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Islam MT, Quispe C, Martorell M, Docea AO, Salehi B, Calina D, Reiner Ž, Sharifi-Rad J. Dietary supplements, vitamins and minerals as potential interventions against viruses: Perspectives for COVID-19. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021; 92:49-66. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 disease pandemic has infected millions of people and caused more than thousands of deaths in many countries across the world. The number of infected cases is increasing day by day. Unfortunately, we do not have a vaccine and specific treatment for it. Along with the protective measures, respiratory and/or circulatory supports and some antiviral and retroviral drugs have been used against SARS-CoV-2, but there are no more extensive studies proving their efficacy. In this study, the latest publications in the field have been reviewed, focusing on the modulatory effects on the immunity of some natural antiviral dietary supplements, vitamins and minerals. Findings suggest that several dietary supplements, including black seeds, garlic, ginger, cranberry, orange, omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins (e.g., A, B vitamins, C, D, E), and minerals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Se, Zn) have anti-viral effects. Many of them act against various species of respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses. Therefore, dietary supplements, including vitamins and minerals, probiotics as well as individual nutritional behaviour can be used as adjuvant therapy together with antiviral medicines in the management of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Concepción, Chile
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Possibilities and Challenges for Quantitative Optical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Peters S, Kronseder A, Karrasch S, Neff PA, Haaks M, Koczulla AR, Reinhold P, Nowak D, Jörres RA. Hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air: a source of error, a paradox and its resolution. ERJ Open Res 2016; 2:00052-2015. [PMID: 27730191 PMCID: PMC5005174 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00052-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in exhaled air has been reported to be elevated in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but results are inconsistent and difficult to reproduce. As H2O2 occurs in ambient air, we examined its association with exhaled H2O2 in human subjects. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of 12 COPD patients and nine healthy control subjects was collected either with an inhalation filter (efficiency 81%) or without. Ambient air condensate (AAC) was collected in parallel and samples were analysed for H2O2. Additionally, ambient H2O2 was recorded by an atmospheric measuring device (online fluorometric measurement). H2O2 concentration in AAC was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in EBC. AAC variations were concordant with the data from the atmospheric measuring instrument. In both subjects' groups, the inhalation filter reduced H2O2 values (p<0.01). Despite generally low levels in exhaled air, analysis by a mathematical model revealed a contribution from endogenous H2O2 production. The low H2O2 levels in exhaled air are explained by the reconditioning of H2O2-containing inhaled air in the airways. Inhaled H2O2 may be one factor in the heterogeneity and limited reproducibility of study results. A valid determination of endogenous H2O2 production requires inhalation filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Peters
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Kronseder
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Matz Haaks
- Aero-Laser GmbH, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Andreas R Koczulla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division for Pulmonary Diseases, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Jörres
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Smith KF, Quinn RL, Rahilly LJ. Biomarkers for differentiation of causes of respiratory distress in dogs and cats: Part 2--Lower airway, thromboembolic, and inflammatory diseases. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 25:330-48. [PMID: 26040815 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current veterinary and relevant human literature regarding biomarkers of respiratory diseases leading to dyspnea and to summarize the availability, feasibility, and practicality of using respiratory biomarkers in the veterinary setting. DATA SOURCES Veterinary and human medical literature: original research articles, scientific reviews, consensus statements, and recent textbooks. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Numerous biomarkers have been evaluated in people for discriminating respiratory disease processes with varying degrees of success. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Although biomarkers should not dictate clinical decisions in lieu of gold standard diagnostics, their use may be useful in directing care in the stabilization process. Serum immunoglobulins have shown promise as an indicator of asthma in cats. A group of biomarkers has also been evaluated in exhaled breath. Of these, hydrogen peroxide has shown the most potential as a marker of inflammation in asthma and potentially aspiration pneumonia, but methods for measurement are not standardized. D-dimers may be useful in screening for thromboembolic disease in dogs. There are a variety of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which are being evaluated for their ability to assess the severity and type of underlying disease process. Of these, amino terminal pro-C-type natriuretic peptide may be the most useful in determining if antibiotic therapy is warranted. Although critically evaluated for their use in respiratory disorders, many of the biomarkers which have been evaluated have been found to be affected by more than one type of respiratory or systemic disease. CONCLUSION At this time, there are point-of-care biomarkers that have been shown to reliably differentiate between causes of dyspnea in dogs and cats. Future clinical research is warranted to understand of how various diseases affect the biomarkers and more bedside tests for their utilization.
