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Tomsia M, Cieśla J, Śmieszek J, Florek S, Macionga A, Michalczyk K, Stygar D. Long-term space missions' effects on the human organism: what we do know and what requires further research. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1284644. [PMID: 38415007 PMCID: PMC10896920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1284644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Space has always fascinated people. Many years have passed since the first spaceflight, and in addition to the enormous technological progress, the level of understanding of human physiology in space is also increasing. The presented paper aims to summarize the recent research findings on the influence of the space environment (microgravity, pressure differences, cosmic radiation, etc.) on the human body systems during short-term and long-term space missions. The review also presents the biggest challenges and problems that must be solved in order to extend safely the time of human stay in space. In the era of increasing engineering capabilities, plans to colonize other planets, and the growing interest in commercial space flights, the most topical issues of modern medicine seems to be understanding the effects of long-term stay in space, and finding solutions to minimize the harmful effects of the space environment on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Cieśla
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Śmieszek
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Florek
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Macionga
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Michalczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- SLU University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Bai H, Wang J, Wang Q, Chen Y, Miao G, Zhang T, Hua J, Zhang Y, He J, Ding N, Zhou H, Sui L, Wei W. Identification of the Kupffer cell-derived circulating IGFBP-3 as a universal radiation biomarker for heavy ion, proton, and X-ray exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115526. [PMID: 37769581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The minimally invasive biomarkers that can facilitate a rapid dose assessment are valuable for the early medical treatment when accidental or occupational radiation exposure happens. Our previous proteomic research identified one kind of circulating protein, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3), which showed a significant increase after total body exposure of mice to carbon ions and X-rays. However, several critical issues such as the responses to diverse radiation, the origin and underlying mechanism in radiation response obstruct the utilization of circulating IGFBP-3 as a reliable radiation biomarker. In this study, mice were subjected to total or partial body irradiation with carbon ions, protons or X-rays, or treated with chloroform as a comparison. The level of IGFBP-3 in serum and different organs were measured via Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A significant increase of IGFBP-3 was discovered in serum and liver tissue post-irradiation with three kinds of radiation, but absent when challenged with chloroform. Likewise, a similar response was also observed in blood samples from patients receiving radiotherapy. Moreover, the effect of radiation on three main hepatic cells was investigated, the findings indicated that IGFBP-3 could be detected in the culture medium of Kupffer cells (MKC) alone and was elevated in cells and cultured medium of MKC post-irradiation. Additionally, we observed a co-expression effect between P53 and IGFBP-3 in liver tissues and MKC post-irradiation. Along with down-regulation of Trp53 by siRNA, the response of IGFBP-3 to radiation was attenuated. The present study demonstrated that circulating IGFBP-3 could be a promising universal biomarker for complex environmental radiation exposure, and the upregulation of IGFBP-3 is attributed to the MKC in a P53-dependent manner. Circulating IGFBP-3 assays would offer rapid, convenient and effective dose and toxicity assessment methods in occupational exposure or radiation disaster management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaojuan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; National Innovation Center of Radiation Application, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Yaxiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoying Miao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tongshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junrui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Sui
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China; National Innovation Center of Radiation Application, Beijing 102413, China.
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Circulating tRNA-Derived Small RNAs as Novel Radiation Biomarkers of Heavy Ion, Proton and X-ray Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413476. [PMID: 34948273 PMCID: PMC8706565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective and minimally invasive radiation biomarkers are valuable for exposure scenarios in nuclear accidents or space missions. Recent studies have opened the new sight of circulating small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) as radiation biomarkers. The tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) is a new class of sncRNA. It is more abundant than other kinds of sncRNAs in extracellular vesicles or blood, presenting great potential as promising biomarkers. However, the circulating tsRNAs in response to ionizing radiation have not been reported. In this research, Kunming mice were total-body exposed to 0.05-2 Gy of carbon ions, protons, or X-rays, and the RNA sequencing was performed to profile the expression of sncRNAs in serum. After conditional screening and validation, we firstly identified 5 tsRNAs including 4 tRNA-related fragments (tRFs) and 1 tRNA half (tiRNA) which showed a significant level decrease after exposure to three kinds of radiations. Moreover, the radiation responses of these 5 serum tsRNAs were reproduced in other mouse strains, and the sequences of them could be detected in serum of humans. Furthermore, we developed multi-factor models based on tsRNA biomarkers to indicate the degree of radiation exposure with high sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that the circulating tsRNAs can serve as new minimally invasive biomarkers and can make a triage or dose assessment from blood sample collection within 4 h in exposure scenarios.
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Singh R, Rajput M, Singh RP. Simulated microgravity triggers DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human promyelocytic leukemic cells. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:114-124. [PMID: 34571251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The weightlessness or microgravity, a physical factor in space, may adversely affect the health of the space travellers or astronauts. The knowledge about the effect of microgravity on human cancer cells is very limited and poorly understood. Here, we employed rotary cell culture system (RCCS) to induce simulated microgravity (SMG) and examined its effects on human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells. These cells were grown in normal gravity condition (1g) for control purpose. The 72 h exposure of cells to SMG decreased cell proliferation and viability which were accompanied by the reduced expression of PCNA and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT proteins. SMG increased the DNA damage as well as the expression of DNA damage sensing proteins including ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2 and γH2A.X. The expression of AP1, XRCC1 and APEX1 regulating BER, XPC regulating NER and MLH1 and PMS2 regulating MMR were downregulated. However, SMG increased the expression of Ku70/80, DNA-PK and Rad51, regulating NHEJ and HR. SMG induced apoptosis and increased the levels of cleaved-poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved-caspase-3. An increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential were also observed. SMG enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation which led to the enhanced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. Overall, SMG induced ROS, DNA damage and differential expression of DNA repair genes, and altered the overall DNA repair capacity which may activate ATM/ATR-Chk1/2 and Ku70/80 and DNA-PK-mediated apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Rajput
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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A Biomarker Panel of Radiation-Upregulated miRNA as Signature for Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10120361. [PMID: 33352926 PMCID: PMC7766228 DOI: 10.3390/life10120361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes serious injury to the human body and has long-time impacts on health. It is important to find optimal biomarkers for the early quick screening of exposed individuals. A series of miRNAs signatures have been developed as the new biomarkers for diagnosis, survival, and prognostic prediction of cancers. Here, we have identified the ionizing radiation-inducible miRNAs profile through microarray analysis. The biological functions were predicted for the top six upregulated miRNAs by 4 Gy γ-rays: miR-1246, miR-1307-3p, miR-3197, miR-4267, miR-5096 and miR-7641. The miRNA-gene network and target gene-pathway network analyses revealed that DNAH3 is the target gene associated with all the six miRNAs. GOLGB1 is related to 4 miRNAs and other 26 genes targeted by 3 miRNAs. The upregulation of fifteen miRNAs were further verified at 4 h and 24 h after 0 to 10 Gy irradiation in the human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 cells, and some demonstrated a dose-dependent increased. Six miRNAs, including miR-145, miR-663, miR-1273g-3p, miR-6090, miR-6727-5p and miR-7641, were validated to be dose-dependently upregulated at 4 h or 24 h post-irradiation in both AHH-1 and human peripheral blood lymphocytes irradiated ex vivo. This six-miRNA signature displays the superiority as a radiation biomarker for the translational application of screening and assessment of radiation exposed individuals.
