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Orfanakos K, Alifieris CE, Verigos EK, Deligiorgi MV, Verigos KE, Panayiotidis MI, Nikolaou M, Trafalis DT. The Predictive Value of 8-Hydroxy-Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) Serum Concentrations in Irradiated Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) Patients. Biomedicines 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38255239 PMCID: PMC10813052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is strongly linked to direct or indirect DNA damage, as with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn produce DNA damage products, such as 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). In this study, we aimed to investigate the formation of 8-OHdG after irradiation in patients with non-small cell cancer (NSCLC) and its use as a biomarker. Sixteen patients with squamous and thirty-six patients with non-squamous pathology were included. An enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed before and after radiation. A dose-dependent relationship was confirmed: 8-OHdG plasma concentrations, increased in the total of NSCLC patients and specifically with a linear correlation in non-squamous pathology; in squamous histology, after an initial increase, a significant decrease followed after 20 Gy dose of irradiation. The pretreatment total irradiated tumor volume (cm3) was positively correlated with 8-OHdG levels in patients with squamous histology. When plotting the 8-OHdG plasma concentration at a 10 Gy irradiation dose to the baseline, the AUC was 0.873 (95% CI 0.614-0.984), p < 0.0001, with an associated criterion value of >1378 as a cutoff (sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 100%). When normalizing this ratio to BSA, the associated criterion cutoff value was >708 (sensitivity of 100%, specificity 80%). Lastly, 8-OHdG levels were closely related with the development of radiation-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Orfanakos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.O.); (M.V.D.); (K.E.V.); (D.T.T.)
- Department of Radiation Therapy, 401 General Military Hospital, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos E. Alifieris
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.O.); (M.V.D.); (K.E.V.); (D.T.T.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emmanouil K. Verigos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Anticancer Oncology Hospital of Athens “O Agios Savvas”, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria V. Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.O.); (M.V.D.); (K.E.V.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Kosmas E. Verigos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.O.); (M.V.D.); (K.E.V.); (D.T.T.)
- Department of Radiation Therapy, 401 General Military Hospital, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Michail Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.O.); (M.V.D.); (K.E.V.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Dimitrios T. Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.O.); (M.V.D.); (K.E.V.); (D.T.T.)
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Camazzola G, Boscolo D, Scifoni E, Dorn A, Durante M, Krämer M, Abram V, Fuss MC. TRAX-CHEMxt: Towards the Homogeneous Chemical Stage of Radiation Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119398. [PMID: 37298351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The indirect effect of radiation plays an important role in radio-induced biological damages. Monte Carlo codes have been widely used in recent years to study the chemical evolution of particle tracks. However, due to the large computational efforts required, their applicability is typically limited to simulations in pure water targets and to temporal scales up to the µs. In this work, a new extension of TRAX-CHEM is presented, namely TRAX-CHEMxt, able to predict the chemical yields at longer times, with the capability of exploring the homogeneous biochemical stage. Based on the species coordinates produced around one track, the set of reaction-diffusion equations is solved numerically with a computationally light approach based on concentration distributions. In the overlapping time scale (500 ns-1 µs), a very good agreement to standard TRAX-CHEM is found, with deviations below 6% for different beam qualities and oxygenations. Moreover, an improvement in the computational speed by more than three orders of magnitude is achieved. The results of this work are also compared with those from another Monte Carlo-based algorithm and a fully homogeneous code (Kinetiscope). TRAX-CHEMxt will allow for studying the variation in chemical endpoints at longer timescales with the introduction, as the next step, of biomolecules, for more realistic assessments of biological response under different radiation and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Camazzola
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Quantum Dynamics and Control Division, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daria Boscolo
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Emanuele Scifoni
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Quantum Dynamics and Control Division, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Krämer
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Valentino Abram
- Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Martina C Fuss
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Hu Z, Deng ZY, Feng HJ. Stretching effects on non-adiabatic electron dynamic behavior in poly(dG)-poly(dC) DNA upon the proton irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:285101. [PMID: 37040786 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/accbfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The electronic excitations caused by DNA when exposed to ion radiation is essential to DNA damage. In this paper, we investigated the energy deposition and electron excitation process of DNA with reasonable stretching range upon proton irradiation based on time-dependent density functional theory. Stretching changes the strength of hydrogen bonding between the DNA base pairs, which in turn affects the Coulomb interaction between the projectile and DNA. As a semi-flexible molecule, the way of energy deposition is weakly sensitive to the stretching rate of DNA. However, the increase of stretching rate causes the increase of charge density along the trajectory channel, sequentially resulting in an increase in proton resistance along the intruding channel. The Mulliken charge analysis indicates that the guanine base and guanine ribose are ionized, meanwhile the cytosine base and cytosine ribose are reduced at all stretching rates. In a few femtoseconds, there exists an electron flow passing through the guanine ribose, guanine, cytosine base and the cytosine ribose in turn. This electron flow increases electron transfer and DNA ionization, promoting the side chain damage of the DNA upon ion irradiation. Our results provide a theoretical insight for deciphering the physical mechanism of the early stage of the irradiation process, and are also of great significance for the study of particle beam cancer therapy in different biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Zun-Yi Deng
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jian Feng
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
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Chappuis F, Grilj V, Tran HN, Zein SA, Bochud F, Bailat C, Incerti S, Desorgher L. Modeling of scavenging systems in water radiolysis with Geant4-DNA. Phys Med 2023; 108:102549. [PMID: 36921424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper presents the capabilities of the Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo toolkit to simulate water radiolysis with scavengers using the step-by-step (SBS) or the independent reaction times (IRT) methods. It features two examples of application areas: (1) computing the escape yield of H2O2 following a 60Co γ-irradiation and (2) computing the oxygen depletion in water irradiated with 1 MeV electrons. METHODS To ease the implementation of the chemical stage in Geant4-DNA, we developed a user interface that helps define the chemical reactions and set the concentration of scavengers. The first application area example required two computational steps to perform water radiolysis using NO2- and NO3- as scavengers and a 60Co irradiation. The oxygen depletion computation technique for the second application area example consisted of simulating track segments of 1 MeV electrons and determining the radio-induced loss and gain of oxygen molecules. RESULTS The production of H2O2 under variable scavenging levels is consistent with the literature; the mean relative difference between the SBS and IRT methods is 7.2 % ± 0.5 %. For the oxygen depletion 1 µs post-irradiation, the mean relative difference between both methods is equal to 9.8 % ± 0.3 %. The results in the microsecond scale depend on the initial partial pressure of oxygen in water. In addition, the computed oxygen depletions agree well with the literature. CONCLUSIONS The Geant4-DNA toolkit makes it possible to simulate water radiolysis in the presence of scavengers. This feature offers perspectives in radiobiology, with the possibility of simulating cell-relevant scavenging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Chappuis
- Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veljko Grilj
- Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hoang Ngoc Tran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Sara A Zein
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - François Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Incerti
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, F-33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Laurent Desorgher
- Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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The 'stealth-bomber' paradigm for deciphering the tumour response to carbon-ion irradiation. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1429-1438. [PMID: 36639527 PMCID: PMC10070470 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the higher biological efficacy of carbon-ion irradiation (C-ions) and their ballistic precision compared with photons. At the nanometre scale, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by radiation and responsible for the indirect effects are differentially distributed according to the type of radiation. Photon irradiation induces a homogeneous ROS distribution, whereas ROS remain condensed in clusters in the C-ions tracks. Based on this linear energy transfer-dependent differential nanometric ROS distribution, we propose that the higher biological efficacy and specificities of the molecular response to C-ions rely on a 'stealth-bomber' effect. When biological targets are on the trajectories of the particles, the clustered radicals in the tracks are responsible for a 'bomber' effect. Furthermore, the low proportion of ROS outside the tracks is not able to trigger the cellular mechanisms of defence and proliferation. The ability of C-ions to deceive the cellular defence of the cancer cells is then categorised as a 'stealth' effect. This review aims to classify the biological arguments supporting the paradigm of the 'stealth-bomber' as responsible for the biological superiority of C-ions compared with photons. It also explains how and why C-ions will always be more efficient for treating patients with radioresistant cancers than conventional radiotherapy.