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Cathcart MP, Love S, Hughes KJ. The application of exhaled breath gas and exhaled breath condensate analysis in the investigation of the lower respiratory tract in veterinary medicine: A review. Vet J 2011; 191:282-91. [PMID: 21908213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of biomarkers in exhaled breath (EB) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may allow non-invasive and repeatable assessment of respiratory health and disease in mammals. Compared to human medicine, however, research data from EB and EBC analysis in veterinary medicine are limited and more patient variables influencing concentrations of EB/EBC analytes may be present. In addition, variations in methodologies between studies may influence results. A comparison of the approaches used in veterinary research by different groups may aid in the identification of potentially reliable and repeatable biomarkers suitable for further investigation. To date, changes in acid-base status and increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators have been the main findings in studies of pulmonary disease states in animals. Whilst these biomarkers are unlikely to represent specific and sensitive diagnostic parameters, they do have potential application in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cathcart
- Weipers Centre for Equine Welfare, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G611QH, UK
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Houspie L, De Coster S, Keyaerts E, Narongsack P, De Roy R, Talboom I, Sisk M, Maes P, Verbeeck J, Van Ranst M. Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses. Virol J 2011; 8:98. [PMID: 21375748 PMCID: PMC3059288 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling has been considered an inventive and novel method for the isolation of respiratory viruses. Methods In our study, 102 volunteers experiencing upper airway infection were recruited over the winter and early spring of 2008/2009 and the first half of the winter of 2009/2010. Ninety-nine EBCs were successfully obtained and screened for 14 commonly circulating respiratory viruses. To investigate the efficiency of virus isolation from EBC, a nasal swab was taken in parallel from a subset of volunteers. The combined use of the ECoVent device with the RTube™ allowed the registration of the exhaled volume and breathing frequency during collection. In this way, the number of exhaled viral particles per liter air or per minute can theoretically be estimated. Results Viral screening resulted in the detection of 4 different viruses in EBC and/or nasal swabs: Rhinovirus, Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus B, Influenza A and Influenza B. Rhinovirus was detected in 6 EBCs and 1 EBC was Influenza B positive. We report a viral detection rate of 7% for the EBCs, which is much lower than the detection rate of 46.8% observed using nasal swabs. Conclusion Although very promising, EBC collection using the RTube™ is not reliable for diagnosis of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Houspie
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Stolarek R, Bialasiewicz P, Krol M, Nowak D. Breath analysis of hydrogen peroxide as a diagnostic tool. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1849-61. [PMID: 20804745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential diagnostic significance of exhaled hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in pulmonary and systemic disorders has received considerable interest over the last few decades. Despite large physiologic variability and low specificity, airway H(2)O(2) generation has been found to be consistently increased by inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, the level of exhaled H(2)O(2) has been associated with efficacy of treatment in various pulmonary diseases. To evaluate this potential biomarker, detection methods including standardization protocols have been developed. Despite these advances, more comprehensive and controlled studies are required. In this manuscript we review progress to date in the analytical measurement of exhaled H(2)O(2) and speculate on its potential clinical significance as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stolarek
