese experience. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:754. [PMID: 32448209 PMCID: PMC7245866 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV prevalence in correctional facilities may be 2 to 10 times higher than in the general adult population. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption is frequent after an incarceration. This, in combination with post-release high-risk behaviors, may have detrimental consequences on the epidemic. Although return to care after release from correctional facilities has been described in many North American settings, data from South America seemed scarce. French Guiana is the only French territory located in South America. In 2014, HIV prevalence was estimated at 1.2% among pregnant women and oscillated around 4% in the only correctional facility. Method HIV-infected adults released from the French Guiana correctional facility between 2007 and 2013 were included in a retrospective cohort survey. The first objective was to describe the cascade of care in the 4 years following release. The secondary objectives were to describe contacts with care and to identify factors associated with return to HIV care, 1 year after release. Results We included 147 people, mostly males (81.6%). The median time before the first ambulatory consultation was 1.8 months. Within 1 year after release, 27.9% came for unscheduled emergency consultations, 22.4% were hospitalized. Within 4 years after release, 40.0–46.5% were in care, 22.4% archieved virological success. Being on ART when incarcerated was associated with HIV care (aIRR: 2.0, CI: 1.2–3.0), whereas being HIV-diagnosed during the last incarceration was associated with poor follow-up (aIRR: 0.3, CI: 0.1–0.9). Conclusion The risk of HIV-follow-up interruption is high, after an incarceration with HIV. ART supply should be sufficient to cover the timespan following release, several months if possible. Those not on ART at the time of incarceration may require special attention, especially those newly HIV-diagnosed while in custody. Comprehensive programs are necessary to support ex-offenders to stay on ART after incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Huber
- COREVIH Guyane, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France. .,Réseau Kikiwi, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France.
| | - S Vandentorren
- Département d'épidemiologie sociale, INSERM, Sorbonne université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Paris, France
| | - A Merceron
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Faculté de Médecine Hyacinthe Basturaud, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - T Bonifay
- UCSA, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France
| | - A Pastre
- UCSA, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France
| | - A Lucarelli
- Hôpital de Jour Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, Cayenne, Guyane Française, France
| | - M Nacher
- Inserm CIC Antilles-Guyane INSERM 1424 (Pole Guyane), Universite de Guyane, Cayenne, France
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Kouyoumdjian FG, Lamarche L, McCormack D, Rowe J, Kiefer L, Kroch A, Antoniou T. 90-90-90 for everyone?: Access to HIV care and treatment for people with HIV who experience imprisonment in Ontario, Canada. AIDS Care 2019; 32:1168-1176. [PMID: 31615271 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2019.1679710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined HIV care and treatment in prison and after release for people with HIV in Ontario, Canada, and compared HIV care and treatment with the general population. We used administrative data to identify people with HIV released from provincial prison in 2010 and in the general population. We calculated the proportion of people with HIV who accessed HIV care in prison. We compared HIV care use between people with HIV on prison release and in the general population. We estimated the proportion of people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in prison as the ratio of the average numbers of people prescribed antiretroviral therapy in prison in 2009/2010 and people with HIV in prison in January 2010. We compared the proportion of people with HIV on public drug benefits that filled an antiretroviral therapy prescription within 6 months for people postrelease and in the general population. Of 344 people with HIV on prison admission, 34.0% received HIV care in prison. Over 1 year, 63.6% of 330 people with HIV on prison release and 67.7% of 15,819 people with HIV in the general population accessed HIV care (p = 0.118), and 43.3% of people with HIV on prison release and 55.2% of people with HIV in the general population had 2 or more HIV care visits (p < 0.001). In prison, 52.4% of people with HIV (39.5/75.4) were on antiretroviral therapy. Of those accessing drug benefits, 60.1% of 226 people with HIV on prison release and 79.6% of 7458 people with HIV in the general population claimed an antiretroviral therapy prescription within 6 months (p < 0.001). Access to HIV care and treatment were suboptimal in prison, and sustained HIV care and treatment were worse for people post-release compared to the general population. Interventions are needed to support HIV care for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona G Kouyoumdjian
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Larkin Lamarche
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Lori Kiefer
- Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tony Antoniou
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Van Meer R, Antoniou T, McCormack D, Khanna S, Kendall C, Kiefer L, Kouyoumdjian FG. A comparison of the observed and expected prevalence of HIV in persons released from Ontario provincial prisons in 2010. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2019; 110:675-682. [PMID: 31250354 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of HIV infection in persons released from Ontario prisons in 2010 using administrative health data, and to compare this observed prevalence with the expected prevalence based on the most recently available biological sampling data. METHODS We linked identifying data for all adults released from Ontario provincial prisons in 2010 with administrative health data, and applied a validated algorithm to determine the observed HIV prevalence. We calculated the expected HIV prevalence using 2003-2004 age stratum-specific data from a published study using salivary sampling. We calculated an indirect standardized prevalence ratio of the observed to expected prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Finally, we conducted sensitivity analyses to adjust for the sensitivity of the algorithm to identify persons with HIV and for undiagnosed HIV infection. RESULTS Of 52,313 persons released from Ontario prisons in 2010, we identified 363 persons with HIV, for an observed prevalence of 0.69%. The expected prevalence was 2.38%. Standardized for age, we found a prevalence ratio of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.17-0.77). Sensitivity analyses adjusting for the algorithm's sensitivity and further adjusting for undiagnosed HIV infection produced standardized prevalence ratios of 0.30 and 0.38, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a high proportion of persons with HIV recently released from provincial prisons either do not know they have HIV infection or do know about their infection but are not engaged in care. Interventions are required to screen people for HIV in prison and to link persons with care following release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Van Meer
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony Antoniou
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sumeet Khanna
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Claire Kendall
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Group, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lori Kiefer
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona G Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8P 1H6, Canada. .,MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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