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Zeng F, Parker K, Zhan Y, Miller M, Zhu MY. Upregulated DNA Damage-Linked Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231152099. [PMID: 36683340 PMCID: PMC9880594 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231152099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT The present study examined expression of DNA damage markers in VMAT2 Lo PD model mice. The results demonstrate there is a significant increase in these DNA damage markers mostly in the brain regions of 18- and 23-month-old model mice, indicating oxidative stress-induced DNA lesion is an important pathologic feature of this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of the Wuhan University,
Wuhan, China
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Karsten Parker
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yanqiang Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of the Wuhan University,
Wuhan, China
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Miller
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Deng ZY, Hu Z, Feng HJ. Dynamic interplay between thionine and DNA under carbon ion irradiation: a real-time first-principles study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 51:025101. [PMID: 36327460 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac9fff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and photosensitizer under ion irradiation benefits the development of aptasensors, DNA biosensors and cancer diagnosis. Using real-time time-depended density functional theory, by simulating high-energy C ion passing through DNA with poly(dG)·poly(dC) sequence and that with embedded thionine (3,7-diamino-5-phenothiazinium, TH), we compared the electronic stopping power (ESP), evolution of the structure and charge, and absorption spectrum. TH inserting leads the increase in space charge density, a larger electron de-excitation and a larger ESP, but the speed corresponding to the maximum ESP is almost same. When C ion passes through TH-DNA, the structure of TH slightly changes and there still exists noncovalent interaction between TH and DNA, but the absorption coefficient depends on the electron occupied state of TH when the ion passes through. These results indicate that at low radiation doses, TH still can be a DNA detector, although its response wavelength and intensity have been slightly changed, and provide a theoretical reference to improve the possible application of phenothiazine dye in DNA biosensor under ion irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun-Yi Deng
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Hu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jian Feng
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
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8
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Cadet J, Angelov D, Wagner JR. Hydroxyl radical is predominantly involved in oxidatively generated base damage to cellular DNA exposed to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1-7. [PMID: 35475423 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2067363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Dimitar Angelov
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule LBMC, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center IBG, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - J Richard Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Cooper CR, Jones D, Jones GDD, Petersson K. FLASH irradiation induces lower levels of DNA damage ex vivo, an effect modulated by oxygen tension, dose, and dose rate. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20211150. [PMID: 35171701 PMCID: PMC10993968 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20211150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FLASH irradiation reportedly produces less normal tissue toxicity, while maintaining tumour response. To investigate oxygen's role in the 'FLASH effect', we assessed DNA damage levels following irradiation at different oxygen tensions, doses and dose rates. METHODS Samples of whole blood were irradiated (20 Gy) at various oxygen tensions (0.25-21%) with 6 MeV electrons at dose rates of either 2 kGy/s (FLASH) or 0.1 Gy/s (CONV), and subsequently with various doses (0-40 Gy) and intermediate dose rates (0.3-1000 Gy/s). DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were assessed by the alkaline comet assay. RESULTS Following 20 Gy irradiation, lower levels of DNA damage were induced for FLASH, the difference being significant at 0.25% (p < 0.05) and 0.5% O2 (p < 0.01). The differential in DNA damage at 0.5% O2 was found to increase with total dose and dose rate, becoming significant for doses ≥20 Gy and dose rates ≥30 Gy/s. CONCLUSION This study shows, using the alkaline comet assay, that lower levels of DNA damage are induced following FLASH irradiation, an effect that is modulated by the oxygen tension, and increases with the total dose and dose rate of irradiation, indicating that an oxygen related mechanism, e.g. transient radiation-induced oxygen depletion, may contribute to the tissue sparing effect of FLASH irradiation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This paper is first to directly show that FLASH-induced DNA damage is modulated by oxygen tension, total dose and dose rate, with FLASH inducing significantly lower levels of DNA damage for doses ≥20 Gy and dose rates ≥30 Gy/s, at 0.5% O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Cooper
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester,
Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal
Infirmary, Leicester,
UK
| | - Donald Jones
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester,
Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal
Infirmary, Leicester,
UK
| | - George DD Jones
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester,
Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal
Infirmary, Leicester,
UK
| | - Kristoffer Petersson
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of
Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Oxford, UK
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics,
Skåne University Hospital Lund University,
Lund, Sweden
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Hu A, Qiu R, Wu Z, Zhang H, Li J. CPU-GPU coupling independent reaction times method in NASIC and application in water radiolysis by FLASH irradiation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac52d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The mechanism of the FLASH effect remains unclear and could be revealed by studying chemical reactions during irradiation. Monte Carlo simulation of the radiolytic species is an effective tool to analyze chemical reactions, but the simulation is limited by computing costs of the step-by-step simulation of radiolytic species, especially when considering beam with complex time structure. The complexity of the time structure of beams from accelerators in FLASH radiotherapy requires a high-performance Monte Carlo code. In this work, we develop a CPU-GPU coupling accelerating code with the independent reaction times (IRT) method to extend the chemical module of our nanodosimetry Monte Carlo code NASIC. Every chemical molecule in the microenvironment contains time information to consider the reactions from different tracks and simulate beams with complex time structures. Performance test shows that our code significantly improved the computing efficiency of the chemical module by four orders of magnitude. Then the code is used to study the oxygen depletion hypothesis in FLASH radiotherapy for different conditions by setting different parameters. The transient oxygen consumption rate values in the water are calculated when the pulses width ranges from 2 ps to 2 μs, the total dose ranges from 0.5 Gy to 100 Gy and the initial oxygen concentration ranges from 0.1% to 21%. The time evolution curves are simulated to study the effect of the time structure of an electron linear accelerator. Results show that the total dose in several microseconds is a better indicator reflecting the radiolytic oxygen consumption rate than the dose rate. The initial oxygen greatly affects the oxygen consumption rate because of the reaction competition. The diffusion of oxygen determined by the physiological parameters is the key factor affecting oxygen depletion during the radiation using electron linear accelerators. Our code provides an efficient tool for simulating water radiolysis in different conditions
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Read GH, Bailleul J, Vlashi E, Kesarwala AH. Metabolic response to radiation therapy in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:200-224. [PMID: 34961986 PMCID: PMC10187995 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metabolism has emerged as a hallmark of cancer and is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Reprogramming of tumor metabolism is necessary for cancer cells to sustain high proliferation rates and enhanced demands for nutrients. Recent studies suggest that metabolic plasticity in cancer cells can decrease the efficacy of anticancer therapies by enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair mechanisms. Studying radiation-induced metabolic changes will lead to a better understanding of radiation response mechanisms as well as the identification of new therapeutic targets, but there are few robust studies characterizing the metabolic changes induced by radiation therapy in cancer. In this review, we will highlight studies that provide information on the metabolic changes induced by radiation and oxidative stress in cancer cells and the associated underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H. Read