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Banerjee D, Kaul D. Combined inhalational and oral supplementation of ascorbic acid may prevent influenza pandemic emergency: a hypothesis. Nutrition 2010; 26:128-32. [PMID: 20005468 PMCID: PMC7127226 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of influenza pandemics is a worldwide phenomenon and a significant cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the globe. It is due to mutations in the influenza virus genetic material creating antigenic drift of pathogenic viral proteins resulting in emergence of new influenza virus strains. Therefore, the vaccines available for prevention of influenza offer no protection against influenza pandemics caused by new virus strains. Moreover, the existing drugs used to combat influenza may be ineffective to treat influenza pandemics due to the emergence of drug resistance in the pandemic virus strain. Therefore, a working strategy must be developed to combat influenza pandemics. In this review we have addressed this problem and reviewed the published studies on ascorbic acid in the common cold and influenza and laboratory studies on the effect of ascorbic acid on influenza virus. We have also correlated the clinical and laboratory studies and developed a hypothesis to prevent influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Abstract
The human lung produces considerable amounts of H(2)O(2). In the normal uninflamed epithelium of both the airways and the alveoli, mucosal release of H(2)O(2) is readily detected both in cell cultures in vitro and in the exhaled breath of humans. The dual oxidases DUOX1 and DUOX2 are the H(2)O(2)-producing isoforms of the NADPH oxidase family found in epithelial cells. The DUOXs are prominently expressed at the apical cell pole of ciliated cells in the airways and in type II cells of the alveoli. Recent studies focused on the functional consequences of H(2)O(2) release by DUOX into the lung lining fluid. In the airways, a major function of DUOX is to support lactoperoxidase (LPO) to generate bactericidal OSCN(-), and there are indications that the DUOX/LPO defense system is critically dependent on the function of the CFTR Cl(-) channel, which provides both SCN(-) (for LPO function) and HCO(3)(-) (for pH adjustment) to the airway surface liquid. Although DUOX is also functional in the alveolar epithelium, no comparable heme peroxidase is present in the alveolus, and thus DUOX-mediated H(2)O(2) release by alveolar cells may have other functions, such as cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Fischer
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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10
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and oxidative stress secondary to carcinogens such as cigarette smoke has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Therefore, lung cancer patients were hypothesized to have higher levels of oxidative stress markers in their exhaled breath compared with controls. METHODS Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was collected from newly diagnosed subjects with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and control subjects in a cross-sectional observational study. The samples were then analyzed for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), pH, 8-isoprostane, and antioxidant capacity. RESULTS A total of 71 subjects (21 NSCLC patients, 21 nonsmokers, 13 exsmokers, and 16 smokers) were recruited. NSCLC patients had significantly higher EBC H(2)O(2) concentration (NSCLC subjects versus smokers, 10.28 microM, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.74-22.30 and 2.29 microM, 95% CI: 1.23-4.25, respectively, p = 0.003) and lower antioxidant capacity (NSCLC versus smokers, 0.051 mM, 95% CI: 0.042-0.063 and 0.110 mM, 95% CI: 0.059-0.206, p = 0.023; NSCLC versus all controls as a group, 0.051 mM, 95% CI: 0.042-0.063 and 0.087 mM, 95% CI: 0.067-0.112, p = 0.001). They also had significantly lower pH (5.9, 3.3-7.3) compared with exsmokers (6.7, 5.8-7, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION The significant increase of H(2)O(2) and reduction in antioxidant capacity in the EBC of lung cancer patients further support the concept of the disequilibrium between levels of oxidants and antioxidants in lung cancer, which leads to increased oxidative stress. These findings suggest oxidative stress is implicated in the development of lung cancer and may be an early marker of the disease.
