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Cortes-Morales JA, Salinas-Sánchez DO, de Jesús Perea-Flores M, González-Cortazar M, Tapia-Maruri D, López-Arellano ME, Rivas-González JM, Zamilpa A, Olmedo-Juárez A. In vitro anthelmintic activity and colocalization analysis of hydroxycinnamic acids obtained from Chamaecrista nictitans against two Haemonchus contortus isolates. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110282. [PMID: 39116545 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the in vitro anthelmintic activity of ethyl acetate extract (Cn-EtOAc) and its bioactive fractions (CnR3 and CnR5) obtained from Chamaecrista nictitans aerial parts against two Haemonchus contortus (Hc) isolates, one resistant (strain HcIVM-R) and another susceptible (strain HcIVM-S) to ivermectin. Ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were identified in the bioactive fractions; therefore, their commercial standards were also assessed. A colocalization analysis between the ferulic acid commercial standard and eggs of the HcIVM-R strain was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the ImageJ program. The ovicidal effects of the Cn-EtOAc extract, bioactive fractions and commercial compounds were tested through the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) assay on H. contortus isolates HcIVM-R and HcIVM-S. The Cn-EtOAc caused 88 % and 92 % EHI at 5000 µg/mL on HcIVM-R and HcIVM-S, respectively. Fractions CnR3 and CnR5 displayed the highest ovicidal activity against HcIVM-S, with effective concentrations (EC90) of 2134 and 601 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the commercial standards ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid also resulted in higher effectiveness on the same strain, with EC90 of 57.5 and 51.1 µg/mL. A colocalization analysis of ferulic acid and eggs of HcIVM-R revealed that this compound is localized to the cuticle surface of the embryo inside the egg parasite. The results demonstrated that both ferulic and p-coumaric acids interrupt the egg-hatching processes of the two Hc isolates. Both phenolic acids isolated from C. nictitans and commercial standards exhibited the best anthelmintic effect on HcIVM-S. These findings indicate that the phenolic acids were less effective in egg hatch inhibiting on the HcIVM-R strain compared to the HcIVM-S strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Cortes-Morales
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Productos Naturales del Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Morelos, Cuernavaca C.P 62209, Mexico
| | - David Osvaldo Salinas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Productos Naturales del Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Morelos, Cuernavaca C.P 62209, Mexico; Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Carretera Galeana-Tequesquitengo s/n, Colonia El Jicarero, Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María de Jesús Perea-Flores
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro-Nanotecnologías (CNMN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Colonia Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro. Xochitepec, Morelos C.P. 62790, Mexico
| | - Daniel Tapia-Maruri
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, PO Box 24, Yautepec, Morelos C.P. 62730, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 / Col. Progreso. Jiutepec, / A.P. 206-CIVAC, Morelos C.P. 62574, Mexico
| | - Juan M Rivas-González
- Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Carretera Galeana-Tequesquitengo s/n, Colonia El Jicarero, Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro. Xochitepec, Morelos C.P. 62790, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 / Col. Progreso. Jiutepec, / A.P. 206-CIVAC, Morelos C.P. 62574, Mexico.
