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Kong AY, Lee JGL, Halvorson-Fried SM, Sewell KB, Golden SD, Henriksen L, Herbert L, Ribisl KM. Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review. Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058718. [PMID: 38937098 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine inequities in tobacco retailer availability by neighbourhood-level socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and same-sex couple composition. DATA SOURCES We conducted a 10 November 2022 search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Global Health, LILACS, Embase, ABI/Inform, CINAHL, Business Source Complete, Web of Science and Scopus. STUDY SELECTION We included records from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries that tested associations of area-level measures of tobacco retailer availability and neighbourhood-level sociodemographic characteristics. Two coders reviewed the full text of eligible records (n=58), including 41 records and 205 effect sizes for synthesis. DATA EXTRACTION We used dual independent screening of titles, abstracts and full texts. One author abstracted and a second author confirmed the study design, location, unit of analysis, sample size, retailer data source, availability measure, statistical approach, sociodemographic characteristic and unadjusted effect sizes. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the 124 effect sizes related to socioeconomic inequities (60.5% of all effect sizes), 101 (81.5%) indicated evidence of inequities. Of 205 effect sizes, 69 (33.7%) tested associations between retailer availability and neighbourhood composition of racially and ethnically minoritised people, and 57/69 (82.6%) documented inequities. Tobacco availability was greater in neighbourhoods with more Black, Hispanic/Latine and Asian residents (82.8%, 90.3% and 40.0% of effect sizes, respectively). Two effect sizes found greater availability with more same-sex households. CONCLUSIONS There are stark inequities in tobacco retailer availability. Moving beyond documenting inequities to partnering with communities to design, implement, and evaluate interventions that reduce and eliminate inequities in retail availability is needed to promote an equitable retail environment. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019124984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah M Halvorson-Fried
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kerry B Sewell
- Laupus Health Sciences Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley Diane Golden
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lily Herbert
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Olson LT, Gammon DG, Rogers T, Brown EM, Nonnemaker JM, Spinks JG, Ross A, Xu X, Moze J, Matter CM, D'Silva J. Expanding local sales restrictions on flavoured tobacco products to include menthol: retail sales changes in two Minnesota cities. Tob Control 2024; 33:178-185. [PMID: 35902225 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, expanded existing local sales restrictions on flavoured (non-menthol/mint/wintergreen) tobacco products ('flavour policies') to include menthol/mint/wintergreen-flavoured tobacco products ('menthol policies'). All policies included exemptions for certain store types. METHODS We obtained weekly retail tobacco product sales for 2015 through 2019 from NielsenIQ for convenience stores and other outlets in the policy jurisdictions and two comparison areas (rest of the state of Minnesota and total USA). We standardised unit sales across product categories and used NielsenIQ-provided descriptors to classify products as menthol (including mint/wintergreen) or flavoured (non-menthol/non-tobacco). Using single group interrupted time series models, we analysed unit sales by product category and by flavour separately for each geography to assess associations between menthol policy implementation and trends in tobacco product unit sales. RESULTS Following menthol policy implementation, unit sales of menthol cigarettes and menthol smokeless tobacco decreased in both cities, with smaller decreases in comparison areas. Flavoured cigar sales-which decreased following the flavour policies-further decreased after the menthol policies, while sales of menthol electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) increased in both cities and sales of flavoured ENDS increased in St. Paul. CONCLUSION Expanding flavour policies to include menthol/mint/wintergreen was associated with significant decreases in unit sales of most menthol products and in total unit sales by tobacco product category. Increases in menthol and flavoured ENDS sales in these cities may be associated with legal sales by exempted retailers and/or illicit sales by non-compliant retailers, highlighting opportunities for retailer education and enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Olson
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Doris G Gammon
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Rogers
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Brown
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James M Nonnemaker
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James G Spinks
- Center for Health Analytics, Media and Policy, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley Ross
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanne Moze
- Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Kong AY, Herbert L, Feldman JM, Trangenstein PJ, Fakunle DO, Lee JGL. Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2861-2871. [PMID: 36469288 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of racialized and socioeconomic inequities in tobacco and alcohol outlet availability, few studies have investigated spatial inequities in areas experiencing both concentrated residential racialized segregation and socioeconomic disadvantage. This study examined whether segregation-racialized, economic or both-was associated with alcohol and tobacco retailer counts in North Carolina (NC). METHODS The NC Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission provided lists of 2021 off-premise alcohol retailers. We created a list of 2018 probable tobacco retailers using ReferenceUSA. We calculated three census tract-level measures of the Index of Concentrations at the Extremes (ICE), indicating racialized segregation between non-Hispanic White and Black residents and economic segregation based on household income. We used negative binomial regression to test associations between quintiles of each ICE measure and tobacco and, separately, alcohol retailer counts. RESULTS Tracts with the greatest racialized disadvantage had 38% (IRR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.15-1.66) and 65% (IRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.34-2.04) more tobacco and alcohol outlets, respectively, as tracts with the lowest. Tracts with the highest racialized economic disadvantage had a predicted count of 1.51 tobacco outlets per 1000 people while those in the lowest had nearly one fewer predicted outlet. Similar inequities existed in the predicted count of alcohol outlets. DISCUSSION Tobacco and alcohol outlet availability are higher in NC places experiencing concentrated racialized and economic segregation. A centralized agency overseeing tobacco and alcohol outlet permits and strategies to reduce the retail availability of these harmful products (e.g., capping the number of permits) are needed to intervene upon these inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Lily Herbert