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Papi A, Contoli M, Gasparini P, Bristot L, Edwards MR, Chicca M, Leis M, Ciaccia A, Caramori G, Johnston SL, Pinamonti S. Role of xanthine oxidase activation and reduced glutathione depletion in rhinovirus induction of inflammation in respiratory epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28595-606. [PMID: 18678861 PMCID: PMC2661410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805766200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are the major cause of the common cold and acute exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We previously reported rapid rhinovirus induction of intracellular superoxide anion, resulting in NF-kappaB activation and pro-inflammatory molecule production. The mechanisms of rhinovirus superoxide induction are poorly understood. Here we found that the proteolytic activation of the xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XD/XO) system was required because pretreatment with serine protease inhibitors abolished rhinovirus-induced superoxide generation in primary bronchial and A549 respiratory epithelial cells. These findings were confirmed by Western blotting analysis and by silencing experiments. Rhinovirus infection induced intracellular depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) that was abolished by pretreatment with either XO inhibitor oxypurinol or serine protease inhibitors. Increasing intracellular GSH with exogenous H2S or GSH prevented both rhinovirus-mediated intracellular GSH depletion and rhinovirus-induced superoxide production. We propose that rhinovirus infection proteolytically activates XO initiating a pro-inflammatory vicious circle driven by virus-induced depletion of intracellular reducing power. Inhibition of these pathways has therapeutic potential.
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Knobloch H, Becher G, Decker M, Reinhold P. Evaluation of H2O2and pH in exhaled breath condensate samples: methodical and physiological aspects. Biomarkers 2008; 13:319-41. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500701831440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chan HP, Lewis C, Thomas PS. Exhaled breath analysis: novel approach for early detection of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2008; 63:164-8. [PMID: 18599152 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death, with the prognosis adversely affected by late diagnosis. Early diagnosis of lung cancer is desirable, but current evidence does not support the application of screening with techniques such as chest radiography, sputum cytology or computed tomography. Breath analysis, which includes gaseous phase analysis that measures volatile organic compounds using electronic noses, exhaled nitric oxide, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC), has been proposed as a non-invasive and simple technique to investigate neoplastic processes in the airways. EBC can be easily collected by breathing into a cooling system that condenses the water vapour in the breath. EBC has already been demonstrated to be useful in investigating inflammatory and oxidative stress changes in various respiratory conditions as it contains measurable mediators of airway inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, EBC has also been shown to be a useful method to monitor severity of diseases such as asthma and to act as a surrogate measure of compliance to medical therapy. Presently, there still remains a relative paucity of lung cancer research involving EBC. However, since EBC is a simple, non-invasive technique that can be easily performed, even in ill patients, it has the potential to be validated for use in screening for the early diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiang Ping Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
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Decreased H2O2 in exhaled breath condensate during pregnancy—Feasible effect of 17β-estradiol. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 162:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rahman I, Biswas SK. Non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress: reproducibility and methodological issues. Redox Rep 2005; 9:125-43. [PMID: 15327743 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225005219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the hallmark of various chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the lungs of such patients are reflected by elevated concentrations of oxidative stress markers in the breath, airways, lung tissue and blood. Traditionally, the measurement of these biomarkers has involved invasive procedures to procure the samples or to examine the affected compartments, to the patient's discomfort. As a consequence, there is a need for less or non-invasive approaches to measure oxidative stress. The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has recently emerged as a non-invasive sampling method for real-time analysis and evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in the lower respiratory tract airways. The biomarkers of oxidative stress such as H2O2, F2-isoprostanes, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, antioxidants, glutathione and nitrosative stress such as nitrate/nitrite and nitrosated species have been successfully measured in EBC. The reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity of the methodologies used in the measurements of EBC oxidative stress biomarkers are discussed. Oxidative stress biomarkers also have been measured for various antioxidants in disease prognosis. EBC is currently used as a research and diagnostic tool in free radical research, yielding information on redox disturbance and the degree and type of inflammation in the lung. It is expected that EBC can be exploited to detect specific levels of biomarkers and monitor disease severity in response to appropriate prescribed therapy/treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Division of Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA.