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Sedky D, Abd El-Aziz TH, Nasr SM, Abdel-Aziem SH, Hassan NMF, Mohamed AH, Abou Zeina HAA. Regulatory effect of Balanites aegyptiaca ethanol extract on oxidant/antioxidant status, inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis gene expression in goat abomasum experimentally infected with Haemonchus Contortus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:195. [PMID: 38963478 PMCID: PMC11224118 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to assess the regulatory effects of treatment with Balanites aegyptiaca fruit ethanol extract (BA-EE) on oxidant/antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis gene expression in the abomasum of Haemonchus contortus-infected goats. Twenty goat kids were assigned randomly to four equal groups: (G1) infected-untreated, (G2) uninfected-BA-EE-treated, (G3) infected-albendazole-treated, (G4) infected-BA-EE-treated. Each goat in (G1), (G3), and (G4) was orally infected with 10,000 infective third-stage larvae. In the fifth week postinfection, single doses of albendazole (5 mg/kg.BW) and BA-EE (9 g/kg.BW) were given orally. In the ninth week postinfection, the animals were slaughtered to obtain abomasum specimens. The following oxidant/antioxidant markers were determined: malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). The mRNA gene expression of cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and cell apoptosis markers (Bax, Bcl-2) were estimated. (G1) showed significantly reduced GSH content and GST and SOD activities but a markedly increased MDA level. (G3) and (G4) revealed a markedly lower MDA level with pronouncedly elevated GSH, SOD, and GST levels. The antioxidant properties of BA-EE were superior to those of albendazole. The mRNA gene expressions of IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and Bax-2 were upregulated in (G1) but downregulated in (G3) and (G4). Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio expression followed a reverse course in the infected and both treated groups. We conclude that BA-EE treatment has a protective role in the abomasum of H. contortus-infected goats. This could be attributed to its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth Street, Dokki, Post Box, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tamer Helmi Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth Street, Dokki, Post Box, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Soad Mohamed Nasr
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth Street, Dokki, Post Box, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Noha Mahmoud Fahmy Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth Street, Dokki, Post Box, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Post Box, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala Abdalla Ahmed Abou Zeina
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth Street, Dokki, Post Box, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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Thorne JW, Redden R, Bowdridge SA, Becker GM, Khilji SF, Xie S, Bentley KL, Murdoch BM. Reducing fecal egg count through selective breeding alters dorper lamb response to Haemonchus contortus in an artificial challenge trial. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110177. [PMID: 38583271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Infection by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), particularly Haemonchus contortus, can be detrimental to sheep health and performance. Genetic susceptibility to GIN varies between breeds, with those lacking high levels of natural resistance often requiring frequent anthelmintic treatment when facing parasitic challenge. Genetic technology can serve as a tool to decrease GIN susceptibility via selection for sheep with reduced fecal egg count (FEC) estimated breeding values (EBVs). However, the physiological changes that result from implementation of this strategy are not well described. Additionally, there is a need for comparison of animals from recent selective breeding against breeds with inherent GIN resistance. In this study we administered a challenge of H. contortus to Dorper x White Dorper (DWD; n = 92) lambs that have been genetically selected for either low (DWD-) or high (DWD+) FEC EBVs and Barbados Blackbelly x Mouflon (BBM; n = 19) lambs from a genetically resistant breed backgrounds. Lamb FEC, packed-cell volume (PCV) and serum IgG were measured at intermittent levels over 5 weeks. At day 21 and day 35, the selectively bred DWD- had a lower mean FEC compared to DWD+, but were higher than BBM. Reductions in both PCV and serum IgG from initial day 0 levels were observed in DWD lambs, but not in BBM. Furthermore, from a subset of lambs (n = 24) harvested at day 21, DWD- only tended (p = 0.056) to have lower mean worm counts than DWD+, with BBM having the lowest mean worm count. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified via RNA-sequencing of abomasal tissue at day 21 indicate a more pronounced Th2 immune response and more rapid worm expulsion occurred in iBBM than iDWD- and iDWD+ lambs. However, gene expression in DWD- suggests an association between reduced FEC EBV and gastric acid secretion and the ability to limit worm fecundity. Ultimately, selection of Dorper sheep for low FEC EBV can reduce susceptibility to GIN, but it will likely require multiple generations with this trait as a breeding priority before presenting a similar resistance level to Caribbean breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Thorne
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Reid Redden
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Scott A Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Becker
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sarem F Khilji