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Wei W, Bai H, Feng X, Hua J, Long K, He J, Zhang Y, Ding N, Wang J, Zhou H. Serum Proteins as New Biomarkers for Whole-Body Exposure to High- and Low-LET Ionizing Radiation. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820914172. [PMID: 32273832 PMCID: PMC7113486 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820914172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation is a major threat to human health and public security. Since the inherent limitations of current methods for indicating radiation exposure, new minimally invasive biomarkers that can be easily and quickly detected at an early stage are needed for optimal medical treatment. Serum proteins are attractive biomarkers and some radiosensitive proteins have been found, but the proteins in response to low-dose and high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation have not been reported. In this study, mice were whole body exposed to a variety doses of carbon ions and X-rays. We performed Mouse Antibody Array to detect serum proteins expression profiles at 24 hours postirradiation. After conditional screening, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-3 were further validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After exposure to 0.05 to 1 Gy of carbon ions and 0.5 to 4 Gy of X-rays, only IGFBP-3 showed obvious increase with increased doses, both carbon ions and X-rays. Further, IGFBP-3 was detected for observation of its time-dependent changes. The results showed the expression difference of IGFBP-3 presented from 6 to 24 hours post-irradiation by carbon ions and X-rays. Moreover, the receiver–operating characteristic analysis showed that serum IGFBP-3 is efficient to triage exposed individuals with high sensitivity and specificity. These results suggest that serum IGFBP-3 is extremely sensitive to high- and low-LET ionizing radiation and is able to respond at an early stage, which could serve as a novel minimally invasive indicator for radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junrui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaiqin Long
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Fucic A, Druzhinin V, Aghajanyan A, Slijepcevic P, Bakanova M, Baranova E, Minina V, Golovina T, Kourdakov K, Timofeeva A, Titov V. Rogue versus chromothriptic cell as biomarker of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 784:108299. [PMID: 32430100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New molecular cytogenetic biomarkers may significantly contribute to biodosimetry, whose application is still globally diverse and not fully standardized. In 2011, a new term, chromothripsis, was introduced raising great interest among researchers and soon motivating further investigations of the phenomenon. Chromothripsis is described as a single event in which one or more chromosomes go through severe DNA damage very much resembling rogue cells (RC) described more than 50 years ago. In this review, we for the first time compare these two multi-aberrant cells types, RC versus chromothriptic cells, giving insight into the similarities of the mechanisms involved in their etiology. In order to make a better comparison, data on RC in 3366 subjects from studies on cancer patients, Chernobyl liquidators, child victims of the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident, residentially and occupationally exposed population have been summarized for the first time. Results of experimental and epidemiological analysis show that chromothriptic cells and RC may be caused by exposure to high LET ionizing radiation. Experience and knowledge collected on RC may be used in future for further investigations of chromothripsis, introducing a new class of cells which include both chromothriptic and RC, and better insight into the frequency of chromothriptic cell per subject, which is currently absent. Both cell types are relevant in investigations of cancer etiology, biomonitoring of accidentally exposed population to ionizing radiation and biomonitoring of astronauts due to their exposure to high LET ionizing radiation during interplanetary voyages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Anna Aghajanyan
- Medical Institute Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia Federation
| | - Predrag Slijepcevic
- Brunel University London, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor Titov
- Kemerovo Regional Oncology Center, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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Czub J, Banaś D, Braziewicz J, Buraczewska I, Jaskóła M, Kaźmierczak U, Korman A, Lankoff A, Lisowska H, Szefliński Z, Wojewódzka M, Wójcik A. Biological effects of mixed-ion beams. Part 2: The relative biological effectiveness of CHO-K1 cells irradiated by mixed- and single-ion beams. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 150:192-198. [PMID: 30553541 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values were determined for single- and mixed-ion beams containing carbon and oxygen ions. The CHO-K1 cells were irradiated with beams with the linear energy transfer (LET) values of 236-300 and 461-470 keV/μm for 12C and 16O ions, respectively. The RBE was estimated as a function of dose, survival fraction (SF) and LET. The SF was not affected by varying contributions of the constituent ions to the total mixed dose. The RBE has the same value for single-ion exposures with ions with LET 300 (12C) and 470 keV/μm (16O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Czub
- Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Banaś
- Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; Holy Cross Cancer Center, ul. Arwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Janusz Braziewicz
- Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Physics, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; Holy Cross Cancer Center, ul. Arwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Iwona Buraczewska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marian Jaskóła
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Urszula Kaźmierczak
- Heavy Ion Laboratory at the University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5a, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Korman
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Szefliński
- Heavy Ion Laboratory at the University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5a, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Wojewódzka
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wójcik
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Universitetsvagen 10, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden; Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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Hoehn D, Pujol-Canadell M, Young EF, Serban G, Shuryak I, Maerki J, Xu Z, Chowdhury M, Luna AM, Vlada G, Smilenov LB. Effects of High- and Low-LET Radiation on Human Hematopoietic System Reconstituted in Immunodeficient Mice. Radiat Res 2018; 191:162-175. [PMID: 30520704 DOI: 10.1667/rr15148.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, a number of important physiological changes in humans who have traveled on spaceflights have been catalogued. Of major concern are the short- and long-term radiation-induced injuries to the hematopoietic system that may be induced by high-energy galactic cosmic rays encountered on interplanetary space missions. To collect data on the effects of space radiation on the human hematopoietic system in vivo, we used a humanized mouse model. In this study, we irradiated humanized mice with 0.4 Gy of 350 MeV/n 28Si ions, a dose that has been shown to induce tumors in tumor-prone mice and a reference dose that has a relative biological effectiveness of 1 (1 Gy of 250-kVp X rays). Cell counts, cell subset frequency and cytogenetic data were collected from bone marrow spleen and blood of irradiated and control mice at short-term (7, 30 and 60 days) and long-term ( 6 - 7 months) time points postirradiation. The data show a significant short-term effect on the human hematopoietic stem cell counts imparted by both high- and low-LET radiation exposure. The radiation effects on bone marrow, spleen and blood human cell counts and human cell subset frequency were complex but did not alter the functions of the hematopoietic system. The long-term data acquired from high-LET irradiated mice showed complete recovery of the human hematopoietic system in all hematopoietic compartments. The combined results demonstrate that, in spite of early perturbation, the longer term effects of high-LET radiation are not detrimental to human hematopoiesis in our system of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hoehn
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Erik F Young
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Geo Serban
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Igor Shuryak
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Zheng Xu
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Aesis M Luna
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - George Vlada
- a Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Cellular responses and gene expression profile changes due to bleomycin-induced DNA damage in human fibroblasts in space. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170358. [PMID: 28248986 PMCID: PMC5332164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms in space are constantly exposed to radiation, toxic chemicals or reactive oxygen species generated due to increased levels of environmental and psychological stresses. Understanding the impact of spaceflight factors, microgravity in particular, on cellular responses to DNA damage is essential for assessing the radiation risk for astronauts and the mutation rate in microorganisms. In a study conducted on the International Space Station, confluent human fibroblasts in culture were treated with bleomycin for three hours in the true microgravity environment. The degree of DNA damage was quantified by immunofluorescence staining for γ-H2AX, which is manifested in three types of staining patterns. Although similar percentages of these types of patterns were found between flight and ground cells, there was a slight shift in the distribution of foci counts in the flown cells with countable numbers of γ-H2AX foci. Comparison of the cells in confluent and in exponential growth conditions indicated that the proliferation rate between flight and the ground may be responsible for such a shift. We also performed a microarray analysis of gene expressions in response to bleomycin treatment. A qualitative comparison of the responsive pathways between the flown and ground cells showed similar responses with the p53 network being the top upstream regulator. The microarray data was confirmed with a PCR array analysis containing a set of genes involved in DNA damage signaling; with BBC3, CDKN1A, PCNA and PPM1D being significantly upregulated in both flight and ground cells after bleomycin treatment. Our results suggest that whether microgravity affects DNA damage response in space can be dependent on the cell type and cell growth condition.