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Tewari S, Patel M, Debnath AVF, Mehta P, Patel S, Bakshi S. Bamboo leaf extract ameliorates radiation induced genotoxicity: An in vitro study of chromosome aberration assay. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Hu A, Qiu R, Wu Z, Zhang H, Li WB, Li J. A Computational Model for Oxygen Depletion Hypothesis in FLASH Effect. Radiat Res 2022; 197:175-183. [PMID: 34739052 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Experiments have reported low normal tissue toxicities during FLASH irradiation, but the mechanism has not been elaborated. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism. One hypothesis is oxygen depletion. We analyze the time-dependent change of oxygen concentration in the tissue to study the oxygen depletion hypothesis using a computational model. The effects of physical, chemical and physiological parameters on oxygen depletion were explored. The kinetic equation of the model is solved numerically using the finite difference method with rational boundary conditions. Results of oxygen distribution is supported by the experiments of oxygen-sensitivity electrodes and experiments on the expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors. The analysis of parameters shows that the steady-state oxygen distribution before irradiation is determined by the oxygen consumption rate of the tissue and the microvessel density. The change of oxygen concentration after irradiation has been found to follow a negative exponential function, and the time constant is mainly determined by the microvessel density. The change of oxygen during exposure increases with dose rate and tends to be saturated because of oxygen diffusion. When the dose rate is high enough, the same dose results in the same reduction of oxygen concentration regardless of dose rate. The analysis of the FLASH effect in the brain tissue based on this model does not support the explanation of the oxygen depletion hypothesis. The oxygen depletion hypothesis remains controversial because the oxygen in most normal tissues cannot be depleted to radiation resistance level by FLASH irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Nuctech Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Bo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Junli Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Wardman P. Approaches to modeling chemical reaction pathways in radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1399-1413. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2033342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wardman
- 20 Highover Park, Amersham, Buckinghamshire HP7 0BN, United Kingdom
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15
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Pouget JP. Basics of radiobiology. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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16
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Gebicki JM, Nauser T. Initiation and Prevention of Biological Damage by Radiation-Generated Protein Radicals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010396. [PMID: 35008823 PMCID: PMC8745036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiations cause chemical damage to proteins. In aerobic aqueous solutions, the damage is commonly mediated by the hydroxyl free radicals generated from water, resulting in formation of protein radicals. Protein damage is especially significant in biological systems, because proteins are the most abundant targets of the radiation-generated radicals, the hydroxyl radical-protein reaction is fast, and the damage usually results in loss of their biological function. Under physiological conditions, proteins are initially oxidized to carbon-centered radicals, which can propagate the damage to other molecules. The most effective endogenous antioxidants, ascorbate, GSH, and urate, are unable to prevent all of the damage under the common condition of oxidative stress. In a promising development, recent work demonstrates the potential of polyphenols, their metabolites, and other aromatic compounds to repair protein radicals by the fast formation of less damaging radical adducts, thus potentially preventing the formation of a cascade of new reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz M. Gebicki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Departement für Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
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17
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Cruz-Garcia L, Hill MA, Badie C. Oxidative Stress and X-ray Exposure Levels-Dependent Survival and Metabolic Changes in Murine HSPCs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:11. [PMID: 35052515 PMCID: PMC8772903 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic bone marrow cells are amongst the most sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR), initially resulting in cell death or genotoxicity that may later lead to leukaemia development, most frequently Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). The target cells for radiation-induced Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (rAML) are believed to lie in the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment. Using the inbred strain CBA/Ca as a murine model of rAML, progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms, characterisation of target cell population and responses to IR. Complex regulatory systems maintain haematopoietic homeostasis which may act to modulate the risk of rAML. However, little is currently known about the role of metabolic factors and diet in these regulatory systems and modification of the risk of AML development. This study characterises cellular proliferative and clonogenic potential as well as metabolic changes within murine HSPCs under oxidative stress and X-ray exposure. Ambient oxygen (normoxia; 20.8% O2) levels were found to increase irradiated HSPC-stress, stimulating proliferative activity compared to low oxygen (3% O2) levels. IR exposure has a negative influence on the proliferative capability of HSPCs in a dose-dependent manner (0-2 Gy) and this is more pronounced under a normoxic state. One Gy x-irradiated HSPCs cultured under normoxic conditions displayed a significant increase in oxygen consumption compared to those cultured under low O2 conditions and to unirradiated HSPCs. Furthermore, mitochondrial analyses revealed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner under normoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that both IR and normoxia act as stressors for HSPCs, leading to significant metabolic deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunctionality which may affect long term risks such as leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Mark A. Hill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
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18
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Sanguanmith S, Meesungnoen J, Muroya Y, Jay-Gerin JP. Scavenging of “dry” electrons prior to hydration by azide ions: effect on the formation of H2 in the radiolysis of water by 60Co γ-rays and tritium β-electrons. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we use Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations to show that “dry” secondary electrons, precursors of the “hydrated” electron (e−aq), can be scavenged on the sub-picosecond time scale prior to hydration, by a high concentration (>0.1–1 M) of azide ions (N3−) in water irradiated with 60Co γ-rays and tritium β-electrons at 25 °C. This is a striking result, as N3− is known to react very slowly with e−aq. These processes tend to significantly reduce the yields of H2 as observed experimentally. For both energetic Compton electrons (“linear energy transfer”, LET ∼ 0.3 keV/µm), which are generated by the cobalt-60 γ-rays, and 3H β-electrons (LET ∼ 6 keV/µm), our H2 yield results confirm previous Monte Carlo simulations, which indicated the necessity of including the capture of the precursors to e−aq. Interestingly, our calculations show no significant changes in the scavenging of “dry” electrons at high azide concentrations in passing from γ-radiolysis to tritium β-radiolysis (i.e., with LET). This led us to the conclusion that the higher H2 yield observed experimentally for 3H β-electrons compared with 60Co γ-rays is mainly explained by the difference in the radiation track structures during the chemical stage (>1 ps). The higher LET of tritium β-electrons leads to more molecular products (H2 in this case) in tritium radiolysis than in γ-radiolysis. Finally, a value of ∼0.5 nm was derived for the reaction distance between N3− and the “dry” electron from the H2 yields observed in 60Co γ-radiolysis at high N3− concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunuchakan Sanguanmith
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jintana Meesungnoen
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yusa Muroya
- Department of Beam Materials Science, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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19
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Fast Antioxidant Reaction of Polyphenols and Their Metabolites. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081297. [PMID: 34439545 PMCID: PMC8389220 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative correlation between diets rich in fruits and vegetables and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, atherosclerosis, cognitive impairment and other deleterious conditions is well established, with flavonoids and other polyphenols held to be partly responsible for the beneficial effects. Initially, these effects were explained by their antioxidant ability, but the low concentrations of polyphenols in tissues and relatively slow reaction with free radicals suggested that, instead, they act by regulating cell signalling pathways. Here we summarise results demonstrating that the abandonment of an antioxidant role for food polyphenols is based on incomplete knowledge of the mechanism of the polyphenol-free radical reaction. New kinetic measurements show that the reaction is up to 1000 times faster than previously reported and lowers the damaging potential of the radicals. The results also show that the antioxidant action does not require phenolic groups, but only a carbon-centred free radical and an aromatic molecule. Thus, not only food polyphenols but also many of their metabolites are effective antioxidants, significantly increasing the antioxidant protection of cells and tissues. By restoring an important antioxidant role for food polyphenols, the new findings provide experimental support for the advocacy of diets rich in plant-derived food.
