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Ma J, Wang L, Yang Y, Qiao Z, Fang D, Qiu X, Yang X, Zhu X, He J, Pan H, Ban B, Zhao Y, Sui H. GNB3 and CREB1 gene polymorphisms combined with negative life events increase susceptibility to major depression in a Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170994. [PMID: 28225778 PMCID: PMC5321408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression (MD) is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this study we investigated the interaction of variations in the G-protein beta 3 subunit (GNB3) and cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) genes with negative life events in the pathogenesis of MD. One GNB3 polymorphism (rs5443) and four CREB1 polymorphisms (rs2253206, rs2551941, rs6740584, rs11904814) were investigated based on known associations with MD. METHODS 512 patients with MD and 513 control subjects were genotyped. The frequency and severity of negative life events were measured by the Life Events Scale (LES). Gene-environment interactions (G×E) were assessed using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. RESULTS Differences in GNB3 rs5443 allele frequencies and genotype distributions were observed between MD patients and controls. Significant G×E interactions were detected between negative life events and genotypic variation of all five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Individuals carrying the T- allele of rs5443 (CC), A- allele of rs2253206 (GG), T- allele of rs2551941 (AA), C- allele of rs6740584 (TT) or G- allele of rs11904814 (TT) conferred susceptibility to MD in subjects only exposed to high-negative life events. However, individuals with the T+ allele of rs5443 (CT, TT) were susceptible to MD when exposed to low negative life events. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between GNB3, CREB1 and negative life events were revealed. Further evidence is provided about the role of the environment in genetic vulnerability to MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ma
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YJY); (ZXQ)
| | - Zhengxue Qiao
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YJY); (ZXQ)
| | - Deyu Fang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuxian Yang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jincai He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Peking union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ban
- Affiliated Hosptial of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hosptial of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Sui
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Ma J, Xiao H, Yang Y, Cao D, Wang L, Yang X, Qiu X, Qiao Z, Song J, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhou J, Zhu X. Interaction of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene and life events in susceptibility to major depression in a Chinese Han population. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:304-9. [PMID: 26386440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression (MD) results from a complex synergy between genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study is to analyze the interaction of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene (TPH2) variation and negative life events in the pathogenesis of MD. Three TPH2 polymorphisms, -703G/T (rs4570625), -473T/A (rs11178997), and 1463G/A (rs120074175), were selected based on previous findings of associations with MD. METHODS In this study, 289 patients with MD and 289 age- and sex-matched control subjects were genotyped. The frequency and severity of negative life events were assessed by the Life Events Scale (LES). Gene-environment interactions (G×E) were assessed using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. RESULTS Differences in rs11178997 and rs120074175 allele frequencies and genotype distributions were observed between MD patients and controls. Significant G×E interactions between negative life events and allelic variation of rs4570625, rs11178997, and rs120074175 were also observed. Individuals carrying the T(-) genotype of rs4570625 (GG), T(-) genotype of rs11178997 (AA), or A(-) genotype of rs120074175 (GG) were susceptible to MD only when exposed to high-negative life events. However, individuals with the T(+) genotypes of rs11178997 (TA, TT) and A(+) genotypes of rs120074175 (AG, AA) were susceptible to MD when exposed to low-negative life events. LIMITATION Assessment of negative life events was influenced by subjective interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between multiple TPH2 gene alleles and negative life events were revealed by GMDR analysis. Chinese Han individuals with at least one rs11178997 T allele or rs120074175 A allele are susceptible to MD even in the relative absence of high-negative life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ma
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Depin Cao
- Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiuxian Yang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhengxue Qiao
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Junyao Song
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuexi Liu
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, China
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Mandelli L, Serretti A. Gene environment interaction studies in depression and suicidal behavior: An update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2375-97. [PMID: 23886513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of both heritable and environmental risk factors in major depression (MD) and suicidal behavior (SB). Studies investigating gene-environment interaction (G × E) may be useful for elucidating the role of biological mechanisms in the risk for mental disorders. In the present paper, we review the literature regarding the interaction between genes modulating brain functions and stressful life events in the etiology of MD and SB and discuss their potential added benefit compared to genetic studies only. Within the context of G × E investigation, thus far, only a few reliable results have been obtained, although some genes have consistently shown interactive effects with environmental risk in MD and, to a lesser extent, in SB. Further investigation is required to disentangle the direct and mediated effects that are common or specific to MD and SB. Since traditional G × E studies overall suffer from important methodological limitations, further effort is required to develop novel methodological strategies with an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mandelli
