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Nestadt DF, Tomko C, Schneider KE, Kerrigan D, Decker MR, Sherman SG. Co-occurring Threats to Agency Among Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP8818-NP8843. [PMID: 33300442 PMCID: PMC9136478 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520978188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Driven largely by the unequal distribution of power, female sex workers (FSW) globally bear a disproportionately high burden of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and interpersonal violence. Prior literature has identified a number of multi-level factors that may serve to constrain FSWs' agency, or their ability to define and take action to realize goals. Among these are work-based violence and substance use, which are potentiated by the criminalization of sex work and structural vulnerability. Quantitative research related to U.S.-based FSWs' own sense of agency, as well as the barriers that may impede it, is sparse. We sought to identify patterns of various threats to agency and explore to what extent they were associated with perceived agency among a cohort of 381 FSW in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, using latent class analysis. Latent class indictors were past-six-month experience of client-perpetrated sexual violence, client-perpetrated physical violence, homelessness, food insecurity, arrest, daily crack-cocaine use, and daily heroin use. Perceived agency was measured using the short form of the Pearlin Mastery Scale. We identified three typologies of threatened agency among women in our sample: a "threatened by structural factors, drug use, and violence" class, a "threatened by structural factors and drug use" class, and a "less threatened" class. Mean perceived agency score was significantly lower for the class characterized by client-perpetrated violence than for either of the other classes. This suggests violence, in the context of deeper, structural power imbalances embedded in hunger, homelessness, and drug use, may dramatically reduce one's sense of agency and operate as a critical barrier to empowerment. Our study adds important insights to the broader FSW community empowerment literature and supports the need for interventions to bolster both individual and collective agency among U.S.-based FSW, including interventions to prevent sex work-related violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Tomko
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan G. Sherman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gallagher MW, Long LJ, Richardson A, D'Souza JM. Resilience and Coping in Cancer Survivors: The Unique Effects of Optimism and Mastery. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019; 43:32-44. [PMID: 31223177 PMCID: PMC6586435 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimism and mastery are two cognitive traits that involve positive expectations for the future and that have been demonstrated to be important predictors of reduced anxiety as well as superior coping and physical health in many populations, including cancer survivors. There is limited research, however, examining the unique effects of these traits when examined simultaneously. The present cross-sectional study used structural equation modeling to examine the unique effects of optimism and mastery on emotion, coping, and health in 603 adult cancer survivors, and whether results were consistent in men and women. Results indicated that both optimism and mastery were associated with improved emotion, coping, and health and together accounted for a small to moderate amount of variance. Although the effects of optimism were generally greater, mastery also uniquely predicted most dependent variables and there was some evidence that gender influenced these effects, with optimism predicting health control more so in women and mastery predicting health control more so in men. These results demonstrate that it is important to examine both generalized positive expectancies such as optimism and positive expectancies regarding mastery when investigating resilience and emotional well-being in cancer survivors.
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Predictors of Individual Resilience Characteristics Among Individuals Ages 65 and Older in Post-Disaster Settings. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2018; 13:256-264. [PMID: 30041706 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Literature explores which factors most impact resilience and how these factors impact an individual and communities' ability to cope with disaster. Less research has focused on how age impacts resilience. This research adapts several previous conceptual models used to investigate resilience. To investigate the unique vulnerabilities faced by older individuals in post-disaster settings, this analysis was undertaken to investigate predictors of individual resilience. METHODS Data for the study were derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Gulf States Population Survey (GSPS). The final sample included 5,713 adult residents from 4 gulf-coast states. Multiple linear regression was used for the analysis. RESULTS All models (demographic, health, social, and combined) acted as significant predictors of individual resilience. Health and social resilience models accounted for more of the variance in resilience scores. In all models, age was negatively associated with resilience scores. Being female was protective across all models. The results of the model testing indicate inequitable disaster mitigation, with social and health indicators explaining the most variance in the resilience levels. CONCLUSION This research provides practitioners with the knowledge they need to focus their interventions on the areas where it is most needed to empower resilient individuals. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:256-264).