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20
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Geng J, Zhang Y, Gao Q, Neumann K, Dong H, Porter H, Potter M, Ren H, Argyle D, Bradley M. Switching on prodrugs using radiotherapy. Nat Chem 2021; 13:805-810. [PMID: 34112990 PMCID: PMC7611443 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a powerful tool in the armoury against cancer, but it is fraught with problems due to its global systemic toxicity. Here we report the proof of concept of a chemistry-based strategy, whereby gamma/X-ray irradiation mediates the activation of a cancer prodrug, thereby enabling simultaneous chemo-radiotherapy with radiotherapy locally activating a prodrug. In an initial demonstration, we show the activation of a fluorescent probe using this approach. Expanding on this, we show how sulfonyl azide- and phenyl azide-caged prodrugs of pazopanib and doxorubicin can be liberated using clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation. This strategy is different to conventional chemo-radiotherapy radiation, where chemo-sensitization of the cancer takes place so that subsequent radiotherapy is more effective. This approach could enable site-directed chemotherapy, rather than systemic chemotherapy, with 'real time' drug decaging at the tumour site. As such, it opens up a new era in targeted and directed chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Geng
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kevin Neumann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hua Dong
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hamish Porter
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Potter
- Department of Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hua Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shen Zhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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21
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Pouget JP, Constanzo J. Revisiting the Radiobiology of Targeted Alpha Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:692436. [PMID: 34386508 PMCID: PMC8353448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.692436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) using alpha particle-emitting radionuclides is in the spotlight after the approval of 223RaCl2 for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and the development of several alpha emitter-based radiopharmaceuticals. It is acknowledged that alpha particles are highly cytotoxic because they produce complex DNA lesions. Hence, the nucleus is considered their critical target, and many studies did not report any effect in other subcellular compartments. Moreover, their physical features, including their range in tissues (<100 μm) and their linear energy transfer (50–230 keV/μm), are well-characterized. Theoretically, TAT is indicated for very small-volume, disseminated tumors (e.g., micrometastases, circulating tumor cells). Moreover, due to their high cytotoxicity, alpha particles should be preferred to beta particles and X-rays to overcome radiation resistance. However, clinical studies showed that TAT might be efficient also in quite large tumors, and biological effects have been observed also away from irradiated cells. These distant effects are called bystander effects when occurring at short distance (<1 mm), and systemic effects when occurring at much longer distance. Systemic effects implicate the immune system. These findings showed that cells can die without receiving any radiation dose, and that a more complex and integrated view of radiobiology is required. This includes the notion that the direct, bystander and systemic responses cannot be dissociated because DNA damage is intimately linked to bystander effects and immune response. Here, we provide a brief overview of the paradigms that need to be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Pouget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Constanzo
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
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22
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Gorbunov NV, Kiang JG. Brain Damage and Patterns of Neurovascular Disorder after Ionizing Irradiation. Complications in Radiotherapy and Radiation Combined Injury. Radiat Res 2021; 196:1-16. [PMID: 33979447 PMCID: PMC8297540 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, mechanical trauma, toxic chemicals or infections, or combinations thereof (i.e., combined injury) can induce organic injury to brain tissues, the structural disarrangement of interactive networks of neurovascular and glial cells, as well as on arrays of the paracrine and systemic destruction. This leads to subsequent decline in cognitive capacity and decompensation of mental health. There is an ongoing need for improvement in mitigating and treating radiation- or combined injury-induced brain injury. Cranial irradiation per se can cause a multifactorial encephalopathy that occurs in a radiation dose- and time-dependent manner due to differences in radiosensitivity among the various constituents of brain parenchyma and vasculature. Of particular concern are the radiosensitivity and inflammation susceptibility of: 1. the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic niches in the subependymal and hippocampal domains; and 2. the microvascular endothelium. Thus, cranial or total-body irradiation can cause a plethora of biochemical and cellular disorders in brain tissues, including: 1. decline in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis; 2. impairment of the blood-brain barrier; and 3. ablation of vascular capillary. These changes, along with cerebrovascular inflammation, underlie different stages of encephalopathy, from the early protracted stage to the late delayed stage. It is evident that ionizing radiation combined with other traumatic insults such as penetrating wound, burn, blast, systemic infection and chemotherapy, among others, can exacerbate the radiation sequelae (and vice versa) with increasing severity of neurogenic and microvascular patterns of radiation brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliann G. Kiang
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Checker R, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Maurya DK, Bandekar M, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Chemical and biological basis for development of novel radioprotective drugs for cancer therapy. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:595-625. [PMID: 34181503 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1876854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes chemical changes in biological systems through direct interaction with the macromolecules or by causing radiolysis of water. This property of IR is harnessed in the clinic for radiotherapy in almost 50% of cancers patients. Despite the advent of stereotactic radiotherapy instruments and other advancements in shielding techniques, the inadvertent deposition of radiation dose in the surrounding normal tissue can cause late effects of radiation injury in normal tissues. Radioprotectors, which are chemical or biological agents, can reduce or mitigate these toxic side-effects of radiotherapy in cancer patients and also during radiation accidents. The desired characteristics of an ideal radioprotector include low chemical toxicity, high risk to benefit ratio and specific protection of normal cells against the harmful effects of radiation without compromising the cytotoxic effects of IR on cancer cells. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major contributors of IR mediated toxicity, plethora of studies have highlighted the potential role of antioxidants to protect against IR induced damage. However, owing to the lack of any clinically approved radioprotector against whole body radiation, researchers have shifted the focus toward finding alternate targets that could be exploited for the development of novel agents. The present review provides a comprehensive insight in to the different strategies, encompassing prime molecular targets, which have been employed to develop radiation protectors/countermeasures. It is anticipated that understanding such factors will lead to the development of novel strategies for increasing the outcome of radiotherapy by minimizing normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Sundarraj Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Maurya
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Mayuri Bandekar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
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24
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Larsen CB, Riis KR, Winther KH, Larsen EL, Ellervik C, Hegedüs L, Brix TH, Poulsen HE, Bonnema SJ. Treatment of Hyperthyroidism Reduces Systemic Oxidative Stress, as Measured by Markers of RNA and DNA Damage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2512-e2520. [PMID: 33901280 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-body oxidative stress can be estimated by the urine excretion of oxidized guanosine species, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), derived from RNA and DNA, respectively. These oxidative stress markers are not well explored in thyroid disorders. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether treatment of hyperthyroid patients affects the levels of these oxidative stress markers. METHODS Urinary excretion of 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodG was measured in 51 hyperthyroid patients (toxic nodular goiter [TNG], n = 30; Graves disease [GD], n = 21) before or shortly after initiation of therapy and when stable euthyroidism had been achieved for at least 12 months. RESULTS Adjusting for age, the baseline urinary excretion of oxidative stress markers correlated positively with plasma thyroxine (8-oxoGuo, P = 0.002; 8-oxodG, P = 0.021) and was significantly higher in GD than in TNG patients (P = 0.001 for both oxidative stress markers). Restoration of euthyroidism significantly affected the excretion of the oxidative stress markers. In TNG, 8-oxoGuo decreased from geometric mean 2.11 nmol/mmol creatinine (95% CI, 1.85-2.39) to 1.91 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.67-2.19; P = 0.001), while 8-oxodG decreased from 1.65 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.41-1.93) to 1.48 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.27-1.74; P = 0.026). In GD, 8-oxoGuo decreased from 2.25 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.95-2.59) to 1.79 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.63-1.97; P = 0.0003), while 8-oxodG decreased from 2.02 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.73-2.38) to 1.54 nmol/mmol (95% CI, 1.31-1.81; P = 0.001). In the euthyroid state, there were no differences between groups. CONCLUSION Restoration of euthyroidism in patients with hyperthyroidism significantly decreased the systemic oxidative stress load by 10% to 25%. Our findings may help to explain the higher morbidity and mortality linked to hyperthyroid diseases, as shown in observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla B Larsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kamilla R Riis