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Shangqian Xie
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kelsey L Bentley
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brenda M Murdoch
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Mohamed SAA, Dyab AK, Raya-Álvarez E, Abdel-Aziz FM, Osman F, Gareh A, Farag AMM, Salman D, El-Khadragy MF, Bravo-Barriga D, Agil A, Elmahallawy EK. Molecular identification of Haemonchus contortus in sheep from Upper Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327424. [PMID: 38410120 PMCID: PMC10894989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Haemonchus spp. are considered the most important strongylid nematodes with a worldwide distribution. The parasite's blood-sucking nature can lead to severe anemia in infected animals. Despite its widespread impact, there is a dearth of comprehensive data on morphological and molecular identification methods for Haemonchus spp. in sheep from Upper Egypt. To address this gap, our current study aimed to assess the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. in 400 sheep fecal samples. Methods We employed microscopic examination and molecular techniques, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S gene for precise identification. Additionally, the potential risk factors associated with the infection by the parasite in sheep were explored. Results The study pointed out that 33.00% (132 of 400) of the examined sheep were infected with Haemonchus spp. Sheep age and seasonal variability were found to be significant factors (p < 0.05) associated with the infection. Notably, sheep under 2 years old exhibited a higher risk, with an infection rate of 43.75% (84 out of 192), than their older counterparts. Furthermore, all reported infections were exclusively observed during the cold season, constituting 58.93% (132 out of 224) of cases. By contrast, no statistically significant association (p > 0.05) was found between the sex of the examined sheep and the occurrence of haemonchosis. Employing molecular methods, we isolated and identified the parasite through PCR analysis of cultured larvae, which were then subsequently confirmed as Haemonchus contortus via phylogenetic analysis. Discussion The study concluded that there was a relatively high occurrence of H. contortus among sheep from Upper Egypt. We recommend the implementation of stringent and effective control measures to combat the infection and safeguard livestock health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kamal Dyab
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Enrique Raya-Álvarez
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Av. de la Investigación, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Fathy Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gareh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa M M Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Salman
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Manal F El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biohealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada) and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Panhwer SN, Gadahi JA, Luo Q, Huang C, Liu W, Lanlan J, Chen Z. The anthelmintic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis to counter the Anthelmintic resistance against Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2023; 250:108533. [PMID: 37072106 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) has developed resistance to nearly all available anthelmintic medications. Hence, alternative strategies are required to counter anthelmintic resistance. The present study investigated the anthelmintic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis) against H. contortus. Bacterialspp were identified by conventional methods and confirmed by PCR; In addition, PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene detected B. thuringiensis at 750 base pairs (bps). The amplified products were sequenced, and the sequence data were confirmed using the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST), which showed a significant alignment (97.98%) with B. thuringiensis and B. cereus. B. thuringiensis were selected to isolate purified crystal proteins (toxins), The protein profile confirmed by SDS-PAGE showed three prominent bands at 70, 36, and 15 kDa. In addition, the larval development of H. contortus was examined in vitro using two different treatments. Purified crystal protein diluted in 10 mM NaCl at a concentration of 2mg/ml significantly reduced (P < 0.001) larval development by 75.10% compared to 1 × 108 CFU/ml spore-crystal suspension reduced (43.97%). The findings of in vitro experiments indicated that purified crystal protein was more toxic to the H. contortus larva than the spore-crystal suspension and control group. Moreover, To test the antinematodal effects of B. thuringiensis toxins in vivo, we chose 12 male goats (6 months old) and reared these animals in parasite-free conditions. We performed Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) on samples collected before and after treatment at various times denotes 48 hours post-treatment with Purified crystal proteins was significantly decreased (842 ± 19.07) EPG compared to 24 (2560 ± 233.66) and 12 hours (4020 ± 165.22). Similarly, after 48 hours of treatment, the FECRT of the Spores-crystal mix was reduced (2920 ± 177.20) EPG followed by 24- and 12-hour denotes (4500 ± 137.84) and (4760 ± 112.24), respectively. Results of the above experiment suggested that purified crystal proteins have more anthelmintic potential in vivo. Current findings determine that B. thuringiensis toxin against H. contortus could be used in small ruminants to counter anthelmintic resistance. This study also suggested that future research structured on these proteins' pharmacokinetics and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Noor Panhwer