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Husky MM, Zablith I, Alvarez Fernandez V, Kovess-Masfety V. Factors associated with suicidal ideation disclosure: Results from a large population-based study. J Affect Disord 2016; 205:36-43. [PMID: 27400193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is crucial for clinicians and researchers to understand the factors associated with the disclosure of suicidal ideation. Describing the characteristics of those who do not disclose their suicidal ideation or who disclose their ideation only to close others, to health professionals or to both may help researchers and clinicians in their preventive efforts to treat persons at risk for suicidal behavior. METHODS The sample was drawn from a large cross-sectional survey (n=22,138) on mental health in France. The analyses were based on the 4,156 persons (17.1%) who endorsed lifetime suicidal ideation with or without a history of suicide attempt and who indicated whether and to whom they disclosed their ideation. Socio-demographics, current mental disorders, and social connectedness were assessed. RESULTS Half of those with suicidal ideation had not shared their ideation with anyone, 6.3% did so with health professionals only, 20% with friends or family only, and 20% with both healthcare professionals and close others. Male gender, older age, lower education level and poor social connectedness were associated with greater odds of non-disclosure. Adjusting for socio-demographics and social connectedness, suicidal behavior and mental disorders were overall associated an increased likelihood of sharing suicidal ideation with health professionals. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional survey assessing lifetime suicidal ideation and disclosure. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide important insight into the individual and social factors to take into account in suicidal ideation disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde M Husky
- Institut Universitaire de France, Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France; Institut de Psychologie, EA4057 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Ingrid Zablith
- Etablissement Public Départemental Blanche de Fontarce, Chateauroux, France
| | | | - Viviane Kovess-Masfety
- Institut de Psychologie, EA4057 Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; EHESP French School of Public Health, Paris, France
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Clench-Aas J, Nes RB, Aarø LE. The perceived constraints subscale of the Sense of Mastery Scale: dimensionality and measurement invariance. Qual Life Res 2016; 26:127-138. [PMID: 27383745 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-016-1359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A number of studies have reported differences in sense of mastery and perceived control across different subgroups. Yet, few have examined measurement invariance, an important prerequisite for valid comparisons. This study examines the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the perceived constraints (PC) facet of Pearlin and Schooler's (1981) Sense of Mastery Scale (SM) which is a commonly used short form of the widely used SM scale. METHODS Confirmatory factor analyses using AMOS and Mplus were conducted to explore dimensionality and test for measurement invariance in factor structure, factor loadings, intercepts, and residual variances across gender, age, education, income, and employment status in a large (N = 19,858), nationally representative sample of Norwegian males and females aged 16-100. RESULTS The data supported a modified unidimensional model specifying correlations between the error terms of items 4 and 5, or possibly two highly correlated dimensions (r = 0.90). Metric invariance of the scale was shown for age, education, and employment, whereas invariance at the strong and strict levels was shown for gender and income. Partial invariance at the strong level was shown for age. CONCLUSIONS This Norwegian study supported a modified unidimensional structure for the abbreviated SM scale. Invariance testing indicated that comparisons across genders and income levels are unproblematic, whilst comparing mean scores across education and employment status is not justified. Latent, but not sum score means are comparable across age. Future studies using all 7 items of SM scale should provide more information on dimensionality and measurement invariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Clench-Aas
- Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PB 4404, NO-0403, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragnhild Bang Nes
- Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PB 4404, NO-0403, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif Edvard Aarø
- Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PB 4404, NO-0403, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