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Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Baatout S, Moreels M. Impact of Particle Irradiation on the Immune System: From the Clinic to Mars. Front Immunol 2017; 8:177. [PMID: 28275377 PMCID: PMC5319970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the generalized use of photon-based radiation (i.e., gamma rays and X-rays) to treat different cancer types, particle radiotherapy (i.e., protons and carbon ions) is becoming a popular, and more effective tool to treat specific tumors due to the improved physical properties and biological effectiveness. Current scientific evidence indicates that conventional radiation therapy affects the tumor immunological profile in a particular manner, which in turn, might induce beneficial effects both at local and systemic (i.e., abscopal effects) levels. The interaction between radiotherapy and the immune system is being explored to combine immune and radiation (including particles) treatments, which in many cases have a greater clinical effect than any of the therapies alone. Contrary to localized, clinical irradiation, astronauts are exposed to whole body, chronic cosmic radiation, where protons and heavy ions are an important component. The effects of this extreme environment during long periods of time, e.g., a potential mission to Mars, will have an impact on the immune system that could jeopardize the health of the astronauts, hence the success of the mission. To this background, the purpose of this mini review is to briefly present the current knowledge in local and systemic immune alterations triggered by particle irradiation and to propose new lines of future research. Immune effects induced by particle radiation relevant to clinical applications will be covered, together with examples of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Then, the focus will move to outer space, where the immune system alterations induced by cosmic radiation during spaceflight will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Mol , Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Mol , Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Mol , Belgium
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Barrila J, Ott CM, LeBlanc C, Mehta SK, Crabbé A, Stafford P, Pierson DL, Nickerson CA. Spaceflight modulates gene expression in the whole blood of astronauts. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16039. [PMID: 28725744 PMCID: PMC5515525 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts are exposed to a unique combination of stressors during spaceflight, which leads to alterations in their physiology and potentially increases their susceptibility to disease, including infectious diseases. To evaluate the potential impact of the spaceflight environment on the regulation of molecular pathways mediating cellular stress responses, we performed a first-of-its-kind pilot study to assess spaceflight-related gene-expression changes in the whole blood of astronauts. Using an array comprised of 234 well-characterized stress-response genes, we profiled transcriptomic changes in six astronauts (four men and two women) from blood preserved before and immediately following the spaceflight. Differentially regulated transcripts included those important for DNA repair, oxidative stress, and protein folding/degradation, including HSP90AB1, HSP27, GPX1, XRCC1, BAG-1, HHR23A, FAP48, and C-FOS. No gender-specific differences or relationship to number of missions flown was observed. This study provides a first assessment of transcriptomic changes occurring in the whole blood of astronauts in response to spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Barrila
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carly LeBlanc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Aurélie Crabbé
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Phillip Stafford
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Duane L Pierson
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl A Nickerson
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Di Trolio R, Di Lorenzo G, Fumo B, Ascierto PA. Cosmic radiation and cancer: is there a link? Future Oncol 2016; 11:1123-35. [PMID: 25804126 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmic radiation can cause genetic and cytogenetic damage. Certain occupations including airline pilots and cabin crew are acknowledged to have a greater exposure to cosmic radiation. In a systematic search of MEDLINE, performed from 1990 to 2014, we analyzed clinical studies using the keywords: cosmic radiation, cancer, chromosome aberration, pilots and astronauts. Increased incidence of skin cancers among airline cabin crew has been reported in a number of studies and appears to be the most consistent finding. However, as with other cancers, it is unclear whether increased exposure to cosmic radiation is a factor in the increased incidence or whether this can be explained by lifestyle factors. Further research is needed to clarify the risk of cancer in relation to cosmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Trolio
- Unit of Medical Oncology & Innovative Therapy, Department of Melanoma, Sarcoma & Head & Neck Cancers, G Pascale Institute of National Tumor Foundation, Napoli, Italy
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Druzhinin V, Bakanova M, Fucic A, Golovina T, Savchenko Y, Sinitsky M, Volobaev V. Lymphocytes with multiple chromosomal damages in a large cohort of West Siberia residents: Results of long-term monitoring. Mutat Res 2016; 784-785:1-7. [PMID: 26731314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells with specific multiple chromosome aberrations, defined as rogue cells (RC) have been described in different populations, predominantly those exposed to radiation. The frequency, etiology and related health risks have still not been elucidated due to their low frequency of occurrences and rarely performed studies. This study reports RC frequency using chromosome aberration (CA) assay in peripheral lymphocytes in the group of 3242 subjects, during a 30-year long follow-up study in a general rural and urban population, children environmentally exposed to radon, occupationally exposed population and lung cancer patients from the Kemerovo region (Siberia, Russian Federation). Results show that the highest RC frequency was present in children environmentally exposed to radon and the lowest in the general urban population. Total frequency of CA did not correlate with frequency of RC. Genotoxic analysis of air and water samples excluded anthropogenic pollution as a possible cause of genome damage and RC frequency. In 85% of RCs, double minutes, observed in a large number of human tumors, were present. Results of CA analysis suggested that radon and its decay products (alpha-emitters) were the leading factors causing RC in subjects exposed to high LET radiation. Thus, RC may be a candidate biomarker for exposure to this type of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Druzhinin
- Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia; Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Bakanova
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Yana Savchenko
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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Beaton-Green LA, Lachapelle S, Straube U, Wilkins RC. Evolution of the Health Canada astronaut biodosimetry program with a view toward international harmonization. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Si J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wu Z, Lu J, Di C, Zhou X, Wang X. Effects of (12)C(6+) ion radiation and ferulic acid on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic oxidative stress response and gene expression. Mutat Res 2013; 745-746:26-33. [PMID: 23535216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of carbon ion irradiation and ferulic acid (FA) on the induction of oxidative stress and alteration of gene expression were studied in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Zebrafish embryos at 8 hpf were divided into seven groups: the control group; the 1Gy, 3Gy and 7Gy irradiation groups; and three FA-pre-treated irradiation groups. In the irradiated groups, a significant increase in the teratogenesis of the zebrafish embryos and oxidative stress was accompanied by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, decreased glutathione (GSH) content and alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities (such as catalase [CAT] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Moreover, the mRNA levels for Cu/Zn-sod, Mn-sod, cat and gpx, the genes encoding these antioxidant proteins, were altered significantly. However, the mRNA expression patterns were not in accordance with those of the antioxidant enzymes and were more sensitive under low-dose irradiation. In addition, we detected the mRNA expression of ucp-2 and bcl-2, which are located at the mitochondrial inner membrane and related to reactive oxidative species (ROS) production. In the irradiated groups, the mRNA level of ucp-2 was significantly increased, whereas the mRNA level of bcl-2 was significantly decreased. Supplementation with FA, an antioxidant, was better able to reduce the irradiation-induced oxidative damage marked by changes in mortality, morphology, antioxidant enzyme activities and the MDA and GSH content, as well as in the mRNA expression levels. Overall, this study provided helpful information about the transcriptional effects of irradiation to better understand the mechanism of carbon ion-induced oxidative stress and FA-induced radioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Si