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
| | - Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Lanlan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Kozlowski Neto VA, Schmidt EMDS, Rubio CP, da Silva NMM, Tardivo R, Costa C, Meirelles PRDL, Cerón JJ, Tvarijonaviciute A, do Amarante AFT. Effect of Supplementation of Lambs with Whole Cottonseed: Impact on Serum Biomarkers and Infection by Gastrointestinal Parasites under Field Conditions. Metabolites 2023; 13:398. [PMID: 36984838 PMCID: PMC10056370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this trial was to evaluate serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and biochemical analytes in crossbred lambs during the rearing phase in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) to control gastrointestinal parasites. The experiment used 36 crossbred lambs (cross: Ile de France × White Dorper × Texel) divided into two groups. The WCS group was supplemented with whole cottonseed (WCS), and controls had no supplementation. Body weight, blood collection, and fecal analysis of nematode eggs and Eimeria oocysts counting per gram of feces were performed for each animal within 84 days of experiment. The following serum analytes were determined: total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, haptoglobin, and 10 oxidative stress biomarkers: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, thiol, uric acid, paraoxonase-1, total oxidant status, ferric-xylenol orange, advanced oxidation protein products, and reactive oxygen metabolites derived compounds. The inclusion of WCS suggested the benefit in controlling infection as well as inducing an increase in antioxidants and a decrease in oxidants in lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites. The combination of WCS and ICLS could be a useful tool in controlling gastrointestinal parasite infection without affecting the production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoldo Antonio Kozlowski Neto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Naiara Mirelly Marinho da Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Tardivo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Ciniro Costa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
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Biz JDFF, Dos Santos SK, Salgado JA, Bechara GH, Sotomaior CS. Effect of commercial tannins on parasitic infection and immunity of lambs naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 38:100833. [PMID: 36725160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of quebracho extract tannins (Schinopsis lorenzii) (EQ) included in the basal diet (DB) on the count of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), count of parasites in the abomasum, hematological, and immunological parameters in lambs naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Forty-eight lambs were evaluated for 42 days and divided into four groups (n = 12): CONT- lambs that received DB without EQ supplementation; G1%- DB with EQ at 1% of dry matter intake (DMI) level; G3%- DB with EQ at the 3% of DMI level; G6%- DB with EQ at the 6% DMI level. For EPG counts, feces were collected weekly. For counting abomasal parasites, at the end of the experiment (D42) half of the lambs in each group were slaughtered. For hematological and immunological analysis, venous blood samples were collected at D0, D21, and D42 to perform the erythrocyte count, mean cell volume (MCV), hematocrit, differential leukocyte count, total plasma protein dosage, and serum IgA class anti-H. contortus using an indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). In the EPG count, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the groups compared with the control. Analysis of the abomasal parasite count showed Haemonchus contortus in its entirety; however, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the number of males, females, and total parasites. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in erythrocyte count, MCV, hematocrit, and total plasma protein. The average total leukocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts showed no difference (p > 0.05). However, the averages of segmented neutrophils in the G1% and G3% groups presented a reduction in the percentage of cells (p < 0.05) between D21 and D42. Regarding the lymphocyte count, a difference was observed in the CONT and G3% groups at D21 and D42 (p < 0.05), when compared to D0. The analyses of the average absorbance of anti-Haemonchus contortus serum IgA showed no difference (p > 0.05), when the groups were analyzed over time or when compared between them. It can be concluded that the inclusion of different doses of tannins from EQ did not alter the parasitological, hematological, and immunological parameters of lambs infected with H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesséa de Fátima França Biz
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Imaculada Conceição St., 1155 - Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Sthefany Kamile Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Imaculada Conceição St., 1155 - Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Jordana Andrioli Salgado
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Imaculada Conceição St., 1155 - Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gervásio Henrique Bechara
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Imaculada Conceição St., 1155 - Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Santos Sotomaior
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Imaculada Conceição St., 1155 - Prado Velho, Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil.
