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Bouzidi I, Khazri A, Mougin K, Bendhafer W, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Plavan OA, Ali MAM, Plavan G, Özdemir S, Beyrem H, Boufahja F, Sellami B. Doping zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with gold induces additional oxidative stress, membrane damage, and neurotoxicity in Mytilus galloprovincialis: Results from a laboratory bioassay. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127401. [PMID: 38301314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While previous studies have provided insights into the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on aquatic organisms, there is still a substantial amount of information lacking about the possible effects of their doped counterparts. The goal of the current work was to address this gap by examining Mytilus galloprovincialis reaction to exposure to doped and undoped nanoparticles. METHODS Two concentrations (50 or 100 µg/L) of undoped ZnO and TiO2 NPs, as well as their gold (Au) doped counterparts, were applied on mussels for 14 days, and the effects on biomarkers activities in digestive glands and gills were assessed by spectrophotometry. RESULTS The NPs were quasi-spherical in shape (below 100 nm), stable in seawater, and with no aggregation for both doped and undoped forms. Analytical results using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy indicated the uptake of NPs in mussels. Furthermore, it was found that biometal dyshomeostasis could occur following NP treatment and that doping the NPs aggravated this response. At the biochemical level, exposure to undoped NPs caused membrane damage, neurotoxic effect, and changes in the activities in the gills and digestive glands of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase, in a concentration and organ-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Doping ZnO NPs and TiO2NPs with Au induced additional oxidative stress, membrane damage, and neurotoxicity in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Bouzidi
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafidh Khazri
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Karine Mougin
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, Institut de Science des Matériaux, IS2M CNRS-UMR 7361, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Wejden Bendhafer
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdelghafar M Abu-Elsaoud
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oana-Alexandra Plavan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mohamed A M Ali
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gabriel Plavan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, Bvd. Carol I, No. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme Technical Science Vocational School Mersin University, TR-33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Badreddine Sellami
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Tabarka, Tunisia
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Wang X, Wu T. An update on the biological effects of quantum dots: From environmental fate to risk assessment based on multiple biological models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163166. [PMID: 37011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimension nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties, which have been widely used in environmental science and biomedicine. Therefore, QDs are potential to cause toxicity to the environment and enter organisms through migration and bioenrichment effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the adverse effects of QDs in different organisms based on recently available data. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study searched PubMed database according to the pre-set keywords, and included 206 studies according to the inclusion and elimination criteria. CiteSpace software was firstly used to analyze the keywords of included literatures, search for breaking points of former studies, and summarize the classification, characterization and dosage of QDs. The environment fate of QDs in the ecosystems were then analyzed, followed with comprehensively summarized toxicity outcomes at individual, system, cell, subcellular and molecular levels. After migration and degradation in the environment, aquatic plants, bacteria, fungi as well as invertebrates and vertebrates have been found to be suffered from toxic effects caused by QDs. Aside from systemic effects, toxicity of intrinsic QDs targeting to specific organs, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, hepatorenal system, nervous system and immune system were confirmed in multiple animal models. Moreover, QDs could be taken up by cells and disturb the organelles, which resulted in cellular inflammation and cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, several innovative technologies, like organoids have been applied in the risk assessment of QDs to promote the surgical interventions of preventing QDs' toxicity. This review not only aimed at updating the research progress on the biological effects of QDs from environmental fate to risk assessment, but also overcame the limitations of available reviews on basic toxicity of nanomaterials by interdisciplinarity and provided new insights for better applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Wang C, Tang M, Chen Y, Liu D, Xie S, Zou J, Tang H, Li Q, Zhou A. Expression of genes related to antioxidation, immunity, and heat stress in Gambusia affinis exposed to the heavy metals Cu and Zn. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114269. [PMID: 36343450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution is an increasingly serious problem. Here, Cu and Zn ions were used as stress factors, and G. affinis served as a test organism. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect changes in the expression of antioxidant genes (SOD, GST, CAT), heat stress genes (Hsp70, Hsp90, Hspd1, Hsc70), and immune system-related genes (IL-1β, IL-8) in G. affinis exposed to Cu and Zn ions over time. To explore the toxic effects of Cu and Zn on G. affinis. The results showed that the 48 h LC50 concentrations of the heavy metals Cu and Zn to G. affinis were 0.17 mg/L and 44.67 mg/L, respectively. Within 48 h, with prolonged Cu exposure, the relative expression levels of the Hsp70, Hsp90, Hspd1, Hsc70, SOD, GST, and CAT genes in the gill tissue first showed a significant increase and then gradually decreased. Gene expression peaked between 9 and 36 h. The relative expression levels of SOD and GST genes in liver tissue showed a gradual decline. Within 48 h, with prolonged Zn exposure, the expression levels of SOD, CAT, and GST genes in G. affinis first increased and then fell before finally rising. The expression levels of IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA showed varying degrees of upward trends, and the expression of IL-8 was the highest for all gill tissue. To sum up, Cu and Zn have strong toxic effects on G. affinis, which makes it possible to use G. affinis as indicator organisms for aquatic environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Manfei Tang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yuliang Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dingrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shaolin Xie
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huijuan Tang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qibiao Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Agricultural Science Research Institute of Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511540, China.
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Pérez-Iglesias JM, González P, Calderón MR, Natale GS, Almeida CA. Comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of the flame retardant (decabromodiphenyl ether) in a bioindicator fish (Gambusia affinis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50845-50855. [PMID: 35243576 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, concerns have increased about the adverse effects on health and the environment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), especially BDE-209, the most widely PBDE used globally. These pollutants derive from e-waste and present different adverse effects on biota. In this work, a toxicological study on mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) using BDE-209 (2,2',3,3',4,4',5,'5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether) was carried out. Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted with daily renewal of solutions, using different concentrations of environmental relevance, ranged between 10 and 100 μg L-1 of BDE-209. At 48 and 96 h of exposure, several parameters were evaluated, such as mortality, individual activity (swimming), biochemical activity (catalase; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; and acetylcholinesterase), and cytotoxic responses (micronucleus frequencies). In addition, integrated biomarker response and multivariate analyses were conducted to study the correlation of biomarkers. The calculated Lethal Concentration-50 remained constant after all exposure times (24 to 96 h), being the corresponding value 27.79 μg L-1 BDE-209. Furthermore, BDE-209 induced effects on the swimming activity of this species in relation to acetylcholine, since BDE-209 increased, producing oxidative damage at the biochemical level and genotoxicity after 48 h of exposure to 10 and 25 μg L-1 BDE-209. The results indicate that BDE-209 has biochemical, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic potential on G. affinis. In addition, mosquitofish could be used as a good laboratory model to evaluate environmental stressors since they could represent a risk factor for Neotropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Pérez-Iglesias
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica Y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Chacabuco 917, 1º Piso Oficina 8- C.P. (D5700BWS), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Patricia González
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica Y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Chacabuco 917, 1º Piso Oficina 8- C.P. (D5700BWS), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Mirian Roxana Calderón
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica Y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Chacabuco 917, 1º Piso Oficina 8- C.P. (D5700BWS), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Sebastián Natale
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medioambiente (CIM), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 115 y 47 (CP 1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - César Américo Almeida
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (INQUISAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica Y Farmacia (FQByF), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Chacabuco 917, 1º Piso Oficina 8- C.P. (D5700BWS), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, San Luis, Argentina.