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Vogin G, Foray N. The law of Bergonié and Tribondeau: A nice formula for a first approximation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 89:2-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.717732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Takahashi A, Suzuki H, Omori K, Seki M, Hashizume T, Shimazu T, Ishioka N, Ohnishi T. Expression of p53-regulated proteins in human cultured lymphoblastoid TSCE5 and WTK1 cell lines during spaceflight. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:168-175. [PMID: 22374402 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the biological effects of space radiations, microgravity, and the interaction of them on the expression of p53-regulated proteins. Space experiments were performed with two human cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines: one line (TSCE5) bears a wild-type p53 gene status, and another line (WTK1) bears a mutated p53 gene status. Under 1 gravity or microgravity conditions, the cells were grown in the cell biology experimental facility (CBEF) of the International Space Station for 8 days without experiencing the stress during launching and landing because the cells were frozen during these periods. Ground control samples were simultaneously cultured for 8 days in the CBEF on the ground for 8 days. After spaceflight, protein expression was analyzed using a Panorama(TM) Ab MicroArray protein chips. It was found that p53-dependent up-regulated proteins in response to space radiations and space environment were MeCP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2), and Notch1 (Notch homolog 1), respectively. On the other hand, p53-dependent down-regulated proteins were TGF-β, TWEAKR (tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis receptor), phosho-Pyk2 (Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2), and 14-3-3θ/τ which were affected by microgravity, and DR4 (death receptor 4), PRMT1 (protein arginine methyltransferase 1) and ROCK-2 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2) in response to space radiations. ROCK-2 was also suppressed in response to the space environment. The data provides the p53-dependent regulated proteins by exposure to space radiations and/or microgravity during spaceflight. Our expression data revealed proteins that might help to advance the basic space radiation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Ma X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Min X, Liu Y, Wu Z, Sun C, Hu B. Chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice induced by accelerated (12)C(6+) ions. Mutat Res 2011; 716:20-26. [PMID: 21843535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The whole bodies of 6-week-old male Kun-Ming mice were exposed to different doses of (12)C(6+) ions or X-rays. Chromosomal aberrations of the bone marrow (gaps, terminal deletions and breaks, fragments, inter-chromosomal fusions and sister-chromatid union) were scored in metaphase 9h after exposure, corresponding to cells exposed in the G(2)-phase of the first mitosis cycle. Dose-response relationships for the frequency of chromosomal aberrations were plotted both by linear and linear-quadratic equations. The data showed that there was a dose-related increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in all treated groups compared to controls. Linear-quadratic equations were a good fit for both radiation types. The compound theory of dual radiation action was applied to decipher the bigger curvature (D(2)) of the dose-response curves of X-rays compared to those of (12)C(6+) ions. Different distributions of the five types of aberrations and different degrees of homogeneity were found between (12)C(6+) ion and X-ray irradiation and the possible underlying mechanism for these phenomena were analyzed according to the differences in the spatial energy deposition of both types of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Bocharova V, Halámek J, Zhou J, Strack G, Wang J, Katz E. Alert-type biological dosimeter based on enzyme logic system. Talanta 2011; 85:800-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Chen C, Brenner DJ, Brown TR. Identification of Urinary Biomarkers from X-Irradiated Mice Using NMR Spectroscopy. Radiat Res 2011; 175:622-30. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2388.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yatagai F, Honma M, Takahashi A, Omori K, Suzuki H, Shimazu T, Seki M, Hashizume T, Ukai A, Sugasawa K, Abe T, Dohmae N, Enomoto S, Ohnishi T, Gordon A, Ishioka N. Frozen human cells can record radiation damage accumulated during space flight: mutation induction and radioadaptation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:125-134. [PMID: 21161544 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the space-radiation effects separately from other space-environmental effects such as microgravity, frozen human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were sent to the "Kibo" module of the International Space Station (ISS), preserved under frozen condition during the mission and finally recovered to Earth (after a total of 134 days flight, 72 mSv). Biological assays were performed on the cells recovered to Earth. We observed a tendency of increase (2.3-fold) in thymidine kinase deficient (TK(-)) mutations over the ground control. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis on the mutants also demonstrated a tendency of increase in proportion of the large deletion (beyond the TK locus) events, 6/41 in the in-flight samples and 1/17 in the ground control. Furthermore, in-flight samples exhibited 48% of the ground-control level in TK(-) mutation frequency upon exposure to a subsequent 2 Gy dose of X-rays, suggesting a tendency of radioadaptation when compared with the ground-control samples. The tendency of radioadaptation was also supported by the post-flight assays on DNA double-strand break repair: a 1.8- and 1.7-fold higher efficiency of in-flight samples compared to ground control via non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination, respectively. These observations suggest that this system can be used as a biodosimeter, because DNA damage generated by space radiation is considered to be accumulated in the cells preserved frozen during the mission, Furthermore, this system is also suggested to be applicable for evaluating various cellular responses to low-dose space radiation, providing a better understanding of biological space-radiation effects as well as estimation of health influences of future space explores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yatagai
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Maalouf M, Durante M, Foray N. Biological effects of space radiation on human cells: history, advances and outcomes. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:126-146. [PMID: 21436608 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to radiation is one of the main concerns for space exploration by humans. By focusing deliberately on the works performed on human cells, we endeavored to review, decade by decade, the technological developments and conceptual advances of space radiation biology. Despite considerable efforts, the cancer and the toxicity risks remain to be quantified: 1) the nature and the frequency of secondary heavy ions need to be better characterized in order to estimate their contribution to the dose and to the final biological response; 2) the diversity of radiation history of each astronaut and the impact of individual susceptibility make very difficult any epidemiological analysis for estimating hazards specifically due to space radiation exposure. 3) Cytogenetic data undoubtedly revealed that space radiation exposure produce significant damage in cells. However, our knowledge of the basic mechanisms specific to low-dose, to repeated doses and to adaptive response is still poor. The application of new radiobiological techniques, like immunofluorescence, and the use of human tissue models different from blood, like skin fibroblasts, may help in clarifying all the above items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Maalouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, Groupe de Radiobiologie, Paris, France
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25
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Aseeva EA, Snigiryova GP, Neverova AL, Novitskaya NN, Khazins ED, Domracheva EV. Multiaberrant cells in groups of people exposed to radiation in different situations and their possible biological role. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350910030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Tucker JD. Chromosome translocations and assessing human exposure to adverse environmental agents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:815-824. [PMID: 20213842 DOI: 10.1002/em.20561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the use of chromosome translocations for assessing adverse environmental exposure in humans. Translocations are a persistent biomarker of exposure and a biomarker of effect, making them the endpoint of choice for certain human exposure studies because they indicate a potential relationship between exposure and adverse health outcomes, particularly cancer and birth defects. Presented here are the different types of translocations, their origins and persistence, the strengths and limitations of using translocations for exposure assessments, the current state of the art for quantifying exposure including the importance of confounding effects, and the use of model organisms. This article concludes with an assessment of the future of translocation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Tucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3917, USA.