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ABD MAJID NOORALMAJIDAH, ISHAK MUHAMMADIQBAL, MURUGAPIRAN JAGATHISWEEVANNIAR, ABDUL AZIZ NORAZLINA, BASRIPUZI NURUL HAYYAN. MULTIPLE ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE AMONG DORPER SHEEP DETECTED WITH PHENOTYPIC MARKERS AGAINST PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS. MALAYSIAN APPLIED BIOLOGY 2022; 51:107-115. [DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v51i3.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) is a significant disease that affects small ruminant production. PGE is controlled exclusively by chemical anthelmintics but restricted by anthelmintic resistance. Hence, dependence on anthelmintics needs to be reduced. This study aimed to investigate the anthelmintic resistance status of a Dorper sheep farm while determining the phenotypic markers of resistance to PGE. Sheep that met the criteria of the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) were divided into a control and four treatment groups of 11 to 13 animals per group. Faecal and blood samples at pre- and post-treatments were subjected to faecal egg counts (FEC), faecal culture, packed cell volume (PCV) and peripheral eosinophil counts (PEC). The data were analysed by Spearman rank correlation and two-way ANOVA. FECRT showed resistance towards albendazole, levamisole, fenbendazole and ivermectin which was predominated by Haemonchus contortus. Significant negative correlations were observed between FEC and PCV in control (r=-0.88, p<0.01), fenbendazole (r=-0.58, p<0.01) and ivermectin (r=-0.69, p<0.01) groups. Significant positive correlations were detected between FEC and PEC in control (r=0.95, p<0.01) and levamisole (r=0.56, p<0.01) groups. This study shows multiple anthelmintic resistance with promising resistant characteristics against PGE among sheep.
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López-Leyva Y, González-Garduño R, Cruz-Tamayo AA, Arece-García J, Huerta-Bravo M, Ramírez-Valverde R, Torres-Hernández G, López-Arellano ME. Protein Supplementation as a Nutritional Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Periparturient and Lactating Pelibuey Ewes in a Tropical Environment. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080941. [PMID: 36015063 PMCID: PMC9414308 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of energy and protein supplementation on parasitological and hematological response during peripartum and lactation of productive and non-productive Pelibuey ewes in a tropical environment. Forty-eight Pelibuey ewes aged 3–5 years and with a body weight of 31 ± 5 kg were used. Four groups of 12 ewes, including non-pregnant and productive ewes, were formed. A factorial treatment design was formulated, where two levels of energy (low, 9.6 MJ/kg, n = 24; and high, 10.1 MJ/kg, n = 24) and two levels of protein (high, 15% crude protein in diet, n = 24; and low, 8% crude protein in diet, n = 24) were studied. Fecal and blood samples were collected to determine the fecal egg count (FEC) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), packed cell volume (PCV) and peripheral eosinophil (EOS) count. These variables were rearranged with respect to the lambing date in a retrospective study. The high dietary protein level had a significant effect on reducing the FEC and increasing the PCV of ewes during lactation, in comparison with animals fed with the low protein level. Differences in the study variables were attributed to physiological stage. Lactating ewes showed the highest FEC values (2709 ± 359 EPG), the lowest PCV values (21.9 ± 0.7%) and the lowest EOS (0.59 ± 0.6 Cells × 103 µL). It is concluded that high levels of dietary protein improve the hematological response and reduce the FEC in Pelibuey ewes under grazing conditions. The non-pregnant ewes maintained some resilience and resistance to GIN infection compared to productive ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel López-Leyva
- Postgraduate in Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Garduño
- Southeast Regional University Unit, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Teapa 86800, Tabasco, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (A.A.C.-T.)
| | - Alvar Alonzo Cruz-Tamayo
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Escárcega 24350, Campeche, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.G.-G.); (A.A.C.-T.)