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Emil L Larsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Research, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark
| | - Laszlo Hegedüs
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Brix
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen J Bonnema
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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25
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Zengin G, Singh S, Ahmadi A, Bungau S. Flavonoids, the Family of Plant-derived Antioxidants making inroads into Novel Therapeutic Design against IR-induced Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:324-343. [PMID: 34030619 PMCID: PMC9413797 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524152817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ionizing radiation from telluric sources is unceasingly an unprotected pitfall to humans. Thus, the foremost contributors to human exposure are global and medical radiations. Various evidences assembled during preceding years reveal the pertinent role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in the progression of neurodegenerative insults, such as Parkinson’s disease, which have been contributing to increased proliferation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Objective: This review delineates the role of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and proposes novel therapeutic interventions of flavonoid family, offering effective management and slowing down the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Published papers were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., published to date for in-depth database collection. Results: The oxidative damage may harm the non-targeted cells. It can also modulate the functions of the central nervous system, such as protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, increased levels of oxidized lipids, and dopaminergic cell death, which accelerate the progression of Parkinson’s disease at the molecular, cellular, or tissue levels. In Parkinson’s disease, reactive oxygen species exacerbate the production of nitric oxides and superoxides by activated microglia, rendering death of dopaminergic neuronal cell through different mechanisms. Conclusion: Rising interest has extensively engrossed in the clinical trial designs based on the plant-derived family of antioxidants. They are known to exert multifarious impact on neuroprotection via directly suppressing ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production or indirectly increasing the dopamine levels and activating the glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea. Romania
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26
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Verigos KE, Sagredou S, Orfanakos K, Dalezis P, Trafalis DT. 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine and 8-Nitroguanine Production and Detection in Blood Serum of Breast Cancer Patients in Response to Postoperative Complementary External Ionizing Irradiation of Normal Tissues. Dose Response 2021; 18:1559325820982172. [PMID: 33424517 PMCID: PMC7758665 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820982172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that ionizing irradiation is strongly linked to the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrative species (RNS) through which DNA damage products like 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-nitroguanine (8-NG) are generated, respectively. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the formation of 8-OHdG and 8-NG upon irradiation and to further explore whether alterations in their concentration levels are related to the administered radiation doses and exposure time. Our research work was conducted in blood serum samples collected from 33 breast cancer patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy. The detection of 8-OHdG and 8-NG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results suggest that both, 8-OHdG and 8-NG, were formed during the radiation regimen. Significant correlations with radiation dose were also demonstrated by the dose-response curves of 8-OHdG and 8-NG, fitted by logarithmic distribution and polynomial regression, respectively. More precisely, 8-OHdG and 8-NG concentrations (ng/mL) were considerably increased when patients received ionizing radiation up to 30 Gy whereas irradiation over 30 Gy did not induce any further increases. The current study supports a) the production of 8-OHdG and 8-NG during radiotherapy and b) significant correlations between either 8-OHdG or 8-NG levels and radiation doses, indicating a radiation-dose-dependent relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosmas E Verigos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Radiation Therapy, 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Sagredou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Orfanakos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Radiation Therapy Clinic-A, "Metaxa" Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Dalezis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Belli M, Indovina L. The Response of Living Organisms to Low Radiation Environment and Its Implications in Radiation Protection. Front Public Health 2020; 8:601711. [PMID: 33384980 PMCID: PMC7770185 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.601711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life has evolved on Earth for about 4 billion years in the presence of the natural background of ionizing radiation. It is extremely likely that it contributed, and still contributes, to shaping present form of life. Today the natural background radiation is extremely small (few mSv/y), however it may be significant enough for living organisms to respond to it, perhaps keeping memory of this exposure. A better understanding of this response is relevant not only for improving our knowledge on life evolution, but also for assessing the robustness of the present radiation protection system at low doses, such as those typically encountered in everyday life. Given the large uncertainties in epidemiological data below 100 mSv, quantitative evaluation of these health risk is currently obtained with the aid of radiobiological models. These predict a health detriment, caused by radiation-induced genetic mutations, linearly related to the dose. However a number of studies challenged this paradigm by demonstrating the occurrence of non-linear responses at low doses, and of radioinduced epigenetic effects, i.e., heritable changes in genes expression not related to changes in DNA sequence. This review is focused on the role that epigenetic mechanisms, besides the genetic ones, can have in the responses to low dose and protracted exposures, particularly to natural background radiation. Many lines of evidence show that epigenetic modifications are involved in non-linear responses relevant to low doses, such as non-targeted effects and adaptive response, and that genetic and epigenetic effects share, in part, a common origin: the reactive oxygen species generated by ionizing radiation. Cell response to low doses of ionizing radiation appears more complex than that assumed for radiation protection purposes and that it is not always detrimental. Experiments conducted in underground laboratories with very low background radiation have even suggested positive effects of this background. Studying the changes occurring in various living organisms at reduced radiation background, besides giving information on the life evolution, have opened a new avenue to answer whether low doses are detrimental or beneficial, and to understand the relevance of radiobiological results to radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Indovina
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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28
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Ionizing Radiation-Induced Epigenetic Modifications and Their Relevance to Radiation Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175993. [PMID: 32825382 PMCID: PMC7503247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present system of radiation protection assumes that exposure at low doses and/or low dose-rates leads to health risks linearly related to the dose. They are evaluated by a combination of epidemiological data and radiobiological models. The latter imply that radiation induces deleterious effects via genetic mutation caused by DNA damage with a linear dose-dependence. This picture is challenged by the observation of radiation-induced epigenetic effects (changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence) and of non-linear responses, such as non-targeted and adaptive responses, that in turn can be controlled by gene expression networks. Here, we review important aspects of the biological response to ionizing radiation in which epigenetic mechanisms are, or could be, involved, focusing on the possible implications to the low dose issue in radiation protection. We examine in particular radiation-induced cancer, non-cancer diseases and transgenerational (hereditary) effects. We conclude that more realistic models of radiation-induced cancer should include epigenetic contribution, particularly in the initiation and progression phases, while the impact on hereditary risk evaluation is expected to be low. Epigenetic effects are also relevant in the dispute about possible "beneficial" effects at low dose and/or low dose-rate exposures, including those given by the natural background radiation.