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Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Ahmed S, Franco Z, Kissack A, Gabriel D, Hurd T, Ziegahn L, Bates NJ, Calhoun K, Carter-Edwards L, Corbie-Smith G, Eder MM, Ferrans C, Hacker K, Rumala BB, Strelnick AH, Wallerstein N. Towards a unified taxonomy of health indicators: academic health centers and communities working together to improve population health. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2014; 89:564-72. [PMID: 24556775 PMCID: PMC4124598 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program represents a significant public investment. To realize its major goal of improving the public's health and reducing health disparities, the CTSA Consortium's Community Engagement Key Function Committee has undertaken the challenge of developing a taxonomy of community health indicators. The objective is to initiate a unified approach for monitoring progress in improving population health outcomes. Such outcomes include, importantly, the interests and priorities of community stakeholders, plus the multiple, overlapping interests of universities and of the public health and health care professions involved in the development and use of local health care indicators.The emerging taxonomy of community health indicators that the authors propose supports alignment of CTSA activities and facilitates comparative effectiveness research across CTSAs, thereby improving the health of communities and reducing health disparities. The proposed taxonomy starts at the broadest level, determinants of health; subsequently moves to more finite categories of community health indicators; and, finally, addresses specific quantifiable measures. To illustrate the taxonomy's application, the authors have synthesized 21 health indicator projects from the literature and categorized them into international, national, or local/special jurisdictions. They furthered categorized the projects within the taxonomy by ranking indicators with the greatest representation among projects and by ranking the frequency of specific measures. They intend for the taxonomy to provide common metrics for measuring changes to population health and, thus, extend the utility of the CTSA Community Engagement Logic Model. The input of community partners will ultimately improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola
- Dr. Aguilar-Gaxiola is professor of clinical internal medicine; director, Center for Reducing Health Disparities; director, Community Engagement Program, Clinical and Translational Science Center; and codirector, Latino Aging Research and Resource Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. Dr. Ahmed is senior associate dean for community engagement; director, Community Engagement Key Function, Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin; professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine; professor, Institute for Health and Society; and director, Healthier Wisconsin Partnership Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Dr. Franco is assistant professor, Community Engagement Key Function, Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ms. Kissack is program manager, Community Engagement Key Function, Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ms. Gabriel is data integration and interoperability manager, Biomedical Informatics, Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. Dr. Hurd is associate professor of surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Dr. Ziegahn is community engagement and research program manager, Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California. Dr. Bates is senior evaluation specialist, Evaluation and Tracking Program, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Ms. Calhoun is clinical research associate and cofacilitator, Community Engagement Program, Michi
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Marum G, Clench-Aas J, Nes RB, Raanaas RK. The relationship between negative life events, psychological distress and life satisfaction: a population-based study. Qual Life Res 2013; 23:601-11. [PMID: 24026629 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-013-0512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Negative life events may increase psychological distress and reduce life satisfaction (LS). This study investigates associations between negative life events and both positive and negative indicators of mental health and explores the extent to which these associations are buffered by sense of mastery and perceived social support. METHODS Data were obtained from a large (N = 4,823), nationally representative sample of Norwegians aged 16 and older. Psychological distress was measured by The Hopkins Symptom Check List (HSCL-25), LS by a single question on overall satisfaction with life and negative life events by a 12-item list of threatening experiences. Moderating variables, sense of mastery and social support, were measured using standard instruments. RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, education and income, all of the negative life events were significantly associated with both psychological distress and LS, with the exception of events pertinent to bereavement. Of the life events examined, financial strain constituted the strongest predictor. Overall, negative life events were more closely associated with psychological distress than LS. Altogether, negative life events explained 22.3 and 11.4 % of the variance in psychological distress and LS, respectively. Sense of mastery, but not perceived social support, emerged as a moderating factor between financial strain and both psychological distress and LS. CONCLUSION Negative life events are associated with higher psychological distress and lower LS, but the strength of the associations varies across events. The impact of financial strain and conflict appears particularly strong, but may be moderated by self-perceived mastery.