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - David O Fakunle
- Public Health Program, Morgan State University School of Community Health & Policy, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cwalina SN, Ihenacho U, Barker J, Smiley SL, Pentz MA, Wipfli H. Advancing racial equity and social justice for Black communities in US tobacco control policy. Tob Control 2023; 32:381-384. [PMID: 34526408 PMCID: PMC8920941 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) applies the Population Health Standard in tobacco product review processes by weighing anticipated health benefits against risks associated with a given commercial tobacco product at the population level. However, systemic racism (ie, discriminatory policies and practices) contributes to an inequitable distribution of tobacco-related health benefits and risks between white and Black/African Americans at the population level. Therefore, Black-centered, antiracist data standards for tobacco product review processes are needed to achieve racial equity and social justice in US tobacco control policy. Regardless of whether FDA implements such data standards, non-industry tobacco scientists should prioritise producing and disseminating Black-centred data relevant to FDA's regulatory authority. We describe how systemic racism contributes to disparities in tobacco-related outcomes and why these disparities are relevant for population-level risk assessments, then discuss four possible options for Black-centred data standards relevant to tobacco product review processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam N Cwalina
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ugonna Ihenacho
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua Barker
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabrina L Smiley
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather Wipfli
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Allem JP, Donaldson SI, Vogel EA, Pang RD, Unger JB. An Analysis of Twitter Posts About the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Menthol Ban. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:962-966. [PMID: 36534973 PMCID: PMC10077934 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes in 2009, this initial ban exempted menthol. After examining numerous reports on the adverse health effects of menthol cigarettes, the FDA proposed a menthol ban in April 2022. This study analyzed Twitter data to describe public reaction to this announcement. AIMS AND METHODS Posts containing the word "menthol" and/or "#menthol" were collected from April 21, 2022 to May 5, 2022 from Twitter's Streaming Application Programming Interface (API). A random sampling procedure supplied 1041 tweets for analysis. Following an inductive approach to content analysis, posts were classified into one or more of 11 themes. RESULTS Posts discussed the FDA announcement (n = 153, 14.7%), racial discrimination (n = 101, 9.7%), distrust in government (n = 67, 6.4%), inconsistencies between policies (n = 52, 5.0%), public health benefits (n = 42, 4%), freedom of choice (n = 22, 2.1%), and health equity (n = 21, 2.0%). Posts contained misinformation (n = 20, 1.9%), and discussed the potential for illicit markets (n = 18, 1.7%) and the need for cessation support (n = 4, 0.4%). 541 (52.0%) tweets did not fit into any of the prescribed themes. CONCLUSIONS Twitter posts with the word "menthol" commonly discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion on a menthol ban. These data may be valuable for designing tobacco control health communication campaigns in the future. IMPLICATIONS The U.S. FDA proposed a ban on menthol cigarettes in April 2022. This study's content analyzed Twitter posts over a 2-week period to understand the public's response to the proposed menthol ban. Twitter posts with the word "menthol" often discussed distrust in government and mentioned racial discrimination. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real-time Twitter monitoring of public opinion of regulatory action. Findings underscore the need to educate the public about the potential health benefits of banning menthol from cigarettes, particularly for populations that experience tobacco-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Patrick Allem
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott I Donaldson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erin A Vogel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raina D Pang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Schwartz GL, Wang G, Kershaw KN, McGowan C, Kim MH, Hamad R. The long shadow of residential racial segregation: Associations between childhood residential segregation trajectories and young adult health among Black US Americans. Health Place 2022; 77:102904. [PMID: 36063651 PMCID: PMC10166594 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Residential racial segregation is a key manifestation of anti-Black structural racism, thought to be a fundamental cause of poor health; evidence has shown that it yields neighborhood disinvestment, institutional discrimination, and targeting of unhealthy products like tobacco and alcohol. Yet research on the long-term impacts of childhood exposure to residential racial segregation is limited. Here, we analyzed data on 1823 Black participants in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, estimating associations between childhood segregation trajectories and young adult health. Black young adults who consistently lived in high-segregation neighborhoods throughout childhood experienced unhealthier smoking and drinking behaviors and higher odds of obesity compared to other trajectory groups, including children who moved into or out of high-segregation neighborhoods. Results were robust to controls for neighborhood and family poverty. Findings underscore that for Black children who grow up in segregated neighborhoods, the roots of structurally-determined health inequities are established early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Schwartz
- UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 490 Illinois St, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States.