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George K, Chappell L, Cucinotta F. Persistence of space radiation induced cytogenetic damage in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 701:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Takahashi A, Nagamatsu A, Su X, Suzuki M, Tsuruoka C, Omori K, Suzuki H, Shimazu T, Seki M, Hashizume T, Iwasaki T, Ishioka N, Ohnishi T. The First Life Science Experiments in ISS: Reports of "Rad Gene"-Space Radiation Effects on Human Cultured Cells-. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.24.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aseeva EA, Snigiryova GP, Neverova AL, Bogomazova AN, Novitskaya NN, Khazins ED, Domracheva EV. New type of cells with multiple chromosome rearrangements. Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 68:844-7. [PMID: 20031432 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the distribution and the frequency of multiaberrant cells (MAC) among lymphocytes in different categories of low dose (up to 0.5 Gy) irradiated people was carried out. The highest MAC frequency was observed in people exposed to alpha-radiation (Pu, Rn) and in cosmonauts. This fact allows MAC to be considered as an indicator of a high-energy local exposure. A new type of cells with multiple chromosome rearrangements was discovered in the course of analysis of stable aberrations by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The biological consequences of MAC formation and possibility of revealing the whole diversity of cells with multiple aberrations by means of modern molecular-cytogenetic methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Aseeva
- National Research Centre for Hematology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ohnishi T, Takahashi A, Nagamatsu A, Omori K, Suzuki H, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Detection of space radiation-induced double strand breaks as a track in cell nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:485-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kumari R, Singh KP, DuMond JW. Simulated microgravity decreases DNA repair capacity and induces DNA damage in human lymphocytes. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:723-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ohnishi T, Takahashi A, Suzuki H, Omori K, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Expression of p53-Regulated Genes in Cultured Mammalian Cells After Exposure to A Space Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Gridley DS, Slater JM, Luo-Owen X, Rizvi A, Chapes SK, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Pecaut MJ. Spaceflight effects on T lymphocyte distribution, function and gene expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 106:194-202. [PMID: 18988762 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91126.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is highly sensitive to stressors present during spaceflight. The major emphasis of this study was on the T lymphocytes in C57BL/6NTac mice after return from a 13-day space shuttle mission (STS-118). Spleens and thymuses from flight animals (FLT) and ground controls similarly housed in animal enclosure modules (AEM) were evaluated within 3-6 h after landing. Phytohemagglutinin-induced splenocyte DNA synthesis was significantly reduced in FLT mice when based on both counts per minute and stimulation indexes (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that CD3(+) T and CD19(+) B cell counts were low in spleens from the FLT group, whereas the number of NK1.1(+) natural killer (NK) cells was increased (P < 0.01 for all three populations vs. AEM). The numerical changes resulted in a low percentage of T cells and high percentage of NK cells in FLT animals (P < 0.05). After activation of spleen cells with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, interleukin-2 (IL-2) was decreased, but IL-10, interferon-gamma, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha were increased in FLT mice (P < 0.05). Analysis of cancer-related genes in the thymus showed that the expression of 30 of 84 genes was significantly affected by flight (P < 0.05). Genes that differed from AEM controls by at least 1.5-fold were Birc5, Figf, Grb2, and Tert (upregulated) and Fos, Ifnb1, Itgb3, Mmp9, Myc, Pdgfb, S100a4, Thbs, and Tnf (downregulated). Collectively, the data show that T cell distribution, function, and gene expression are significantly modified shortly after return from the spaceflight environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Cucinotta FA, Kim MHY, Willingham V, George KA. Physical and biological organ dosimetry analysis for international space station astronauts. Radiat Res 2008; 170:127-38. [PMID: 18582161 DOI: 10.1667/rr1330.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the biological and physical organ dose equivalents for International Space Station (ISS) astronauts. Individual physical dosimetry is difficult in space due to the complexity of the space radiation environment, which consists of protons, heavy ions and secondary neutrons, and the modification of these radiation types in tissue as well as limitations in dosimeter devices that can be worn for several months in outer space. Astronauts returning from missions to the ISS undergo biodosimetry assessment of chromosomal damage in lymphocyte cells using the multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. Individual-based pre-flight dose responses for lymphocyte exposure in vitro to gamma rays were compared to those exposed to space radiation in vivo to determine an equivalent biological dose. We compared the ISS biodosimetry results, NASA's space radiation transport models of organ dose equivalents, and results from ISS and space shuttle phantom torso experiments. Physical and biological doses for 19 ISS astronauts yielded average effective doses and individual or population-based biological doses for the approximately 6-month missions of 72 mSv and 85 or 81 mGy-Eq, respectively. Analyses showed that 80% or more of organ dose equivalents on the ISS are from galactic cosmic rays and only a small contribution is from trapped protons and that GCR doses were decreased by the high level of solar activity in recent years. Comparisons of models to data showed that space radiation effective doses can be predicted to within about a +/-10% accuracy by space radiation transport models. Finally, effective dose estimates for all previous NASA missions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Cucinotta
- NASA, Space Radiation Program, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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35
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Hada M, Cucinotta FA, Gonda SR, Wu H. mBAND Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Epithelial Cells Exposed to Low- and High-LET Radiation. Radiat Res 2007; 168:98-105. [PMID: 17722995 DOI: 10.1667/rr0759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Energetic heavy ions pose a potential health risk to astronauts who have participated in extended space missions. High-LET radiation is much more effective than low-LET radiation in the induction of biological effects, including cell inactivation, genetic mutations, cataracts and cancer. Most of these biological end points are closely correlated with chromosomal damage, which can be used as a biomarker for radiation damage. Multicolor banding in situ hybridization (mBAND) has proven to be highly useful for the study of intrachromosomal aberrations, which have been suggested as a biomarker of exposure to high-LET radiation. To investigate biological signatures of radiation quality and the complexity of intrachromosomal aberrations, we exposed human epithelial cells in vitro to (137)Cs gamma rays or iron ions (600 MeV/nucleon) and collected chromosomes using a premature chromosome condensation technique. Aberrations in chromosome 3 were analyzed using mBAND probes. The results of our study confirmed the observation of a higher incidence of inversions for high-LET radiation. However, detailed analysis of the inversion type revealed that both iron ions and gamma rays induced a low incidence of simple inversions. Half of the inversions observed in the low-LET-irradiated samples were accompanied by other types of intrachromosome aberrations, but few inversions were accompanied by interchromosome aberrations. In contrast, iron ions induced a significant fraction of inversions that involved complex rearrangements of both inter- and intrachromosome exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hada
- Universities Space Research Association, Houston, Texas 77085, USA.