| | - Javier Arece-García
- Pasture and Forage Experimental Station “Indio Hatuey”, Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas 44280, Cuba
| | - Maximino Huerta-Bravo
- Postgraduate in Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde
- Postgraduate in Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - M. Eugenia López-Arellano
- Department of Helmintology, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health, INIFAP, Jiutepec 62560, Morelos, Mexico
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A Review: Haemonchus contortus Infection in Pasture-Based Sheep Production Systems, with a Focus on the Pathogenesis of Anaemia and Changes in Haematological Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101238. [PMID: 35625083 PMCID: PMC9137471 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infection with Haemonchus contortus parasites (haemonchosis) is an important cause of anaemia in sheep. Haemonchosis is a global problem, although sheep that are kept in warm, high rainfall environments are at the greatest risk of infection due to the favourable conditions for H. contortus survival. Following ingestion, the parasites develop in the abomasum of sheep. Various factors such as age, breed, health, nutritional status, and larval challenge influence the severity of clinical disease. Hyperacute, acute, and chronic haemonchosis are reviewed, focusing on the pathophysiology of haemonchosis, associated clinical signs, and haematological and biochemical findings. Abstract Haemonchosis is an important cause of anaemia in sheep worldwide, particularly those that are kept in pasture-based systems in warm, high rainfall environments. Potential outcomes vary based on the severity of infection and the sheep’s immune response, however, in some sheep infection can lead to death. The consequences of Haemonchus contortus infection mean that it has been well-studied in a range of different farming systems. However, to our knowledge, there has not been a recent review focused on the pathophysiology of anaemia caused by haemonchosis. Thus, this review provides an in-depth discussion of the literature related to the pathophysiology of haemonchosis and associated clinical signs for hyperacute, acute, and chronic haemonchosis. Additionally, haematological and biochemical findings are presented, and various diagnostic methods are assessed.
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Changes in the Serum Protein Fractions in Goats after Treatment of Natural Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:9946519. [PMID: 34888029 PMCID: PMC8651421 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9946519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic infections in small ruminants belong to major health problems. The regulation of gastrointestinal infections in goats and the responses developed against them appear to be different from those observed in sheep. In the literature, there is a lack of data on the effect of gastrointestinal parasitic infections on the serum protein profile in goats. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal parasites and to compare the changes in the total serum proteins and serum protein fractions (albumin and α1-, α2-, β-, and γ-globulins) obtained after antihelminthic treatment. Eight adult female goats of the white shorthaired breed from a small dairy goat farm at the age ranging between 3 and 5 years with average body weight 35.4 ± 3.2 kg and body condition score (BCS) from 1.5 to 2.5 were used in the study. The serum proteins in goats were separated into five fractions: albumin, α1- and α2-globulins, and β- and γ-globulins. Significant changes after treatment were found in the relative concentrations of albumin (P < 0.01) and α2- (P < 0.05), β- (P < 0.001), and γ-globulins (P < 0.01), as well as albumin/globulin ratio (P < 0.01). The mean concentration of total serum proteins was, after the antiparasitic treatment, significantly higher. Among the globulin fractions, the γ-globulin fraction contributed most significantly to these changes (P < 0.001). The results presented in the study suggest a significant effect of antiparasitic treatment in goats on the synthesis of blood serum proteins and on the changes of the proportion of serum protein fractions.
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Corrêa PS, Mendes LW, Lemos LN, Sampaio ACK, Issakowicz J, McManus CM, Tsai SM, Faciola AP, Abdalla AL, Louvandini H. The effect of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriforms infection on the ruminal microbiome of lambs. Exp Parasitol 2021; 231:108175. [PMID: 34740587 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated Haemonchus contortus (HC) and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (TC) infection on the ruminal microbial community of Santa Ines lambs to better understand the pathophysiology of parasite infections and the interactions among gastrointestinal nematodes and gut resident microbiota. In this study, 18 six months of age lambs were maintained for 34 days in individual pens divided into three treatments that included animals infected with HC and TC, and control (infection-free). Haematological, ruminal parameter and microbial nitrogen absorbed by pune derivatives, as well as enteric methane emission (CH4), were analysed, and the rumen microbial taxonomic and functional profile assessed by shotgun metagenomics. The analysis showed that total protein, albumin, urea, and butyrate level were lower in animals infected by both parasites, while HC infection also decreased the haemoglobin level. Both infected groups (TC and HC) increased the enteric methane emission (CH4). TC and HC infections increased the diversity and richness of functional microbial genes. Most alterations in the rumen microbiome composition of infected groups are associated with the suppression of microbes involved in microbial homeostasis maintenance and expansion of the archaeal community in the infected animals. Infection led to an increased abundance of nitrogen, amino acid, protein, and energy metabolism genes. Overall, TC and HC infection increased the enteric methane emission, negatively affected taxon's responsible for maintenance de rumen homeostasis and modulated some important genes related to protein and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Spoto Corrêa
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil; University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, United States of America, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Lucas William Mendes