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Klei L, Sanders SJ, Murtha MT, Hus V, Lowe JK, Willsey AJ, Moreno-De-Luca D, Yu TW, Fombonne E, Geschwind D, Grice DE, Ledbetter DH, Lord C, Mane SM, Martin CL, Martin DM, Morrow EM, Walsh CA, Melhem NM, Chaste P, Sutcliffe JS, State MW, Cook EH, Roeder K, Devlin B. Common genetic variants, acting additively, are a major source of risk for autism. Mol Autism 2012; 3:9. [PMID: 23067556 PMCID: PMC3579743 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are early onset neurodevelopmental syndromes typified by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, accompanied by restricted and repetitive behaviors. While rare and especially de novo genetic variation are known to affect liability, whether common genetic polymorphism plays a substantial role is an open question and the relative contribution of genes and environment is contentious. It is probable that the relative contributions of rare and common variation, as well as environment, differs between ASD families having only a single affected individual (simplex) versus multiplex families who have two or more affected individuals. Methods By using quantitative genetics techniques and the contrast of ASD subjects to controls, we estimate what portion of liability can be explained by additive genetic effects, known as narrow-sense heritability. We evaluate relatives of ASD subjects using the same methods to evaluate the assumptions of the additive model and partition families by simplex/multiplex status to determine how heritability changes with status. Results By analyzing common variation throughout the genome, we show that common genetic polymorphism exerts substantial additive genetic effects on ASD liability and that simplex/multiplex family status has an impact on the identified composition of that risk. As a fraction of the total variation in liability, the estimated narrow-sense heritability exceeds 60% for ASD individuals from multiplex families and is approximately 40% for simplex families. By analyzing parents, unaffected siblings and alleles not transmitted from parents to their affected children, we conclude that the data for simplex ASD families follow the expectation for additive models closely. The data from multiplex families deviate somewhat from an additive model, possibly due to parental assortative mating. Conclusions Our results, when viewed in the context of results from genome-wide association studies, demonstrate that a myriad of common variants of very small effect impacts ASD liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Chang WY, Garcha K, Manias JL, Stanford WL. Deciphering the complexities of human diseases and disorders by coupling induced-pluripotent stem cells and systems genetics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:339-50. [PMID: 22492636 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery that adult mouse and human somatic cells can be 'reprogrammed' to a state of pluripotency by ectopic expression of only a few transcription factors has already made a major impact on the biomedical community. For the first time, it is possible to study diseases on an individual patient basis, which may eventually lead to the realization of personalized medicine. The utility of induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for modeling human diseases has greatly benefitted from established human embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and tissue engineering protocols developed to generate many different cell and tissue types. The limited access to preimplantation genetic tested embryos and the difficulty in gene targeting human ESCs have restricted the use of human ESCs in modeling human disease. Afforded by iPSC technology is the ability to study disease pathogenesis as it unfolds during tissue morphogenesis. The complexities of molecular signaling and interplay with protein transduction during disease progression necessitate a systems approach to studying human diseases, whereby data can be statistically integrated by sorting out the signal to noise issues that arise from global biological changes associated with disease versus experimental noise. Using a systems approach, biomarkers can be identified that define the initiation or progression of disease and likewise can serve as putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Chang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Russo AJ. Decreased Serum Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder Normalizes after Zinc and Anti-oxidant Therapy. Nutr Metab Insights 2010; 3:49-55. [PMID: 23946654 PMCID: PMC3736888 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess serum HGF concentration in individuals with bipolar disorder and investigate the efficacy of zinc therapy on these levels. Subjects and methods: Serum from 35 individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 19 age and gender similar controls were tested for HGF concentration using ELISAs, and copper and zinc plasma levels using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results: HGF serum levels of individuals with bipolar disorder were significantly lower than age and gender similar controls (P = 0.0021). HGF serum concentration was significantly lower in Bipolar patients pre-therapy (P = 0.0009) and HGF levels normalized post-therapy. Zinc levels in these same individuals also normalized (P = 0.0046) and patient’s perceived severity of Bipolar symptoms significantly decreased after therapy (P = 0.0003). We also found a significant direct correlation between Zinc and HGF serum concentration in the bipolar patients (P = 0.04). Discussion: These results suggest an association between low HGF levels and bipolar disorder and also demonstrate that zinc therapy may be associated with the normalization of HGF levels and decrease in severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Russo
- Research Director, Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment Center, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA