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36
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Kim JN, Lee BM. Risk factors, health risks, and risk management for aircraft personnel and frequent flyers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:223-34. [PMID: 17454553 DOI: 10.1080/10937400600882103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Health risks associated with long periods of time in flight are of concern to astronauts, crew members, and passengers. Many epidemiological studies showed that occupational and frequent flyers may be susceptible to ocular, cardiovascular, neurological, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, sensory, immunological, physiological, and even developmental disorders. In addition, the incidences of cancer and food poisoning are expected to be higher in such individuals. This article reviews health risks and risk factors associated with air travel, and discusses risk management strategies. To reduce adverse health risks, risk factors such as radiation, infection, stress, temperature, pressure, and circadian rhythm need to be avoided or reduced to levels that are as low as technologically achievable to protect flight personnel and passengers.
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Hellweg CE, Baumstark-Khan C. Getting ready for the manned mission to Mars: the astronauts' risk from space radiation. Naturwissenschaften 2007; 94:517-26. [PMID: 17235598 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Space programmes are shifting towards planetary exploration and, in particular, towards missions by human beings to the Moon and to Mars. Radiation is considered to be one of the major hazards for personnel in space and has emerged as the most critical issue to be resolved for long-term missions both orbital and interplanetary. The two cosmic sources of radiation that could impact a mission outside the Earth's magnetic field are solar particle events (SPE) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Exposure to the types of ionizing radiation encountered during space travel may cause a number of health-related problems, but the primary concern is related to the increased risk of cancer induction in astronauts. Predictions of cancer risk and acceptable radiation exposure in space are extrapolated from minimal data and are subject to many uncertainties. The paper describes present-day estimates of equivalent doses from GCR and solar cosmic radiation behind various shields and radiation risks for astronauts on a mission to Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hellweg
- DLR, Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrtmedizin, Strahlenbiologie, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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38
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Ménard C, Johann D, Lowenthal M, Muanza T, Sproull M, Ross S, Gulley J, Petricoin E, Coleman CN, Whiteley G, Liotta L, Camphausen K. Discovering clinical biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure with serum proteomic analysis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1844-50. [PMID: 16452246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to explore the merit of proteomic profiling strategies in patients with cancer before and during radiotherapy in an effort to discover clinical biomarkers of radiation exposure. Patients with a diagnosis of cancer provided informed consent for enrollment on a study permitting the collection of serum immediately before and during a course of radiation therapy. High-resolution surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to generate high-throughput proteomic profiles of unfractionated serum samples using an immobilized metal ion-affinity chromatography nickel-affinity chip surface. Resultant proteomic profiles were analyzed for unique biomarker signatures using supervised classification techniques. MS-based protein identification was then done on pooled sera in an effort to begin to identify specific protein fragments that are altered with radiation exposure. Sixty-eight patients with a wide range of diagnoses and radiation treatment plans provided serum samples both before and during ionizing radiation exposure. Computer-based analyses of the SELDI protein spectra could distinguish unexposed from radiation-exposed patient samples with 91% to 100% sensitivity and 97% to 100% specificity using various classifier models. The method also showed an ability to distinguish high from low dose-volume levels of exposure with a sensitivity of 83% to 100% and specificity of 91% to 100%. Using direct identity techniques of albumin-bound peptides, known to underpin the SELDI-TOF fingerprints, 23 protein fragments/peptides were uniquely detected in the radiation exposure group, including an interleukin-6 precursor protein. The composition of proteins in serum seems to change with ionizing radiation exposure. Proteomic analysis for the discovery of clinical biomarkers of radiation exposure warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ménard
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH/DHHS, Building 10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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Horstmann M, Durante M, Johannes C, Pieper R, Obe G. Space radiation does not induce a significant increase of intrachromosomal exchanges in astronauts' lymphocytes. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2005; 44:219-24. [PMID: 16217644 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-005-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome aberration analysis in astronauts has been used to provide direct, biologically motivated estimates of equivalent doses and risk associated to cosmic radiation exposure during space flight. However, the past studies concentrated on measurements of dicentrics and translocations, while chromosome intrachanges (inversions) have never been measured in astronauts' samples. Recent data reported in the literature suggest that densely ionizing radiation can induce a large fraction of intrachanges, thus leading to the suspicion that interchanges grossly underestimate the cosmic radiation-induced cytogenetic damage in astronauts. We have analyzed peripheral blood lymphocytes from 11 astronauts involved in short- or long-term space flights in low-Earth orbit using high-resolution multicolor banding to assess the frequency of intrachromosomal exchanges in both pre- and post-flight samples. We did not detect any inversions in chromosome 5 from a total of 2800 cells in astronauts' blood. In addition, no complex type exchanges were found in a total of 3590 astronauts' lymphocytes analyzed by multifluor fluorescence in situ hybridisation. We conclude that, within the statistical power of this study, the analysis of interchanges for biological dosimetry in astronauts does not significantly underestimate the space radiation-induced cytogenetic damage, and complex-type exchanges or intrachanges have limited practical use for biodosimetry at very low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horstmann
- Department of Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, FB 9, 45117, Essen, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Radiation risk estimates are based on epidemiological data obtained on Earth for cohorts exposed predominantly to acute doses of gamma rays, and the extrapolation to the space environment is highly problematic and error-prone. The uncertainty can be reduced if risk estimates are compared directly to space radiation-induced biological alterations, i.e. by detecting biomarkers in astronauts. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes are the only biomarker that can provide simultaneous information on dose, dose equivalent and risk, and they have been measured extensively in astronauts during the past 10 years. Individual relative risks calculated from chromosomal aberration measurements in crew members after single space missions in low-Earth orbit fall in the same range as the estimates derived from physical dosimetry, suggesting that the current system for radiogenic risk evaluation is essentially sound. However, the output of the biomarker test is dependent upon the sampling time. Recent results show a fast time-dependent decay of chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes after space flight and a lack of correlation between translocations and cumulative dose in astronauts involved in two to five space missions. This "time factor" may reflect individual variability and time dependence in the risk produced by exposure to cosmic radiation during the flight. Biomarkers may be superior to dose in predicting space radiation risk, pending technical improvements in sensitivity, and validation by epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Durante
- Department of Physics and INFN, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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George K, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. Stability of chromosome aberrations in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts measured after space flight by FISH chromosome painting. Radiat Res 2005; 164:474-80. [PMID: 16187752 DOI: 10.1667/rr3323.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Follow-up measurements of chromosome aberrations in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts were performed by FISH chromosome painting at various intervals from 5 months to more than 5 years after space flight and compared to preflight baseline measurements. For five of the six astronauts studied, the analysis of individual time courses for translocations revealed a temporal decline of yields with half-lives ranging from 10 to 58 months. The yield of exchanges remained unchanged for the sixth astronaut during an observation period of 5 months after flight. These results may indicate complications with the use of stable aberrations for retrospective dose reconstruction, and the differences in the decay time may reflect individual variability in risk from space radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K George
- Wyle Laboratories, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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42