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29
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Mrdjanovic J, Sudji J, Srdjenovic B, Dojcinovic S, Bogdanovic V, Jakovljevic DK, Jurisic V. Accidental Use of Milk With an Increased Concentration of Aflatoxins Causes Significant DNA Damage in Hospital Workers Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Front Public Health 2020; 8:323. [PMID: 32850577 PMCID: PMC7396628 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occupational exposure to ionizing radiation (Irad) or associated with mycotoxin-contaminated food may lead to genome damage and contribute to health risk. DNA damage in 80 blood samples of hospital workers occupationally exposed to low-doses of Irad was compared with 80 healthy controls. Among them, 40 participants accidentally consumed milk with increased concentration of Aflatoxin. All participants underwent the testing for micronuclei from blood, and 40 of them 8-OHdG from urine. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was analyzed by cytokinesis-block peripheral blood lymphocytes and the level of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by ELISA. The Irad led to increased frequency of MN (p < 0.05) and 8-OHdG level at exposed hospital workers. The consumption of milk with increased concentration of aflatoxin probably raised MN frequency and 8-OHdG value. Higher consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated milk (≥2 L/monthly) caused significantly increased MN frequency and 8-OHdG value in comparison to lower milk intake (≤0.5 L/monthly). Also, confounding factors, such as age, gender, and smoking status of all participants were included in the study. The obtained results revealed an increased incidence of MN and 8-OHdG level among hospital workers exposed to low-doses of IRad and milk with increased aflatoxin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Mrdjanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Jan Sudji
- Institute of Occupational Health, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branislava Srdjenovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Visnja Bogdanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, University of Novi Sad, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Jurisic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Wardman P. Radiotherapy Using High-Intensity Pulsed Radiation Beams (FLASH): A Radiation-Chemical Perspective. Radiat Res 2020; 194:607-617. [DOI: 10.1667/rade-19-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Yost DC, Yao Y, Kanai Y. First-Principles Modeling of Electronic Stopping in Complex Matter under Ion Irradiation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:229-237. [PMID: 31829604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic stopping refers to the dynamical energy-transfer process to electrons in matter from highly energetic charged particles such as high-velocity protons. We discuss recent progress in theoretical studies of electronic stopping in condensed matter under ion irradiation, focusing on modern electronic structure theory's role in enabling the study of electronic excitation dynamics that result from the energy transfer. In the last few decades, first-principles simulation approaches based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory have greatly advanced the field. While linear response theory is widely used to study electronic stopping processes, especially for simple solids, novel first-principles dynamics approaches now allow us to study chemically complex systems and also yield detailed descriptions of electronic excitations at the molecular scale. Outstanding challenges for further advancement of electronic stopping modeling are also discussed from the viewpoint of electronic structure theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C Yost
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514-3290 , United States
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514-3290 , United States
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514-3290 , United States
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32
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Naldiga S, Huang H, Greenberg MM, Basu AK. Mutagenic Effects of a 2-Deoxyribonolactone-Thymine Glycol Tandem DNA Lesion in Human Cells. Biochemistry 2019; 59:417-424. [PMID: 31860280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tandem DNA lesions containing two contiguously damaged nucleotides are commonly formed by ionizing radiation. Their effects on replication in mammalian cells are largely unknown. Replication of isolated 2-deoxyribonolactone (L), thymine glycol (Tg), and tandem lesion 5'-LTg was examined in human cells. Although nearly 100% of Tg was bypassed in HEK 293T cells, L was a significant replication block. 5'-LTg was an even stronger replication block with 5% TLS efficiency. The mutation frequency (MF) of Tg was 3.4%, which increased to 3.9% and 4.8% in pol ι- and pol κ-deficient cells, respectively. An even greater increase in the MF of Tg (to ∼5.5%) was observed in cells deficient in both pol κ and pol ζ, suggesting that they work together to bypass Tg in an error-free manner. Isolated L bypass generated 12-18% one-base deletions, which increased as much as 60% in TLS polymerase-deficient cells. The fraction of deletion products also increased in TLS polymerase-deficient cells upon 5'-LTg bypass. In full-length products and in all cell types, dA was preferentially incorporated opposite an isolated L as well as when it was part of a tandem lesion. However, misincorporation opposite Tg increased significantly when it was part of a tandem lesion. In wild type cells, targeted mutations increased about 3-fold to 9.7% and to 17.4, 15.9, and 28.8% in pol κ-, pol ζ-, and pol ι-deficient cells, respectively. Overall, Tg is significantly more miscoding as part of a tandem lesion, and error-free Tg replication in HEK 293T cells requires participation of the TLS polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandana Naldiga
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Ashis K Basu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
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33
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McNamara A, Willers H, Paganetti H. Modelling variable proton relative biological effectiveness for treatment planning. Br J Radiol 2019; 93:20190334. [PMID: 31738081 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dose in proton radiotherapy is generally prescribed by scaling the physical proton dose by a constant value of 1.1. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is defined as the ratio of doses required by two radiation modalities to cause the same level of biological effect. The adoption of an RBE of 1.1. assumes that the biological efficacy of protons is similar to photons, allowing decades of clinical dose prescriptions from photon treatments and protocols to be utilized in proton therapy. There is, however, emerging experimental evidence that indicates that proton RBE varies based on technical, tissue and patient factors. The notion that a single scaling factor may be used to equate the effects of photons and protons across all biological endpoints and doses is too simplistic and raises concern for treatment planning decisions. Here, we review the models that have been developed to better predict RBE variations in tissue based on experimental data as well as using a mechanistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee McNamara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Zhang L, Bailleul J, Yazal T, Dong K, Sung D, Dao A, Gosa L, Nathanson D, Bhat K, Duhachek-Muggy S, Alli C, Dratver MB, Pajonk F, Vlashi E. PK-M2-mediated metabolic changes in breast cancer cells induced by ionizing radiation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:75-86. [PMID: 31372790 PMCID: PMC6790295 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy (RT) constitutes an important part of breast cancer treatment. However, triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) exhibit remarkable resistance to most therapies, including RT. Developing new ways to radiosensitize TNBC cells could result in improved patient outcomes. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PK-M2) is believed to be responsible for the re-wiring of cancer cell metabolism after oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on PK-M2-mediated metabolic changes in TNBC cells, and their survival. In addition, we determine the effect of PK-M2 activators on breast cancer stem cells, a radioresistant subpopulation of breast cancer stem cells. METHODS Glucose uptake, lactate production, and glutamine consumption were assessed. The cellular localization of PK-M2 was evaluated by western blot and confocal microscopy. The small molecule activator of PK-M2, TEPP46, was used to promote its pyruvate kinase function. Finally, effects on cancer stem cell were evaluated via sphere forming capacity. RESULTS Exposure of TNBC cells to IR increased their glucose uptake and lactate production. As expected, PK-M2 expression levels also increased, especially in the nucleus, although overall pyruvate kinase activity was decreased. PK-M2 nuclear localization was shown to be associated with breast cancer stem cells, and activation of PK-M2 by TEPP46 depleted this population. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy can induce metabolic changes in TNBC cells, and these changes seem to be mediated, at least in part by PK-M2. Importantly, our results show that activators of PK-M2 can deplete breast cancer stem cells in vitro. This study supports the idea of combining PK-M2 activators with radiation to enhance the effect of radiotherapy in resistant cancers, such as TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Taha Yazal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Kevin Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - David Sung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Amy Dao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Laura Gosa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kruttika Bhat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Sara Duhachek-Muggy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Claudia Alli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Milana Bochkur Dratver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
| | - Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1714, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Yost DC, Kanai Y. Electronic Excitation Dynamics in DNA under Proton and α-Particle Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5241-5251. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Sepulveda E, Sanguanmith S, Meesungnoen J, Jay-Gerin JP. Evaluation of the radioprotective ability of cystamine for 150 keV – 500 MeV proton irradiation: a Monte Carlo track chemistry simulation study. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystamine, an organic diamino-disulfide, is among the best of the known radiation-protective compounds, although the underlying molecular mechanisms by which it operates remain poorly understood. This study aims to use the aqueous ferrous sulfate (Fricke) dosimeter to evaluate the protective properties of this compound when present during irradiation by fast incident protons in the energy range of 150 keV – 500 MeV, that is, for “linear energy transfer” (LET) values ranging from ∼72.3 to 0.23 keV/μm. The presence of cystamine in irradiated Fricke solutions prevents the oxidation of Fe2+ ions by the oxidizing species produced in the radiolysis of acidic water, resulting in reduced Fe3+ ion yields. A Monte Carlo computer code is used to simulate the radiation-induced chemistry of the studied Fricke–cystamine solutions under aerated conditions while covering a wide range of cystamine concentrations from 5 × 10−7 to 1 mol/L. Results indicate that the protective activity of cystamine is due to its radical-capturing ability, a clear signature of the strong antioxidant profile of this compound. In addition, our simulations show that at low and intermediate concentrations of cystamine, its protective efficiency decreases with increasing LET, which is consistent with previous work. This finding stems from differences in the geometry of the track structures that change from low-LET isolated spherical “spurs” to high-LET dense continuous cylindrical tracks as LET increases. This study concludes that Monte Carlo simulations represent a powerful method for understanding, at the molecular level, indirect radiation damage to complex molecules such as cystamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Sepulveda