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Nascimento Lemos
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Laboratory of Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, RJ, 25651-076, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Koki Sampaio
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Juliano Issakowicz
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | | | - Siu Mui Tsai
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pinheiro Faciola
- University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, United States of America, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Adibe Luiz Abdalla
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Helder Louvandini
- University of São Paulo, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil; University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, United States of America, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Bauer BU, Răileanu C, Tauchmann O, Fischer S, Ambros C, Silaghi C, Ganter M. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis-Emerging Pathogens in the German Sheep Population. Pathogens 2021; 10:1298. [PMID: 34684247 PMCID: PMC8537415 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the occurrence of pathogenic tick-borne bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis is scarce in sheep from Germany. In 2020, owners from five flocks reported ill thrift lambs and ewes with tick infestation. Out of 67 affected sheep, 55 animals were clinically examined and hematological values, blood chemistry and fecal examinations were performed to investigate the underlying disease causes. Serological tests (cELISA, IFAT) and qPCR were applied to all affected sheep to rule out A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis as a differential diagnosis. Ticks were collected from selected pastures and tested by qPCR. Most animals (n = 43) suffered from selenium deficiency and endoparasites were detected in each flock. Anaplasma spp. antibodies were determined in 59% of examined sheep. Seventeen animals tested positive for A. phagocytophilum by qPCR from all flocks and A. phagocytophilum was also detected in eight pools of Ixodes ricinus. Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolates from sheep and ticks were genotyped using three genes (16S rRNA, msp4 and groEL). Anaplasma ovis DNA was identified in six animals from one flock. Clinical, hematological and biochemical changes were not significantly associated with Anaplasma spp. infection. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed known variants of A. phagocytophilum, whereas the msp4 and groEL showed new genotypes. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the dissemination and health impact of both pathogens in the German sheep population particularly in case of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ulrich Bauer
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Cristian Răileanu
- Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (O.T.); (S.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Oliver Tauchmann
- Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (O.T.); (S.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (O.T.); (S.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina Ambros
- Sheep Health Service, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23, 85586 Poing-Grub, Germany;
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (O.T.); (S.F.); (C.S.)
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Domstraße 11, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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Schmidt EMDS, Fachiolli DF, de Oliveira RM, Almeida FA, Pariz CM, de Lima Meirelles PR, Costa C, Tvarijonaviciute A, Erel O, Neselioglu S, Ceron JJ, Rubio CP. Changes in Serum Thiol-Disulphide Homeostasis in Sheep with Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102856. [PMID: 34679878 PMCID: PMC8532846 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitism with gastrointestinal nematodes represents a significant risk to the health of livestock populations. Besides the local oxidative damage caused by the parasite, the host reacts by increasing the production of oxidants. The study of thiol-disulphide homeostasis can be of help in the evaluation of the oxidative status of sheep during this type of parasitism. In this study, the thiol-disulphide homeostasis, together with other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, were assessed in the serum of lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and were evaluated after 70 days of integrated crop-livestock system and anthelmintic treatment. This study showed that the thiol-disulphide balance was impaired in the infected lambs and the changes were correlated with the parasite load, which therefore could indicate their potential use as a tool to evaluate and monitor the disease in sheep. Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the thiol-disulphide homeostasis in serum of lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes presenting different levels of parasite load indirectly indicated by faecal worm egg counts (EPG). Furthermore, the possible changes in the thiol-disulphide dynamic after different procedures to reduce the parasitic charge, such as the integrated crop-livestock system or anthelmintic treatment, were assessed. The results were compared with a panel of various oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. The lambs were divided into three groups: animals highly infected (EPG higher than 5000) and packed cell volume (PCV) lower than 24% (G1); animals highly infected (EPG higher than 5000) and normal PCV (>24%) (G2); and animals presenting EPG lower than 5000 and normal PCV (>24%) (G3). The highly infected lambs (G1 and G2) showed lower total thiol (TT) and native thiol (SH) (p ≤ 0.01) than those from G3. After treatment, TT and SH increased significantly in all groups (p ≤ 0.01), and the disulphide (SS)/TT and SS/SH ratios decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in G1 and G2. These results show that the thiol-disulphide balance was impaired in lambs infected by gastrointestinal nematodes and that it could be potentially used as a biomarker to monitor this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (E.M.d.S.S.); (R.M.d.O.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Federal District-UDF, Brasilia 70390-030, Brazil
| | - Daniele Floriano Fachiolli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Raphaela Moreira de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (E.M.d.S.S.); (R.M.d.O.)