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Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:231-55. [PMID: 15155533 PMCID: PMC1574951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1506] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species (RS) are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. Establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure them and the oxidative damage that they cause. This article first reviews what is meant by the terms free radical, RS, antioxidant, oxidative damage and oxidative stress. It then critically examines methods used to trap RS, including spin trapping and aromatic hydroxylation, with a particular emphasis on those methods applicable to human studies. Methods used to measure oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins and methods used to detect RS in cell culture, especially the various fluorescent "probes" of RS, are also critically reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on the caution that is needed in applying these methods in view of possible errors and artifacts in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7 #03-08, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Rahman I, Kelly F. Biomarkers in breath condensate: a promising new non-invasive technique in free radical research. Free Radic Res 2004; 37:1253-66. [PMID: 14753750 DOI: 10.1080/10715760310001623331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with a range of inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, lung transplantation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and lung cancer. Increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the airways of such patients are reflected by elevated concentrations of oxidative stress markers in the breath, airways, lung tissue and blood. Traditionally, the measurement of these biomarkers has involved invasive procedures to procure the samples, or examine the compartments. As a consequence, there is a need for less invasive approaches to measure oxidative stress. Analysis of breath hydrocarbons has partly fulfilled this need, however only gas phase volatile constituents can be assessed by this approach. The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a simple, non-invasive approach, which comprehensively samples the lower respiratory tract. It is currently used as a research and diagnostic tool in the free radical field, yielding information on redox disturbance and the degree and type of inflammation in the lung. With further technical developments, such an approach may ultimately have a role in the clinic, in helping to diagnose specific lung diseases. EBC can be exploited to assess a spectrum of potential biomarkers, thus generating a "finger print" characteristic of the disease. By assessing the nature of oxidative stress in this manner, the most appropriate therapy can be selected and the response to treatment monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rahman
- Respiratory Medicine, ELEGI, Colt Research Laboratories, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Wilkie Building, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
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Wyse CA, Preston T, Yam PS, Sutton DGM, Christley RM, Hotchkiss JW, Mills CA, Glidle A, Cumming DRS, Cooper JM, Love S. Current and future uses of breath analysis as a diagnostic tool. Vet Rec 2004; 154:353-60. [PMID: 15074325 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.12.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of exhaled breath is a potentially useful method for application in veterinary diagnostics. Breath samples can be easily collected from animals by means of a face mask or collection chamber with minimal disturbance to the animal. After the administration of a 13C-labelled compound the recovery of 13C in breath can be used to investigate gastrointestinal and digestive functions. Exhaled hydrogen can be used to assess orocaecal transit time and malabsorption, and exhaled nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and pentane can be used to assess oxidative stress and inflammation. The analysis of compounds dissolved in the aqueous phase of breath (the exhaled breath condensate) can be used to assess airway inflammation. This review summarises the current status of breath analysis in veterinary medicine, and analyses its potential for assessing animal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wyse
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Rosias PPR, Dompeling E, Hendriks HJE, Heijnens JWCM, Donckerwolcke RAMG, Jöbsis Q. Exhaled breath condensate in children: pearls and pitfalls. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15:4-19. [PMID: 14998377 DOI: 10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a rapidly growing field of research in respiratory medicine. Airway inflammation is a central feature of chronic lung diseases, like asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and primary ciliary dyskinesia. EBC may be a useful technique for non-invasive assessment of markers of airway inflammation. The non-invasive character of EBC "inflammometry" and the general lack of appropriate techniques makes it particularly interesting for paediatrics. We provide a detailed update on the methods currently used for EBC collection and measurement of mediators. We emphasize on paediatric data. The apparent simplicity of the EBC method must not be overstated, as numerous methodological pitfalls have yet to overcome. Comparison and interpretation of data on this rapidly growing field of research is mainly hampered by the lack of standardization and the lack of specific high-sensitivity immunochemical or colorimetric assays. The initiative of the European Respiratory Society to institute a task force on this topic is a first step towards a uniform technique of EBC. Meanwhile, when using this technique or when interpreting research data, one should be fully aware of the possible methodological pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P R Rosias