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Manti L, Durante M, Cirrone GAP, Grossi G, Lattuada M, Pugliese M, Sabini MG, Scampoli P, Valastro L, Gialanella G. Modelled microgravity does not modify the yield of chromosome aberrations induced by high-energy protons in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2005; 81:147-55. [PMID: 16019924 DOI: 10.1080/09553000500091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of modelled microgravity on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations (CAs). G0 peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to 60 MeV protons or 250 kVp X-rays in the dose range 0-6 Gy, and allowed to repair DNA damage for 24 h under either normal gravity or microgravity modelled by the NASA-designed rotating-wall bioreactor. Cells were then stimulated to proliferate by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) under normal gravity conditions and prematurely condensed chromosomes were harvested after 48 h. CAs were scored in chromosomes 1 and 2 by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Proliferation gravisensitivity was examined by cell growth curves and by morphological evaluation of mitogen-induced activation. Cell replication rounds were monitored by bromodeoxyuridine labelling. Modelled microgravity markedly reduced PHA-mediated lymphocyte blastogenesis and cell growth. However, no significant differences between normal gravity and modelled microgravity were found in the dose-response curves for the induction of aberrant cells or total interchromosomal exchange frequency. Rotating-wall bioreactor-based microgravity reproduced space-related alterations of mitogen stimulation in human lymphocytes but did not affect the yield of CAs induced by low-linear energy transfer radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manti
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, and National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Naples, Italy.
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Hortsmann M, Durante M, Johannes C, Obe G. Chromosomal intrachanges induced by swift iron ions. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2005; 35:276-9. [PMID: 15934206 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We measured the induction of structural aberrations in human chromosome 5 induced by iron ions using the novel technique of multicolor banding in situ hybridization (mBAND). Human lymphocytes isolated from whole blood were exposed in vitro to 500 MeV/n (LET=200 keV/micrometers, doses 1 or 4 Gy) Fe nuclei at the HIMAC accelerator in Chiba (Japan). Chromosomes were prematurely condensed by calyculin A after 48 h in culture and slides were painted by mBAND. We found a frequency of 0.11 and 0.57 residual breakpoints per chromosome 5 after 1 and 4 Gy Fe-ions, respectively. Inter-chromosomal exchanges were the prevalent aberration type measured at both doses, followed by terminal deletions, and by intra-chromosomal exchanges. Among intra-chromosomal exchanges, intra-arm events were more frequent than inter-arm, but a significant number of intra-changes was associated to inter-changes involving the same chromosome after 4 Gy of iron ions. These events show that the complexity of chromosomal exchanges induced by heavy ions can be higher than expected by previous FISH studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hortsmann
- Department of Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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44
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George K, Durante M, Willingham V, Cucinotta FA. Chromosome aberrations of clonal origin are present in astronauts' blood lymphocytes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 104:245-51. [PMID: 15162047 DOI: 10.1159/000077498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced chromosome translocations remain in peripheral blood cells over many years, and can potentially be used to measure retrospective doses or prolonged low-dose rate exposures. However, several recent studies have indicated that some individuals possess clones of cells with balanced chromosome abnormalities, which can result in an overestimation of damage and, therefore, influence the accuracy of dose calculations. We carefully examined the patterns of chromosome damage found in the blood lymphocytes of twelve astronauts, and also applied statistical methods to screen for the presence of potential clones. Cells with clonal aberrations were identified in three of the twelve individuals. These clonal cells were present in samples collected both before and after space flight, and yields are higher than previously reported for healthy individuals in this age range (40-52 years of age). The frequency of clonal damage appears to be even greater in chromosomes prematurely condensed in interphase, when compared with equivalent analysis in metaphase cells. The individuals with clonal aberrations were followed-up over several months and the yields of all clones decreased during this period. Since clonal aberrations may be associated with increased risk of tumorigenesis, it is important to accurately identify cells containing clonal rearrangements for risk assessment as well as biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K George
- Wyle Laboratories, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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45
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Ballarini F, Ottolenghi A. A model of chromosome aberration induction and chronic myeloid leukaemia incidence at low doses. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2004; 43:165-171. [PMID: 15309385 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-004-0246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Some chromosome aberration types, generally translocations, are correlated with specific cancers. An example is provided by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, most of which carry a translocation involving the ABL gene on chromosome 9 and the BCR gene on chromosome 22. The hypothesis of a causal relationship between CML and the chimeric protein product of the BCR-ABL translocation has recently received strong support. In this framework, a mechanistic model and Monte-Carlo code simulating radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes will be presented. The current version of the model can predict dose-response curves for the main aberration types following acute irradiation with gamma rays and light ions of different energies. The model is based on the assumption that only clustered DNA lesions can lead to aberrations and that only lesion free ends in neighbouring chromosome territories can join and form exchanges. Such lesions are distributed within the cell nucleus according to the radiation track structure, i.e. randomly for low-LET radiation and along straight lines for high-LET light ions. Interphase chromosome territories are explicitly simulated and background aberrations are taken into account. Very good agreement was found with experimental data taken from the literature that provided a further validation of the model. As an application, yields of BCR-ABL translocations were calculated. Preliminary results led to a CML induction dose-response that is approximately quadratic below 0.1 Gy and essentially linear at higher doses up to 1 Gy. The numerical values obtained for the probability of CML induction are consistent with values obtained by other groups with different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ballarini
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, INFN-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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46
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Ballarini F, Ottolenghi A. Models of chromosome aberration induction: an example based on radiation track structure. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 104:149-56. [PMID: 15162029 DOI: 10.1159/000077480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A few examples of models of chromosome aberration induction are summarised and discussed on the basis of the three main theories of aberration formation, that is "breakage-and-reunion", "exchange" and "one-hit". A model and code developed at the Universities of Milan and Pavia is then presented in detail. The model provides dose-response curves for different aberration types (dicentrics, translocations, rings, complex exchanges and deletions) induced in human lymphocytes by gamma rays, protons and alpha particles of different energies, both as monochromatic fields and as mixed fields. The main assumptions are that only clustered - and thus severe - DNA breaks ("Complex Lesions", CL) can participate in the production of aberrations, and that only break free ends in neighbouring chromosome territories can interact and form exchanges. The yields of CLs induced by the various radiation types of interest are taken from a previous modelling work. These lesions are distributed within a sphere representing the cell nucleus according to the radiation track structure, e.g. randomly for gamma rays and along straight lines for light ions. Interphase chromosome territories are explicitly simulated and configurations are obtained in which each chromosome occupies an intranuclear domain with volume proportional to its DNA content. In order to allow direct comparisons with experimental data, small fragments can be neglected since usually they cannot be detected in experiments. The presence of a background level of aberrations is also taken into account. The results of the simulations are in good agreement with experimental dose-response curves available in the literature, that provides a validation of the model both in terms of the adopted assumptions and in terms of the simulation techniques. To address the question of "true" incompleteness, simulations were also run in which all fragments were assumed to be visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ballarini
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, INFN-National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Pavia, Italy.