| | - Fabiana Alves Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Biosciences Institute, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil;
| | - Cristiano Magalhães Pariz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciniro Costa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (O.E.); (S.N.)
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (O.E.); (S.N.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (E.M.d.S.S.); (R.M.d.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-8-6888-9762
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Effects of Medicinal Plants and Organic Selenium against Ovine Haemonchosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051319. [PMID: 34063070 PMCID: PMC8147918 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Maintaining high productivity in small ruminants is hindered by infection with the parasitic gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Haemonchus contortus. There is an increasing interest to find alternative treatments for controlling GINs due to the rapid development of resistance to synthetic anthelmintics. Supplementary feeding of plant nutraceuticals or mineral supplements may contribute to improving the resilience of lambs. The trace element selenium and vitamin E act synergistically as antioxidants in circulation, but the natural occurrence of selenium is very low in the soil, grain, and roughage. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the long-term effects of medicinal plants and organic selenium in lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus. The results indicated that both supplements favorably affected the infected lambs and may provide a new approach to controlling haemonchosis in small ruminants. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of traditional medicinal plants typical to Central Europe as well as organic selenium on increasing the resistance of lambs to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection with Haemonchus contortus. 21 female lambs were infected with third-stage larvae of H. contortus on the day (D) 0 and re-infected on D49 and D77. The animals were divided into three groups based on a treatment diet: a basal diet (control), a diet enriched with dry plants (Herbmix), and a diet enriched with selenized yeast (Selplex). The number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was quantified on D21, D28, D35, D42, D49, D56, D63, D70, D77, D84, D91, D98, D105, D112, and D119. The mean reductions in EPG on D28 were 43.4 and 28.6% for Selplex and Herbmix, respectively. The reduction in egg output was nearly uniform throughout the experiment for Selplex. However, for Herbmix the mean reduction was only 19.8% up to D91 and 46.1% after D91. Glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood from D35 to D98 was two to three-fold higher for Selplex than the other groups. Both supplements slowed the dynamics of GIN infection and gradually increased the resistance of lambs against ovine haemonchosis.
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Abstract
Sheep farming is the backbone of a rural economy in developing countries, and haemonchosis is a major impediment in the way of its progress. Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) infection persists all over the world particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. Various review articles have been published to substantially cover one or more aspects of its morphology, prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, immune response, drug resistance, treatment, and control measure. The objective of this paper is to briefly review past and present information available in the aforementioned areas in one place to enable the readers to fully understand the problem from a broader perspective. H. contortus parasite harbours in abomasum of affected animal and feeds on its blood, producing mild to severe symptoms and even death in acute form. The parasite thus inflicts heavy production losses and is of economic importance. H. contortus has developed diverse characters over the years leading to limited success in the production of vaccines. Indiscriminate use of the anthelmintics has produced drug resistance against almost all conventional products. Efficacy of medicinal plants and non-conventional chemicals has been reported under controlled experiments; however, research on their adverse effects on growth and fertility is yet to be studied. Research on molecular tools for identification and introduction of resistant genes into the flock is also underway but still a long journey to find its field application. Crossbreeding may compromise the production traits of the existing flock. In given circumstances, a targeted selective treatment approach along with selective breeding, culling of more susceptible animals, and maintaining a good body condition score through the provision of a balanced diet remains a workable strategy to control haemonchosis in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nabila Roohi
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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