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Russo A. Increased Serum Cu/Zn SOD in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/pri.s5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aim To assess serum Cu/Zn SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) concentration in individuals with bipolar disorder. Subjects and methods Serum from 20 individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 20 age and gender similar controls were tested for Cu/Zn SOD serum concentration using ELISAs. Results Serum Cu/Zn SOD levels of individuals with bipolar disorder were significantly higher than age and gender matched controls. Discussion These results suggest an association between Cu/Zn SOD serum levels and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Russo
- Health Research Institute/Pfeiffer Treatment Center, Warrenville, Illinois 60555, USA
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Holmes AJ, Bogdan R, Pizzagalli DA. Serotonin transporter genotype and action monitoring dysfunction: a possible substrate underlying increased vulnerability to depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1186-97. [PMID: 20090673 PMCID: PMC2840070 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A variable number of tandem repeats (short (S) vs long (L)) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and a functional variant of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs25531) in 5-HTTLPR have been recently associated with increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). In particular, relative to L/L or L(A) homozygotes (hereafter referred to as L' participants), S carriers or L(g)-allele carriers (S' participants) have been found to have a higher probability of developing depression after stressful life events, although inconsistencies abound. Previous research indicates that patients with MDD are characterized by executive dysfunction and abnormal activation within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), particularly in situations requiring adaptive behavioral adjustments following errors and response conflict (action monitoring). The goal of this study was to test whether psychiatrically healthy S' participants would show abnormalities similar to those of MDD subjects. To this end, 19 S' and 14 L' participants performed a modified Flanker task known to induce errors, response conflict, and activations in various ACC subdivisions during functional magnetic resonance imaging. As hypothesized, relative to L' participants, S' participants showed (1) impaired post-error and post-conflict behavioral adjustments; (2) larger error-related rostral ACC activation; and (3) lower conflict-related dorsal ACC activation. As similar behavioral and neural dysfunctions have been recently described in MDD patient samples, the current results raise the possibility that impaired action monitoring and associated ACC dysregulation may represent risk factors increased vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 1220 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Tel: +1 671 496 8896, Fax: +1 617 495 3728, E-mail:
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Althaus M, Groen Y, Wijers AA, Mulder LJM, Minderaa RB, Kema IP, Dijck JDA, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ. Differential effects of 5-HTTLPR and DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms on electrocortical measures of error and feedback processing in children. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 120:93-107. [PMID: 19046929 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Applying a probabilistic learning task we examined the influence of functional polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2/ANKK1) on error and feedback processing by measuring electrocortical event-related potentials (ERPs) in 10- to 12-year-old children. METHODS Three pairwise group comparisons were conducted on four distinguishable ERP components, two of which were response-related, the other two feedback-related. RESULTS Our ERP data revealed that children carrying the short (S) variant of the 5-HTTLPR gene process their errors more intensively while exhibiting less habituation to negative feedback with task progression compared to children who are homozygous for the 5-HTTLPR long (L) variant. Children possessing the Taq1 A variant of the DRD2 gene showed greater sensitivity to negative feedback and, as opposed to Taq1 A non-carriers, a diminishing sensitivity to positive feedback with task progression. Regarding error processing, children possessing both the S variant of the 5-HTTLPR and the Taq1 A allele of the DRD2 gene showed a picture quite similar to that of the 5-HTTLPR S carriers and regarding feedback processing quite similar to that of the DRD2 Taq1 A carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypotheses that the 5-HTTLPR S allele may predispose to (performance) anxiety, while DRD2 Taq1 A allele may predispose to the reward deficiency syndrome. SIGNIFICANCE The results may further enhance our understanding of known associations between these polymorphisms and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Althaus
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Young LT, Wang JF. Applying molecular approaches to understand the etiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2007; 52:751-2. [PMID: 18186174 DOI: 10.1177/070674370705201201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Trevor Young
- Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Dolzan V, Plesnicar BK, Serretti A, Mandelli L, Zalar B, Koprivsek J, Breskvar K. Polymorphisms in dopamine receptor DRD1 and DRD2 genes and psychopathological and extrapyramidal symptoms in patients on long-term antipsychotic treatment. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:809-15. [PMID: 17455212 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DRD(1) and DRD(2) receptor gene variants have been associated with clinical aspects of schizophrenia; however only specific features were analyzed in different samples. To assess the complex interaction between genetic and clinical factors, we studied the possible cross-interactions between DRD1 and DRD2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms, symptomatology of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders, and the occurrence of treatment induced side effects taking into consideration possible clinical confounding variables. One hundred thirty one outpatients in stable remission meeting the DSMIV criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and receiving long-term maintenance therapy with haloperidol, fluphenazine, zuclopenthixole, or risperidone were genotyped for DRD1 A-48G, DRD2 Ins-141CDel, and DRD2 Ser311Cys polymorphisms. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed with the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia (PANSS). Extrapyramidal side effects were assessed with the Simpson-Angus extrapyramidal side effects scale (EPS), the Barnes Akathisia scale (BARS), and the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS). Drug dosage was included as covariant because it was associated with the severity of symptomatology, akathisia, and parkinsonism. No association was observed for DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms and extrapyramidal side effects, or with the other clinical variables considered. Our study suggests that DRD1 and DRD2 variants are not liability factors for tardive dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Dolzan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Shen Y, Xu Q, Han Z, Liu H, Zhou GB. Analysis of phenotype-genotype connection: the story of dissecting disease pathogenesis in genomic era in China, and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 362:1043-61. [PMID: 17327209 PMCID: PMC2435570 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is the ultimate depository of biological complexity. Thus, in order to understand life and gain insights into disease pathogenesis, genetic information embedded in the sequence of DNA base pairs comprising chromosomes should be deciphered. The stories of investigating the association between phenotype and genotype in China and other countries further demonstrate that genomics can serve as a probe for disease biology. We now know that in Mendelian disorders, one gene is not only a dictator of one phenotype but also a dictator of two or more distinct disorders. Dissecting genetic abnormalities of complex diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, mental diseases, coronary heart disease and cancer, may unravel the complicated networks and crosstalks, and help to simplify the complexity of the disease. The transcriptome and proteomic analysis for medicine not only deepen our understanding of disease pathogenesis, but also provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Taken together, genomic research offers a new opportunity for determining how diseases occur, by taking advantage of experiments of nature and a growing array of sophisticated research tools to identify the molecular abnormalities underlying disease processes. We should be ready for the advent of genomic medicine, and put the genome into the doctors' bag, so that we can help patients to conquer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences100005 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Beijing100176 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence () ()
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences100005 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeguang Han
- Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai201203 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology200025 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences510663 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Authors for correspondence () ()
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Austin JC, Peay HL. Applications and limitations of empiric data in provision of recurrence risks for schizophrenia: a practical review for healthcare professionals providing clinical psychiatric genetics consultations. Clin Genet 2006; 70:177-87. [PMID: 16922717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common disorder that may frequently be encountered when taking family histories in the genetics clinic, whether or not the referral is for a psychiatric indication. Like in other common disorders, the provision of recurrence risks for schizophrenia is a complex clinical issue because empiric recurrence risks (while reasonably well established) can rarely be used without individual tailoring. This review seeks to identify and detail some pertinent issues surrounding the clinical utility of empiric recurrence risks for schizophrenia, and to provide an overview of important factors to consider when tailoring empiric risks for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Austin
- Centre for Complex Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital Research Pavillion, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Kuo PH, Neale MC, Riley BP, Webb BT, Sullivan PF, Vittum J, Patterson DG, Thiselton DL, van den Oord EJ, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Identification of Susceptibility Loci for Alcohol-Related Traits in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1807-16. [PMID: 17067344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is a phenotypically and probably genetically heterogeneous condition. Thus, one strategy for finding genes influencing liability to alcoholism is to study the components of alcoholism, which may be more directly related to the underlying pathophysiology than is clinical diagnosis. The goal of this study was to identify genomic regions containing susceptibility loci for alcohol-related traits. METHODS A 4-cM dense whole-genome linkage study was conducted in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence. Probands, affected siblings, and parents were evaluated by structured interview. Variance component linkage analysis was applied to data from 485 families for 5 measures: initial sensitivity and tolerance (based on scales from the self-report of the effects of ethanol; maximum drinks within 24 hours, an empirically derived factor score based on withdrawal symptoms, and age at onset of alcohol dependence. RESULTS Evidence for linkage (p<0.005) was found on 9 chromosomes. For age at onset, 2 regions were found on chromosome 9 (highest Lod=2.3, p=0.0005). For initial level of response to alcohol, suggestive regions were on chromosomes 1 and 11 (highest Lod=2.9, p=0.0001 on chromosome 11), while those for tolerance signals were on chromosomes 1, 6, and 22. Maximum drinking was associated with regions on chromosomes 12 and 18. For withdrawal symptoms, the highest peak was on chromosome 2 (Lod=2.2, p=0.0007). CONCLUSIONS Using quantitative measures of components of alcohol dependence, we identified several regions of the genome that may contain susceptibility loci for specific alcohol-related traits and merit additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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