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Madianos MG, Sarhan AL, Koukia E. Major depression across West Bank: a cross-sectional general population study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2012; 58:315-22. [PMID: 21441281 DOI: 10.1177/0020764010396410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades entire populations have been living under chronic strain, apprehension and violence. This is the case for Palestinians. Despite the increased volume of mass media attention on this situation, little is known about the psychological effects of this condition on this population. AIMS The study was designed to investigate the lifetime and one-month prevalence of major depression episode (MDE) in a multi-stage sample of 916 adult Palestinians drawn from the Al-Aqsa Intifada. METHODS The survey was based on personal interviews and was carried out from February to September 2007. The clinical examination used DSM-IV criteria for the detection of MDE, extracted from SCID-I. Data, suicidal behaviour, previous help seeking, medication use and exposure to trauma were also collected. RESULTS Lifetime and one-month prevalence of MDE was found to be 24.3% and 10.6%, respectively. Male Palestinians suffered from slightly higher rates of MDE than their female counterparts, but this difference was not statistically significant. Being widowed and living in towns in West Bank also increased the likelihood to develop MDE. A comparison of prevalence rates in refugee and non-refugee populations showed no significant differences. This could be explained by the fact that though refugees were forcibly displaced, they were living among compatriots (non-refugees), thus both groups were experiencing the same sociopolitical adversities. Being also exposed to traumatic events increased the risk of suffering from MDE. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that a population under continuous strain and apprehension, living in unremitting socioeconomic deprivation, is more likely to suffer from major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Madianos
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Health Sciences University of Athens, Greece.
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Madianos M, Economou M, Alexiou T, Stefanis C. Depression and economic hardship across Greece in 2008 and 2009: two cross-sectional surveys nationwide. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46:943-52. [PMID: 20614103 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In many western countries during the recent years, people have witnessed the deterioration of their economies and the emergence of related phenomena such as loss of property, unemployment and social disruption. These phenomena have also been associated with increasing levels of demoralization and the developing of major depressive episodes (MDE). Greece in the years 2008 and mainly in 2009 started facing a sharp economic decline. The purpose of this study was to explore the consequences of this condition and the ways are reflected in the prevalence of MDE during these two critical years. METHOD Two nationwide cross-sectional telephone surveys were carried out in 2008 and 2009 with representative samples of 2,197 and 2,192 respondents, respectively. The interview comprised the SCID I module of MDE and an Index of Personal Economic Distress (IPED). RESULTS The 1-month prevalence of MDE in 2009 was found to be 6.8%, compared to corresponding rates of 3.3% in 2008. Respondents facing serious economic hardship (with higher scores in IPED) were mostly at risk for developing an MDE. CONCLUSIONS The findings of both studies underline the significance of the risk involved in developing MDE when individuals have been exposed in extreme and stressful economic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Madianos
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Korkeila J, Kaarlas S, Jääskeläinen M, Vahlberg T, Taiminen T. Attached to the web--harmful use of the Internet and its correlates. Eur Psychiatry 2009; 25:236-41. [PMID: 19556111 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to test the validity of the Finnish version of the Internet Addiction Test and the correlates of harmful use of the Internet. METHODS One thousand eight hundred and twenty-five students (45.5% men and 54.5% women, mean age 24.7 years, S.D.=5.7) filled in a web-based questionnaire including IAT, reasons for use of the Internet, distress, social support, and substance use. RESULTS Men had a statistically significantly higher mean score on the IAT than women. Subjects with self-reported use of cannabis had higher mean score on the IAT compared to non-users (39.5 [11.3] vs 35.8 [10.8]). The total IAT score was associated with "adult entertainment" (OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.06-1.08, P<0.001), "playing games" (OR=1.05, 95%CI: 1.04-1.06, P<0.001), "chatting" (OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.06-1.08, P<0.001) and "discussion" (OR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.07-1.09, P<0.001) as reasons for Internet use. The IAT score had a significant negative correlation with social support (r=-0.24, P<0.001) and a significant positive correlation with the CAGE score (r=0.18, P<0.001). Using factor analysis, we found a single factor solution with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92. CONCLUSIONS The IAT seems to provide a valid measurement of harmful use of the Internet, as the score was significantly associated with variables tapping psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Korkeila
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Kunnallissairaalantie 20, 20700 Turku, Finland.
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