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sunuchakan Sanguanmith
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jintana Meesungnoen
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Kobierski J, Lipiec E. DNA structure change induced by guanosine radicals – A theoretical and spectroscopic study of proton radiation damage. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kim JH, Ryu TH, Lee SS, Lee S, Chung BY. Ionizing radiation manifesting DNA damage response in plants: An overview of DNA damage signaling and repair mechanisms in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 278:44-53. [PMID: 30471728 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants orchestrate various DNA damage responses (DDRs) to overcome the deleterious impacts of genotoxic agents on genetic materials. Ionizing radiation (IR) is widely used as a potent genotoxic agent in plant DDR research as well as plant breeding and quarantine services for commercial uses. This review aimed to highlight the recent advances in cellular and phenotypic DDRs, especially those induced by IR. Various physicochemical genotoxic agents damage DNA directly or indirectly by inhibiting DNA replication. Among them, IR-induced DDRs are considerably more complicated. Many aspects of such DDRs and their initial transcriptomes are closely related to oxidative stress response. Although many key components of DDR signaling have been characterized in plants, DDRs in plant cells are not understood in detail to allow comparison with those in yeast and mammalian cells. Recent studies have revealed plant DDR signaling pathways including the key regulator SOG1. The SOG1 and its upstream key components ATM and ATR could be functionally characterized by analyzing their knockout DDR phenotypes after exposure to IR. Considering the potent genotoxicity of IR and its various DDR phenotypes, IR-induced DDR studies should help to establish an integrated model for plant DDR signaling pathways by revealing the unknown key components of various DDRs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Ryu
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Sik Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
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Pouget JP, Georgakilas AG, Ravanat JL. Targeted and Off-Target (Bystander and Abscopal) Effects of Radiation Therapy: Redox Mechanisms and Risk/Benefit Analysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1447-1487. [PMID: 29350049 PMCID: PMC6199630 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Radiation therapy (from external beams to unsealed and sealed radionuclide sources) takes advantage of the detrimental effects of the clustered production of radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Research has mainly focused on the interaction of radiation with water, which is the major constituent of living beings, and with nuclear DNA, which contains the genetic information. This led to the so-called target theory according to which cells have to be hit by ionizing particles to elicit an important biological response, including cell death. In cancer therapy, the Poisson law and linear quadratic mathematical models have been used to describe the probability of hits per cell as a function of the radiation dose. Recent Advances: However, in the last 20 years, many studies have shown that radiation generates "danger" signals that propagate from irradiated to nonirradiated cells, leading to bystander and other off-target effects. CRITICAL ISSUES Like for targeted effects, redox mechanisms play a key role also in off-target effects through transmission of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and also of cytokines, ATP, and extracellular DNA. Particularly, nuclear factor kappa B is essential for triggering self-sustained production of ROS and RNS, thus making the bystander response similar to inflammation. In some therapeutic cases, this phenomenon is associated with recruitment of immune cells that are involved in distant irradiation effects (called "away-from-target" i.e., abscopal effects). FUTURE DIRECTIONS Determining the contribution of targeted and off-target effects in the clinic is still challenging. This has important consequences not only in radiotherapy but also possibly in diagnostic procedures and in radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Pouget
- 1 Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) , INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- 2 DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- 3 Univ. Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS INAC SyMMES UMR 5819, Grenoble, France
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40
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MacAleese L, Girod M, Nahon L, Giuliani A, Antoine R, Dugourd P. Radical Anions of Oxidized vs. Reduced Oxytocin: Influence of Disulfide Bridges on CID and Vacuum UV Photo-Fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1826-1834. [PMID: 29949057 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) is used as a model sulfur-containing peptide to study the damage induced by vacuum UV (VUV) radiations. In particular, the effect of the presence (or absence in reduced OT) of oxytocin's internal disulfide bridge is evaluated in terms of photo-fragmentation yield and nature of the photo-fragments. Intact, as well as reduced, OT is studied as dianions and radical anions. Radical anions are prepared and photo-fragmented in two-color experiments (UV + VUV) in a linear ion trap. VUV photo-fragmentation patterns are analyzed and compared, and radical-induced mechanisms are proposed. The effect of VUV is principally to ionize but secondary fragmentation is also observed. This secondary fragmentation seems to be considerably enabled by the initial position of the radical on the molecule. In particular, the possibility to form a radical on free cysteines seems to increase the susceptibility to VUV fragmentation. Interestingly, disulfide bridges, which are fundamental for protein structure, could also be responsible for an increased resistance to ionizing radiations. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke MacAleese
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Marion Girod
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques UMR 5280, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48 St Aubin, 91192, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, BP 48 St Aubin, 91192, Gif Sur Yvette, France
- UAR1008 CEPIA, INRA, BP 71627, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière UMR 5306, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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41
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Roh C. Metabolomics in Radiation-Induced Biological Dosimetry: A Mini-Review and a Polyamine Study. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8020034. [PMID: 29844258 PMCID: PMC6023017 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we elucidate that polyamine metabolite is a powerful biomarker to study post-radiation changes. Metabolomics in radiation biodosimetry, the application of a metabolomics analysis to the field of radiobiology, promises to increase the understanding of biological responses by ionizing radiation (IR). Radiation exposure triggers a complex network of molecular and cellular responses that impacts metabolic processes and alters the levels of metabolites. Such metabolites have potential as biomarkers for radiation dosimetry. Among metabolites, polyamine is one of many potential biomarkers to estimate radiation response. In addition, this review provides an opportunity for the understanding of a radiation metabolomics in biodosimetry and a polyamine case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Roh
- Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 29, Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea.
- Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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42
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Ramos-Méndez J, Perl J, Schuemann J, McNamara A, Paganetti H, Faddegon B. Monte Carlo simulation of chemistry following radiolysis with TOPAS-nBio. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:105014. [PMID: 29697057 PMCID: PMC6027650 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aac04c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Simulation of water radiolysis and the subsequent chemistry provides important information on the effect of ionizing radiation on biological material. The Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit has added chemical processes via the Geant4-DNA project. The TOPAS tool simplifies the modeling of complex radiotherapy applications with Geant4 without requiring advanced computational skills, extending the pool of users. Thus, a new extension to TOPAS, TOPAS-nBio, is under development to facilitate the configuration of track-structure simulations as well as water radiolysis simulations with Geant4-DNA for radiobiological studies. In this work, radiolysis simulations were implemented in TOPAS-nBio. Users may now easily add chemical species and their reactions, and set parameters including branching ratios, dissociation schemes, diffusion coefficients, and reaction rates. In addition, parameters for the chemical stage were re-evaluated and updated from those used by default in Geant4-DNA to improve the accuracy of chemical yields. Simulation results of time-dependent and LET-dependent primary yields Gx (chemical species per 100 eV deposited) produced at neutral pH and 25 °C by short track-segments of charged particles were compared to published measurements. The LET range was 0.05-230 keV µm-1. The calculated Gx values for electrons satisfied the material balance equation within 0.3%, similar for protons albeit with long calculation time. A smaller geometry was used to speed up proton and alpha simulations, with an acceptable difference in the balance equation of 1.3%. Available experimental data of time-dependent G-values for [Formula: see text] agreed with simulated results within 7% ± 8% over the entire time range; for [Formula: see text] over the full time range within 3% ± 4%; for H2O2 from 49% ± 7% at earliest stages and 3% ± 12% at saturation. For the LET-dependent Gx, the mean ratios to the experimental data were 1.11 ± 0.98, 1.21 ± 1.11, 1.05 ± 0.52, 1.23 ± 0.59 and 1.49 ± 0.63 (1 standard deviation) for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], H2, H2O2 and [Formula: see text], respectively. In conclusion, radiolysis and subsequent chemistry with Geant4-DNA has been successfully incorporated in TOPAS-nBio. Results are in reasonable agreement with published measured and simulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ramos-Méndez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Alongi F, Di Muzio N. Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology: How are they Changing Radiotherapy in Clinical Practice? TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:175-7. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Alongi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Italy