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Pérez-López A, Núñez-Nogueira G, Álvarez-González CA, De la Rosa-García S, Uribe-López M, Quintana P, Peña-Marín ES. Effect of salinity on zinc toxicity (ZnCl 2 and ZnO nanomaterials) in the mosquitofish (Gambusia sexradiata). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22441-22450. [PMID: 32314288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zn is an essential trace metal in living beings. However, excessive concentrations can cause toxic effects even in the aquatic biota. Zn is widely used in different industrial sectors, which has increased its presence in aquatic environments. To assess the acute toxicity of Zn, bioassays were performed with the fish Gambusia sexradiata for a 96-h exposure using ZnCl2 (0 and 15 salinity) and ZnO nanomaterials (0 salinity). The mean lethal concentrations (LC50-96 h) for ZnCl2 were 25.36 (19.64-32.76) and 177.91 (129.39-244.63) mg Zn L-1 to 0 and 15 salinity, respectively. The increased concentration of ZnCl2 showed a dose-response relationship; similarly, the increase in salinity significantly reduces the toxicity of Zn. Characterisation of ZnO nanomaterials was carried out by FTIR, DRX, SEM, DLS and zeta potential. The FTIR spectra showed the characteristic band of Zn-O vibration at 364 cm-1, while DRX presents the hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of 40 nm. SEM micrographs reveal rod-like shapes with lengths and diameters of 40-350 nm and 90 nm, respectively. Agglomerates of 423 nm in water suspension were obtained by DLS and zeta potential of + 14.4 mV. Under these conditions, no mortality was observed due to the rapid flocculation/precipitation of ZnO nanomaterials, which involved brief interaction periods of Zn in the water column with the fish. Gambusia sexradiata is affected by increased Zn concentrations in hard water conditions, and salinity changes modified Zn toxicity, placing it as a suitable model for toxicity tests for this type of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Pérez-López
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Núñez-Nogueira
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Alfonso Álvarez-González
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Susana De la Rosa-García
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Melina Uribe-López
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Patricia Quintana
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nano y Biomateriales (LANNBIO)/Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINVESTAV-Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Apdo, Km. 6, postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Emyr Saúl Peña-Marín
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas S/N entronque a Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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Yang Y, Song Z, Wu W, Xu A, Lv S, Ji S. ZnO Quantum Dots Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in HeLa and HEK-293T Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:131. [PMID: 32180717 PMCID: PMC7057716 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dot (QD) is a promising inexpensive inorganic nanomaterials, of which potential toxic effects on biological systems and human health should be evaluated before biomedical application. In this study, the cytotoxicity of ZnO QDs was assessed using HeLa cervical cancer cell and HEK-293T human embryonic kidney cell lines. Cell viability was significantly decreased by treatment with 50 µg/ml ZnO QDs after only 6 h, and the cytotoxicity of ZnO QDs was higher in HEK-293T than in HeLa cells. ZnO QDs increased the level of reactive oxygen species and decreased the mitochondria membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner. Several gene expression involved in apoptosis was regulated by ZnO QDs, including bcl-2 gene and caspase. In HeLa cells, ZnO QDs significantly increased early and late apoptosis, but only late apoptosis was affected in HEK-293T cells. These findings will be helpful for future research and application of ZnO QDs in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Yang
- Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenhua Song
- Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weixia Wu
- Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Yang Y, Lv S, Wang F, An Y, Fang N, Zhang W, Zhao W, Guo X, Ji S. Toxicity and serum metabolomics investigation of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6297-6311. [PMID: 31496687 PMCID: PMC6689551 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s212355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with special luminescent properties have been widely researched and applied in various fields. Thus, their release toxicity and security cannot be ignored. Methods In the present study, the toxicity and non-targeted metabolomics of Mn-doped ZnS QDs were investigated after single intravenous injection. Serum metabolites were evaluated based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry together with multivariate statistical analyses [principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and orthogonal PLS-DA]. Results The modified metabolites (variable importance in the projection (VIP) >1 and p<0.05) revealed that Mn-doped ZnS QDs exposure disturbed glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, ketoplasia, glutaminolysis, and amino acid and lipid metabolism. The behavior, coefficients of organs, and histological changes were the same as in the control group, and the disturbance of hematology and serum biochemistry was not dose- or time-dependent. Conclusion Our study provides a general observation regarding the toxicity and potential metabolic responses of mice exposed to Mn-doped ZnS QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengling Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang An
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China.,Henan Provincial Engineering Centre of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy & Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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