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47
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Durante M, Snigiryova G, Akaeva E, Bogomazova A, Druzhinin S, Fedorenko B, Greco O, Novitskaya N, Rubanovich A, Shevchenko V, Von Recklinghausen U, Obe G. Chromosome aberration dosimetry in cosmonauts after single or multiple space flights. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 103:40-6. [PMID: 15004462 DOI: 10.1159/000076288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 08/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cosmic radiation is one of the main hazards for manned space exploration. Uncertainty in radiation risk estimates for crews of long-term missions are very high, and direct biological measurements are necessary. We measured chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 33 cosmonauts involved in space missions during the past 11 years. METHODS Blood lymphocytes from the cosmonauts were stimulated to grow in vitro and were harvested at their first mitosis. Slides were either stained with Giemsa stain for dicentrics analysis, or painted with whole-chromosome DNA probes for translocation analysis (FISH). RESULTS A statistically significant increase in the yield of chromosomal aberrations was measured following long-term space missions in lymphocytes from cosmonauts at their first flight. No significant changes in aberration frequencies were observed for short-term taxi flights. The increase in long-term missions was consistent with the values calculated from physical dosimetry data. However, for cosmonauts involved in two or more space flights, the yield of interchromosomal exchanges was not related to the total duration of space sojourn or integral absorbed dose. Indeed, the yield of aberrations at the end of the last mission was generally in the range of background frequencies measured before the first mission. CONCLUSIONS Chromosome aberration dosimetry can detect radiation damage during space flight, and biological measurements support the current risk estimates for space radiation exposure. However, for cosmonauts involved in multiple space missions the frequency of chromosomal aberrations is lower than expected, suggesting that the effects of repeated space flights on this particular endpoint are not simply additive. Changes in the immune system in microgravity and/or adaptive response to space radiation may explain the apparent increase in radioresistance after multiple space flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durante
- Department of Physics, University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q), and radiation weighting factor (w(R)). A report of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2004; 33:1-117. [PMID: 14614921 DOI: 10.1016/s0146-6453(03)00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ionising radiation is influenced by the dose, the dose rate, and the quality of the radiation. Before 1990, dose-equivalent quantities were defined in terms of a quality factor, Q(L), that was applied to the absorbed dose at a point in order to take into account the differences in the effects of different types of radiation. In its 1990 recommendations, the ICRP introduced a modified concept. For radiological protection purposes, the absorbed dose is averaged over an organ or tissue, T, and this absorbed dose average is weighted for the radiation quality in terms of the radiation weighting factor, w(R), for the type and energy of radiation incident on the body. The resulting weighted dose is designated as the organ- or tissue-equivalent dose, H(T). The sum of the organ-equivalent doses weighted by the ICRP organ-weighting factors, w(T), is termed the effective dose, E. Measurements can be performed in terms of the operational quantities, ambient dose equivalent, and personal dose equivalent. These quantities continue to be defined in terms of the absorbed dose at the reference point weighted by Q(L). The values for w(R) and Q(L) in the 1990 recommendations were based on a review of the biological and other information available, but the underlying relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values and the choice of w(R) values were not elaborated in detail. Since 1990, there have been substantial developments in biological and dosimetric knowledge that justify a re-appraisal of w(R) values and how they may be derived. This re-appraisal is the principal objective of the present report. The report discusses in some detail the values of RBE with regard to stochastic effects, which are central to the selection of w(R) and Q(L). Those factors and the dose-equivalent quantities are restricted to the dose range of interest to radiation protection, i.e. to the general magnitude of the dose limits. In special circumstances where one deals with higher doses that can cause deterministic effects, the relevant RBE values are applied to obtain a weighted dose. The question of RBE values for deterministic effects and how they should be used is also treated in the report, but it is an issue that will demand further investigations. This report is one of a set of documents being developed by ICRP Committees in order to advise the ICRP on the formulation of its next Recommendations for Radiological Protection. Thus, while the report suggests some future modifications, the w(R) values given in the 1990 recommendations are still valid at this time. The report provides a scientific background and suggests how the ICRP might proceed with the derivation of w(R) values ahead of its forthcoming recommendations.
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Kawata T, Ito H, George K, Wu H, Cucinotta FA. Chromosome Aberrations Induced by High-LET Radiations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 18:216-23. [PMID: 15858388 DOI: 10.2187/bss.18.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes are currently the most sensitive and reliable indicator of radiation exposure that can be used for biological dosimetry. This technique has been implemented recently to study radiation exposures incurred by astronauts during space flight, where a significant proportion of the dose is delivered by high-LET particle exposure. Traditional methods for the assessing of cytogenetic damage in mitotic cells collected at one time point after exposure may not be suitable for measuring high-LET radiation effects due to the drastic cell cycle perturbations and interphase cell death induced by this type of exposure. In this manuscript we review the recent advances in methodology used to study high-LET induced cytogenetic effects and evaluate the use of chemically-induced Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) as an alternative to metaphase analysis. Published data on the cytogenetic effects of in vitro exposures of high-LET radiation is reviewed, along with biodosimetry results from astronauts after short or long space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawata
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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50
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George K, Durante M, Willingham V, Wu H, Yang TC, Cucinotta FA. Biological effectiveness of accelerated particles for the induction of chromosome damage measured in metaphase and interphase human lymphocytes. Radiat Res 2003; 160:425-35. [PMID: 12968931 DOI: 10.1667/rr3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome aberrations were investigated in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to 1H-, 3He-, 12C-, 40Ar-, 28Si-, 56Fe-, or 197Au-ion beams, with LET ranging from approximately 0.4-1393 keV/microm in the dose range of 0.075-3 Gy. Dose-response curves for chromosome exchanges, measured at the first mitosis postirradiation using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole-chromosome probes, were fitted with linear or linear-quadratic functions. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was estimated from the initial slope of the dose-response curve for chromosomal damage with respect to low- or high-dose-rate gamma rays. Estimates of RBEmax values for mitotic spreads, which ranged from near 0.7 to 11.1 for total exchanges, increased with LET, reaching a maximum at about 150 keV/microm, and decreased with further increase in LET. RBEs for complex aberrations are undefined due to the lack of an initial slope for gamma rays. Additionally, the effect of mitotic delay on RBE values was investigated by measuring chromosome aberrations in interphase after chemically induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC), and values were up to threefold higher than for metaphase analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry George
- Wyle Laboratories, 1290 Hercules Drive, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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