| | - Guangyi Wang
- UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 490 Illinois St, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Kiarri N Kershaw
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Suite 1400, 680 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Cyanna McGowan
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Suite 1400, 680 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Min Hee Kim
- UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 490 Illinois St, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Rita Hamad
- UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, 490 Illinois St, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
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Weinberger AH, Steinberg ML, Mills SD, Dermody SS, Heffner JL, Kong AY, Pang RD, Rosen RL. Assessing Sex, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Health Concerns in Tobacco Use Disorder Treatment Research: Measurement Challenges and Recommendations From a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Pre-conference Workshop. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:643-653. [PMID: 34622932 PMCID: PMC8962699 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on topics discussed at a Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco pre-conference workshop at the 2019 annual Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco meeting. The goal of the pre-conference workshop was to help develop a shared understanding of the importance of several tobacco-related priority groups in tobacco use disorder (TUD) treatment research and to highlight challenges in measurement related to these groups. The workshop focused on persons with minoritized sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation identities; persons with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds; persons with lower socioeconomic status (SES); and persons with mental health concerns. In addition to experiencing commercial tobacco-related health disparities, these groups are also underrepresented in tobacco research, including TUD treatment studies. Importantly, there is wide variation in how and whether researchers are identifying variation within these priority groups. Best practices for measuring and reporting sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, SES, and mental health concerns in TUD treatment research are needed. This paper provides information about measurement challenges when including these groups in TUD treatment research and specific recommendations about how to measure these groups and assess potential disparities in outcomes. The goal of this paper is to encourage TUD treatment researchers to use measurement best practices in these priority groups in an effort to conduct meaningful and equity-promoting research. Increasing the inclusion and visibility of these groups in TUD treatment research will help to move the field forward in decreasing tobacco-related health disparities. Implications: Tobacco-related disparities exist for a number of priority groups including, among others, women, individuals with minoritized sexual and gender identities, individuals with minoritized racial and ethnic backgrounds, individuals with lower SES, and individuals with mental health concerns. Research on TUD treatments for many of these subgroups is lacking. Accurate assessment and consideration of these subgroups will provide needed information about efficacious and effective TUD treatments, about potential mediators and moderators, and for accurately describing study samples, all critical elements for reducing tobacco-related disparities, and improving diversity, equity, and inclusion in TUD treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Marc L Steinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah D Mills
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah S Dermody
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaimee L Heffner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raina D Pang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Yerger
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA .,African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council, San Francisco, California, USA
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Mills SD, Henriksen L, Golden SD, Kurtzman R, Kong AY, Queen TL, Ribisl KM. Disparities in retail marketing for menthol cigarettes in the United States, 2015. Health Place 2018; 53:62-70. [PMID: 30055469 PMCID: PMC6161357 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes retail marketing for menthol cigarettes and its relationship with neighborhood demographics in a national sample of tobacco retailers in the United States. Mixed-effects models were used to examine three outcomes: menthol cigarette exterior advertising, menthol cigarette price promotions, and the pack price of menthol and non-menthol cigarettes. Thirty-eight percent of retailers displayed at least one menthol advertisement on the store exterior and 69% advertised price promotions. Retail advertising was more common in neighborhoods in the second (OR = 1.5 [1.1, 2.0]) and fourth (OR = 1.9 [1.3, 2.7]) quartiles of Black residents as compared to the lowest quartile. Menthol advertising was more prevalent in the third (OR = 1.4 [1.0, 1.9]) and lowest (OR = 1.6 [1.2, 2.2]) income quartiles as compared to the highest quartile. Price promotions for Newport were more common in neighborhoods with the highest quartile of Black residents (OR = 1.8 [1.2, 2.7]). Prices of Newport were cheaper in neighborhoods with the highest quartiles of youth, Black residents, and lower-income households. Policies that restrict the sales and marketing of menthol cigarettes are needed to address disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Mills
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Road Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 303 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel Kurtzman
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 303 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 303 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tara L Queen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 303 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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