- Radiotherapy, Scientific institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Intraoperative Radiotherapy, Breast Unit, San Raffaele-G. Giglio Foundation, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Nadia Di Muzio
- Radiotherapy, Scientific institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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44
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Sanguanmith S, Meesungnoen J, Stuart CR, Causey P, Jay-Gerin JP. Self-radiolysis of tritiated water. 4. The scavenging effect of azide ions (N3−) on the molecular hydrogen yield in the radiolysis of water by 60Co γ-rays and tritium β-particles at room temperature. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2449-2458. [PMID: 35541471 PMCID: PMC9077374 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12397c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the azide ion N3− on the yield of molecular hydrogen in water irradiated with 60Co γ-rays (∼1 MeV Compton electrons) and tritium β-electrons (mean electron energy of ∼7.8 keV) at 25 °C is investigated using Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations in conjunction with available experimental data. N3− is shown to interfere with the formation of H2 through its high reactivity towards hydrogen atoms and, but to a lesser extent, hydrated electrons, the two major radiolytic precursors of the H2 yield in the diffusing radiation tracks. Chemical changes are observed in the H2 scavengeability depending on the particular type of radiation considered. These changes can readily be explained on the basis of differences in the initial spatial distribution of primary radiolytic species (i.e., the structure of the electron tracks). In the “short-track” geometry of the higher “linear energy transfer” (LET) tritium β-electrons (mean LET ∼5.9 eV nm−1), radicals are formed locally in much higher initial concentration than in the isolated “spurs” of the energetic Compton electrons (LET ∼0.3 eV nm−1) generated by the cobalt-60 γ-rays. As a result, the short-track geometry favors radical–radical reactions involving hydrated electrons and hydrogen atoms, leading to a clear increase in the yield of H2 for tritium β-electrons compared to 60Co γ-rays. These changes in the scavengeability of H2 in passing from tritium β-radiolysis to γ-radiolysis are in good agreement with experimental data, lending strong support to the picture of tritium β-radiolysis mainly driven by the chemical action of short tracks of high local LET. At high N3− concentrations (>1 M), our H2 yield results for 60Co γ-radiolysis are also consistent with previous Monte Carlo simulations that suggested the necessity of including the capture of the precursors to the hydrated electrons (i.e., the short-lived “dry” electrons prior to hydration) by N3−. These processes tend to reduce significantly the yields of H2, as is observed experimentally. However, this dry electron scavenging at high azide concentrations is not seen in the higher-LET 3H β-radiolysis, leading us to conclude that the increased amount of intra-track chemistry intervening at early time under these conditions favors the recombination of these electrons with their parent water cations at the expense of their scavenging by N3−. The effect of the azide ion on the yield of molecular hydrogen in water irradiated with 60Co γ-rays and tritium β-electrons at 25 °C is investigated using Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunuchakan Sanguanmith
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | - Jintana Meesungnoen
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | - Craig R. Stuart
- Reactor Chemistry and Corrosion Branch
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
- Chalk River
- Canada
| | - Patrick Causey
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation Branch
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
- Chalk River
- Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
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45
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Processing-Challenges Generated by Clusters of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Underpin Increased Effectiveness of High-LET Radiation and Chromothripsis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1044:149-168. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0593-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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Zheng L, Greenberg MM. DNA Damage Emanating From a Neutral Purine Radical Reveals the Sequence Dependent Convergence of the Direct and Indirect Effects of γ-Radiolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17751-17754. [PMID: 29190086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobase radicals are the major intermediates generated by the direct (e.g., dA•+) and indirect (e.g., dA•) effects of γ-radiolysis. dA• was independently generated in DNA for the first time. The dA•+/dA• equilibrium, and consequently the reactivity in DNA, is significantly shifted toward the radical cation by a flanking dA. Tandem lesions emanating from dA• are the major products when the reactive intermediate is flanked by a 5'-dGT. In contrast, when dA• is flanked by dA, the increased dA•+ pKa results in DNA damage arising from hole transfer. This is the first demonstration that sequence effects lead to the intersection of the direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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47
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Plante I, Devroye L. Considerations for the independent reaction times and step-by-step methods for radiation chemistry simulations. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Liang S, Ju X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Ke G, Wen H, Wu X. Downregulation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A1 improves radiosensitivity by delaying DNA double strand break repair in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6976-6982. [PMID: 29163714 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A1 (eIF4A1) following brachytherapy has been reported to predict improved radiosensitivity and tumor-specific survival in cervical cancer. Therefore, the present study investigated the function of eIF4A1 in cervical cancer and the mechanism by which eIF4A1 regulates cervical cancer radiosensitivity. It was determined that the downregulation of eIF4A1 in HeLa and SiHa cells notably attenuated cell proliferation, in addition to repressing cervical cancer migration and invasion, and promoting cell apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that silencing eIF4A1 improves cervical cancer radiosensitivity. Detection of γ-H2AX using western blot analysis at 0, 0.5, 1, 6 and 24 h following the exposure of cervical cancer cells to X-rays illustrated that eIF4A1-knockdown results in postponed radiation-induced DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that downregulated eIF4A1 improves cervical cancer radiosensitivity by delaying cancer cell DSB repair. In conclusion, the data indicated that eIF4A1 performs a vital role in cervical cancer progression and radiosensitivity. Therefore, eIF4A1 may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Liang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhu Ju
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guihao Ke
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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49
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Rezaee M, Hill RP, Jaffray DA. The Exploitation of Low-Energy Electrons in Cancer Treatment. Radiat Res 2017; 188:123-143. [PMID: 28557630 DOI: 10.1667/rr14727.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Given the distinct characteristics of low-energy electrons (LEEs), particularly at energies less than 30 eV, they can be applied to a wide range of therapeutic modalities to improve cancer treatment. LEEs have been shown to efficiently produce complex molecular damage resulting in substantial cellular toxicities. Since LEEs are produced in copious amounts from high-energy radiation beam, including photons, protons and ions; the control of LEE distribution can potentially enhance the therapeutic radio of such beams. LEEs can play a substantial role in the synergistic effect between radiation and chemotherapy, particularly halogenated and platinum-based anticancer drugs. Radiosensitizing entities containing atoms of high atomic number such as gold nanoparticles can be a source of LEE production if high-energy radiation interacts with them. This can provide a high local density of LEEs in a cell and produce cellular toxicity. Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides also create a high number of LEEs in each decay, which can induce lethal damage in a cell. Exploitation of LEEs in cancer treatment, however, faces a few challenges, such as dosimetry of LEEs and selective delivery of radiosensitizing and chemotherapeutic molecules close to cellular targets. This review first discusses the rationale for utilizing LEEs in cancer treatment by explaining their mechanism of action, describes theoretical and experimental studies at the molecular and cellular levels, then discusses strategies for achieving modification of the distribution and effectiveness of LEEs in cancerous tissue and their associated clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaee
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Hill
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is two sided: Whereas excessive oxidant challenge causes damage to biomolecules, maintenance of a physiological level of oxidant challenge, termed oxidative eustress, is essential for governing life processes through redox signaling. Recent interest has focused on the intricate ways by which redox signaling integrates these converse properties. Redox balance is maintained by prevention, interception, and repair, and concomitantly the regulatory potential of molecular thiol-driven master switches such as Nrf2/Keap1 or NF-κB/IκB is used for system-wide oxidative stress response. Nonradical species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or singlet molecular oxygen, rather than free-radical species, perform major second messenger functions. Chemokine-controlled NADPH oxidases and metabolically controlled mitochondrial sources of H2O2 as well as glutathione- and thioredoxin-related pathways, with powerful enzymatic back-up systems, are responsible for fine-tuning physiological redox signaling. This makes for a rich research field spanning from biochemistry and cell biology into nutritional sciences, environmental medicine, and molecular knowledge-based redox medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; .,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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