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Wijkstrom-Frei C, El-Chemaly S, Ali-Rachedi R, Gerson C, Cobas MA, Forteza R, Salathe M, Conner GE. Lactoperoxidase and human airway host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:206-12. [PMID: 12626341 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0152oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactoperoxidase (LPO) antibiotic system is a well-characterized component of mammary and salivary gland secretions. Because LPO has been shown to function in ovine airways, human airway tissue and secretions were examined for the presence of LPO and its substrate, the anion thiocyanate (SCN-). In addition, human airway secretions were tested for LPO-mediated antibacterial activity, and LPO's activity was assessed against some human airway pathogens. The data showed that normal human airway secretions contained LPO enzyme activity (0.65 +/- 0.09 microg/mg secreted protein; n = 17), and Western blots of secretions demonstrated bands of the expected sizes for LPO. LPO mRNA was detected in trachea by sequencing PCR-amplified cDNA. SCN-, LPO's substrate, was present in undiluted airway secretions at concentrations sufficient for LPO catalysis (0.46 +/- 0.19 mM; n = 8), and diluted secretions contained antibacterial activity with LPO-like properties. Immunocytochemistry localized LPO to submucosal glands in human bronchi. Finally, as expected based on the known antibacterial spectrum of the LPO system, airway secretions showed LPO-dependent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, the airway LPO system was shown to be effective against Burkholderia cepacia and Haemophilus influenzae. Thus, a functional LPO system exists in human airways and may contribute to airway host defense against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Wijkstrom-Frei
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Luo X, Belcastro R, Cabacungan J, Hannam V, Negus A, Wen Y, Plumb J, Hu J, Steer B, Koehler DR, Downey GP, Tanswell AK. Transfection of lung cells in vitro and in vivo: effect of antioxidants and intraliposomal bFGF. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L817-25. [PMID: 12513969 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00479.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that constitutive formation of reactive oxygen species by respiratory cells is a barrier to gene transfer when liposome-DNA complexes are used, by contributing to rapid degradation of plasmid DNA. When plasmid DNA is complexed to liposomes it is protected against H(2)O(2)-mediated degradation but not that mediated by the hydroxyl radical. Treatment of distal rat fetal lung epithelial cells (RFL(19)Ep) with the vitamin E analog Trolox (50 microM) reduced intracellular plasmid degradation. Both Trolox (50 microM) and an iron chelator, phenanthroline (0.1 microM), significantly increased transgene expression in RFL(19)Ep approximately twofold, consistent with a hydroxyl radical-mediated inhibition of transgene expression. When basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 20 ng/ml), a growth factor with antioxidant properties, was included within liposomes, we observed a significantly greater enhancement of RFL(19)Ep transgene expression (approximately 2-fold) over that seen with Trolox or phenanthroline. Inclusion of bFGF within liposomes also significantly enhanced (approximately 4-fold) transgene expression in mice following intratracheal instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Hunt J. Exhaled breath condensate: an evolving tool for noninvasive evaluation of lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:28-34. [PMID: 12110814 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.124966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains aerosolized airway lining fluid and volatile compounds that provide noninvasive indications of ongoing biochemical and inflammatory activities in the lung. Rapid increase in interest in EBC has resulted from the recognition that in lung disease this easily sampled fluid has measurable characteristics that differ prominently from health. These assays have provided evidence of airway and lung redox deviation, acid-base status, and degree and type of inflammation in acute and chronic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, occupational diseases, and cystic fibrosis. Characterized by uncertain and variable degrees of dilution, EBC does not provide precise assessment of individual solute concentrations within native airway lining fluid. However, it can provide useful information when concentrations differ substantially between health and disease or are based on ratios of solutes found in the sample. Because they can be used to measure the targets of modern therapy, EBC assays are likely to become integral components of future clinical studies, and after further technical work is accomplished, they might be used to diagnose and monitor therapy in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hunt
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and the Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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